Biographical Data

QUASARS

Introductory Remards

The confusion and unnessarily convoluted complexiy of contemporary science has led to much difficulty by astrophyicists in understanding and explaining quasars as phenomuna. This difficulty is based upon the refusal of many scientists, but by no means all, to accept the ramifications of many experiments establishing light as active force and not as radiant energy. These experiments include the famous (1) Michelson-Morley Experiment, along with (2) experiments by quantum phyicists that shows that the transission of a phanton of light is affected by its reception, and (3) other experiments in which the speed of light is allegedly slowed to a dead stop. It is clear that the Lorentz transformations, which are used to explain the difference between what should be the velocity of light and its apparently measured velocity is a contrivance furthering confusion and ignorance as to the nature of light.

Light as an active force is not a radiation of particules that have velocity or frequency. The so-called cosmological red shift, which led to theories of the expansion of the universe and of quasars, simply does not exist. The time it takes for light to become manifested between objects is extrapolated into a presumed velocity of light, and this time is necessarily also extrapolated into what scientists treat as frequencies attributed to the spectrum of light. However, the colors we see are probably not the colors coming from a spectra of colors, such as is reflected from a prism.

Scientists in experiments have projected upon a screen images in the alleged frequency range of the color green and nearly all colors are manifested, even though these colors have frequencies not within the frequency range of the color green. The most reasonable explanation of these experiments is that when the centripetal and centrifygal forces that are required components to light`s manifestation are projected upon a screen in two images that vary slightly in frequency, the relationship is such that the spectrum of colors become manifesteded, establishing most likely that the colors we see are probabily not prism colors. In the Enfolding Universe, color resuts when the centripetal component of one image merges with the centrifugal component of another image, and the centripetal component of the second images merges with the centrifugal component of the first image. If they are too close together, they do not merge for the reason that the centripetal and centrifugal forces repell one onther, and if the difference in the extrapolated frequency is too great, the contrary forces are too far apart for attraction to take place.

Quasar is an acronym for quasi-stellasr radio source, including any of the blue, starlike objects that are strong radio emitters and the spectra of which exhibit a strong red shift. They exhibit a stronger red shift than any other known objects. Their red shift is belierved to be cosmological and caused by the Doppler effect. They are assumed to be an immense sources of energy, perhaps a 100 times that or regular galaxies, such as the Milky Way, yet they are calculated by some astronomers as much smaller than ordinary galaxies. The reason for this calculation is that the nature of fluctuating energy from quasars means that they cannot be much larger than the distance light would travel from one end to the other end of the quasar during one fluctuation period, which means they cannot be larger than one light year across, or a 100,000 times smaller than the Milky Way galaxy.

Since their discovery in the 1950s, astronomers have faced the dilemma of the so-called red-shift controvery. If the red shift is cosmological, astronomers are unable to explain quasars` immense energy production coupled with their small size.

Three possible causes for the red shift are as follows:

1. Cosmological.In 1929 Edward Powell Hubble coupled the red shift observed of celestial objects with the expansion of the universe. Hubble believed that the red shift was cosmological and resulted from the Doppler effect under which the speed of recession of the galaxies from one another increase with distance.

2. Gravitational.The red shift is gravitationa and is a result, as called for under Einstein`s general theory of relativity, that periodic processes are slowed down in a gravitational field. This Einstein shift has been used to explain the spectra of massive stars, such as white dwarfs. Most astonomers do not believe that the red shift is gravitational.

3. Synchronous. A synchronous red shift, a discovery of the Unified Theory, is one that results from the interaction among centripetal and centrifugal components of light as an active force.

Before scientists confirmed a red shift, and before Hubble formulated his theory of the expansion of the universe, Einstein anticipated that there should be a displacement of spectral lines towards the red by gravitational potential. It was only after the discovery by Adams of displacement of spectral lines towards the red in 1924 by his observation of the dense companion of Sirius, for which the effect is about thirty times greater than for the Sun, that the theory of a cosmological red shift arose. Thus, originally Einstein thought that the red shift was a result of a form of active force and not an effect of increase speed upon radiant energy. Thus, Einstein`s original outlook on the red shift was close to the red shift being synchronous. It is likely that Einstein was right and Hubble was wrong.

Einstein considered the confirmation of a red shift essential to the validity of general relativity. He staterd as follows:

"If the displacement of spectral lines towards the red by gravitational potential does not exist, then the general theory of relativity will be untenable. On the other hand, if the cause of the displacement of spectral lines be definitely traced to the gravitational potential, then the study of this displacement will furnish us with important information as to the mass of the heavenly bodies."

What Einstein referred to as gravitational potential is the centripetal force of gravity, with the red shift having gravitational and synchronous attributes. Einstein was correct in believing that the red shift was due force but failed to recognize that the red shift was due primarily to the centrifugat force of light and not the centripetal force of gravity. During his many years of analyzing the universe, he changed his views a number of times. Usually his first views were more correct than his revised views. The red shift, simply put, could not be cosmological in nature for light is not radiant energy. Einstein apparently intuitively recognized that that the red shift necessarily was a result of the sychronous interplay of forces but failed to incorporate this recognition as at of his general theory of relativity.

Quasars are explained as a result of a synchronous red shift that is an effect of the interplay between the centripetal and centrifugal components of light as an active force. The red shift is nether cosmological nor gravitation in nature. In systems that have an centripetal inner core, such as the Earth, our Sun ,or the Milky Way, the speed of rotating objects increase with decrease in distance of the rotating object from the inner core. Quasars are not distant objects but are fairly close. They might even be the closest objects to us that have a centrifugal and not a centripetal inner core. The centrifugal nature of their inner cores results in an interplay among active forces in such a manner that the forces acting together causes light to shift to the longer wavelengths, resulting in the red shift. If quasars had a centripetal inner core, the light would shift to the shorter wavelengths or towards the ultraviolet. There is equal probability that systems within our universe will have either centrifugal or centrifugal inner cores.

Many persons confuse the effect of a force with the force itself. Light as an active force can give rise to movement but it itself is not movement. Light may cause the growth of plants and contribute to the health of human beings. Light as force gives rise to energy but is not energy, al least not radiant energy. One could, of course, define force as energy and distinguish energy of radiation from the energy of force. In fact, the energy of radiation may be a construct only and all energy may be a result of the energy of force. However, the scientific establisment has generally assumed that light is composed of particles that in their radiation emmit light. This assumption has never been proved and is inconsistent what we know and experience. Energy gives rise to particles and particles do not give rise to energy. It is synchronous folding of force and form that gives rise to consciousness and matter and thereafter to the many and diverse manifestations of our universe, including quasars as participants in their outward recession of manifestations from our segue and their entance into the segue macrocosmic to ours.

©Wilson Ogg