and

THE UNIFIED THEORY

of

WILSON OGG

Biographical Data

Synchronal Folds Giving Rise to Consciousness and Matter

QUANTUM THEORY

Imtroductory Remarks

The Enfolding Universe establishes its immense explanatory power in its analysis of quantum mechanics. It eliminates the need to resort to elaborate and convoluted interpretations of rather simple and to-be-expected behavior of natural phenomena. By not recognizing the fundamental nature of light and of electricity, scientrists have created problems out of non-problems and have entertained bizarre explanations of natural phenomena. Both Max Planck and Albert Einstein treated aspects of light as an active force as evidence of radiation of units of energy resulting in many apparently inconsistent characteristics of the quantum.

The early foundations of quantum theory were based upon an an optical test first performed by Thomas Young in 1801. In latter experiments, so-called photons of light are believed to travel through a single vertical slit cut into a screen and fall onto a piece of photographic film placed a given distance behind the screen. The image that develops on the film is a bright uniform band. If a second slit is cut, however, in the screen, parallel to the first, the image on the film changes in what is generally considered an unexpected way. In place of an uniform bright band, the photons now form a pattern of alternating bright and dark parallel lines on the film, with dark lines appearing in areas that were bright when just one slit was open. However, if detectors are placed at each slit, they register a photon traveling through only one of the slits, never through both at the same time.

The slit experiment is very difficult to explain under the theory that light is radiant energy. The experiment actually constitutes evidence that light is an active force and not radiant energy. Light becomes maniftested as an active force as a result of the interplay of what scientists treat as the transmitter and receptor of a photon, which is actually a measue of active force. When one slit is open, a bright uniform band appears because the force arises between only two points but when two slits are opened the force arises between three points, thereby forming alternating dark and bright lines on the film, differing substantially from a force between two points. When detectors are placed placed at the slit, a force would necessarily arise between two points at one of the slits, with no force arises at all at the other slit. An active force arising from three points would only occur at the film.

During the eigthteenth and nineteenth centuries, Newtonian mechanics provided what appeared to be an accurate description of the motions of bodies, including planetary motion. However, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries experimental findings cast doubt on the completeness of Newtonian mechanics. At the same time, there were two coexisting theories of light, the first being the corpuscular theory that explains light as a stream of particles, and the second being the wave theory that viewed light as electromagnetic waves. Both theories necessarily failed to recognize the real nature of light as an active force. An additional problem was the absence of a molecular basis for thermodynamics. The American mathematical physicists, I. Willard Gibbs, had in 1902 in his book Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics, reached the conclusion that it was impossible to explain under one theory electrodynamics, radiation, and electrical phenomena as they were then understood. His conclusions were clearly based upon his treatment of force as a form of energy in motion.

Max Planck, the great German physicist, postulated in 1900 that energy can be emitted or absorbed by matter in small discrete units termed quanta. His hypthesis was that energy is radiated only in quanta of energy hv, where v is the frequwency and h is the quantum action, now known as Panck`s constant. Planck introduced the quantum as a result of studies of blackbody radiation during the late nineteenth century, which is the radiation of an ideal body or surface that absorbs all radiation and energy without any reflection. Under the Enfolding Universe there is no such thing as blackbody radiation and there is the complete absence of matter and radiant energy.

Einstein used Planck`s concept of the quantum to explain particular properties of the photoelectric effect, which is an experimental observed phenomenon in which electrons are believed to be emitted from metal surfaces when radiation is believed to fall on these surfaces. As Einstein did in his Special Theory of Relatvity (see the paper on Michelson-Morley, Lorentz Transformations, and Relativity Revisited ), Einstein failed to recognize that active forces were improperly being treated as radiant energy. According to Newtonian theory, the energy as measured by the votage of the emitted electrons, should be proportional to the intensity of the radiation. The energy, however, of the electrons was found to be independent of the intensity of radiation and was dependent solely on the frequency of radiation. Thus, what was actually a measure of active force was treated as the frequency of radiant energy. Einstein`s explanation was that a single quantum of radiant energy ejects a single electron from the metal, with the energy of the quantum being proportional to the frequency, with the result that the energy of the electron depends on its frequency. This explanation is unnecessarily convoluted, with the evident attribute of active force being converted to the frequency of radiant energy.

The Bohr atom, which replaced the atom of Rutherford, assumed that that electons move around the atomic nucleus in fixed orbits, with every change in orbit corresponding to the absorption or emission of a quantum of radiation. The theory proved difficult in its application, with the equations of the classical electromagnmetic theory predicting results not consistent with experiments. In actuality, the atom is a merger of centifugal and centripetal forces, with force being impoperly treated as qunata of radiation.

In 1924 the French physicist Louis Victor de Broglie hypothesized that electromagnetic waves should exhibit wave properties along with particle characteristics. Thereafter, it was shown by experiment that a socalled beam of electrons scattered by a crystal produces a diffraction pattern characteristic of a wave. The diffraction pattern was really a result of the means by which natural phenomena responded to active force when a crystal intercepts the active force. The wave concept of a particle was accepted by Erwin Schrodinger, who formulated a wave equation to describe the wave properties of particles, including the alleged wave behavior of the electron in the hydrogen atom.

At the same time that Schrodinger was developing wave mechanics, Werner Heisenberg developed a different mathematical analysis known as marix mechanics. Under matrix mechanics, that Heisenberg developed in collaboration with German physicits Max Born and Ernst Pascual Jordan, the formula was not a differential equation but was a matrix or an aray consisting of an infinite number of rows, each row consisting of an infinite number of quantities. The array has similarities with features anticipated by the Unified Theory, including the infinite series of spatial-temporal units of manifestation and the quantumization of manifestations intot segues with macrocosmic and microcosmic horizons. Although the infinite matrices represented the position and momentum of an electron inside of an atom, the particle-like nature of the electron was downplayed, with the electron becoming in one sense a merger of forces and no longer a particle with wave-like characteristics.

Schrodinger was thereafter considered successful in showing that wave mechanics and matrix mechanics were different mathematical versions of the same theory, now called quantum mechanics. The mathematical interpretations, even for the hydrogen atom (see the paper The Hydrogen Atom and Molecule),are extremely complex, and they do not incorporate the essentail features of the Enfolding Universe as to the nature of the hydrogen molecule.

This principle states that scientists cannot at the same time specify both the position and the momentum of any particle. The position of a particle, for example, cannot be measured without causing a disturbance in the velocity of that particle. The principle improperly treats the electron as a form of radiant energy. Since the electron is an active force, it is clear that both position and momentum cannot not be attributed to it. The point of origination of an active force might be considered its position but it necessarily has no momentum. A force, however, as explained elsewhere (see paper Earth, Moon, and Tidal Waters), can give rise to a transfer of energy, and it is this transfer of energy that scientists treat as the momentum of an electron.

Hugh Everett in his 1957 Princton doctoral thesis presented what has been termed the "many worlds" interpretation of quantum mechanics. It is generally accepted that the quantum theory mandates multiple states for every particle in existence. Everett was concerned in trying to solve the problem of why we experience only one of the multiple states on which a particle can exist Prior to Everett`s work, some physicists used the collapse model in which the very act of our observation causes all the possible states of a particle to "collapse" abruptly into a single value, which specifies the position, or energy of the particle. Everett argued that a quantum collapse does not occur and that human consciousness does not determine the outcome of experimental results. Everett believed that the collapse was apparent only and that all quantum states are equally real, with other versions of ourselves seeing the remaining possibilities. Because of the assumption of real nature of these possible states of manifestations, Bryce DeWitt, the physicist, coined the term "many worlds" to describe the concept of many versions of ourselves.

The laws of quantum mechanics are to the effect that the fundamental constituents of reality, such as protons, electrons, and other so-called subatomic particles are not hard and indivisible and that they behave like both waves and particles. They may appear out of nothing and disappear again. On the quantum scale, a single particle appears not to occupy just one position but exists here, there, and many places in between. For this reason Deursch believes we too must exist in many states at once and there must be many versions of ourselves. He argues that many quantum physicists cannot accept the strangeness of quantum reality. To Deutsch this is like Galileo refusing to believe that the Earth orbits the Sun, with his using the heliocentric model of the solar system only as a convenient way to calculate the location of stars and planets in the sky.

The "many worlds" interpretation of quantum mechanics is result of considerable confusion in contemporary thought on the nature of quantum manifestations. The views of Everett and Deitsch are based upon the treatment of active forces as radiant energy. Active forces necessarily have simultaneous effects throughout the universe, with the forces affecting at the same time phenomena both close and distant. These effects are neither strange nor should they be unexpected. These effects are inherent in the nature of the photon and electron being manifestations of active forces. They are clearly supportive of the photon and electron not beng a form of radiant energy but being a form of active force that may transmitt energy but is not itself energy. Each interplay of active forces differ from other interplays and clearly are not different versions of the same thing.

Under the quantum theory, the energy of a quantum of light is treated as being equal to its frequency multiplied by a constant, termed Planck`s Constant, with energy being an unit of work. Where the fixed, Cartesian reference system is used, the constant would be appropriately used. Under the progressive reference system, the constant becomes the means of relating to a given segue the capacity of space-time progressions to do work. Although a finite measure, the constant necessarily presupposes an infinite sequence of quanta that are infinitely divisible.In the matrix mechanics of Heisenberg, which along with wave mechanics, serve as bases of quantum mechanics, the formula is not a differential equation but is a matrix, an array consisting of an infinite number of rows, each row consisting of an infinite number of quantities.

Under a sychronous reference system Planck`s constant would cease to be necessary. The constant is necessary under a Cartesian reference system for the reason that either a rigid body of reference or a substitute for such a body is required. However, the sychronous reference system recognizes light as an active force and not as radiant energy, with the use of the constant being replaced by a measure of the active force of a quantum of light.

The divergence difficulty in quantum mechanics does not exist by our recognition of the Enfolding Universe under the Unified Theory. Under Dirac`s equations, the so-called base line mass and base line charge appear to be infinite, which would be a necessary consequence of the Unified Theory. Base mass and base charge are said to be hypothetical electrons that do not interact with other particles. In the Enfolding Universe, it would be absurd to hyothesize active forces that do not act as active forces. Scientists have developed a complicated and convoluted process of "renormalization" to resolve in part the divergence difficulty that they themselves have created. In the Enfolding Universe, the phenomena of base mass and base charge result from the interactions of montons and not unitons, with the presuppositions underlying base mass and base charge being not only derivative under the Unified Theory but also with no need for a renormalization process.

© Wilson Ogg