and

THE UNIFIED THEORY

of

WILSON OGG

As will be discussed, the enfolding universe and the postulates, working hypotheses, and discoveries of the Unified Theory describe and explain with considerable clarity the function of transistors and the underlying bases for the remarkable, and probably the greatest invention of the latter half of the twentieth century, the chip. Not only the recognition of the enfolding universee anticipated the information age revolution but also it anticipates a similar revolution in the harnessing of energy by the end of the twenty-first century, with the ushering in of an age of great potential for the health and prosperity of mankind. The bases of the enfolding universe were first formulated during the years 1948 to 1955, but its ramifications remained unknow until quite recently.

The transistor replaced the vacuum tube and constituted a much more efficient and effective means of amplification. Before the development of the transistor, the field of electronics used thermionic vacuum tubes, magnetic amplifiers, specialized rotating machinery, and special capacitors as amplifiers. The transistor is a solid-state device of a tiny piece of semi-conducting material, usually either germanium or silicon, with three or more electrical connections. Germanium or silicon crystals contain small amounts of impurities that are said to conduct electricity at even low temperatures, and it is these so-called impurities that are essential to the functioning of transistors.

The impurities are said to function in the crystal in either of two ways:

1. As a donor impurity. Elements such as phospherous, antimony, and arsenic are termed donor impurities for the reason they are said to contribute excess electrons, and are said to have five valence electrons, four of which enter into divalent bonding with the crystal, leaving the remaining fifth electron free to move within the crystalline material.

2. As an acceptor impurity. Elements such as gallium and induim, are said to have only three valence electrons, lacking one to complete the interatomic bondibg within the crystal. These impurities are said to be acceptor impurities for the reason that these elements allegedly accept electrons from adjacent atoms to eliminate the deficiency in their valence bonding. The deficiencies, or so-called holes are filled by available electrons. These holes are said to act as positive charges that apparently move inder an applied votage in a direction opposite that of the electrons.

Negative or n-type semiconductors containing so-called donor impurities are said to contain an excess of negatively charged electrons that are used by acceptor impurities or p-type semiconductors as a result of their positively charged holes. A single crystal can also be prepared that contains both n-type and p-type regions.

Where a crstal has two distinct regions of n-type and p-type material, the boundary between the two regions is called an n-p junction. A junction of this type may be produced by

1. Placing a piece of donor-impurity material againsdt the surface of a p-type crystal; or

2. Placing a piece of acceptor-impurity material against and n-type crystal

A combination of two junctions mat be used in a transistor for aplification purposes. In the n-p-n junction, a very thin layer of p-type material is placed between two sections of n-type material and arranged in a circuit. It is said that the circuit is a flow of electrons across the junction, clearly treating the operation of the transistor as an assumed but unproven flow of electrons. The p-n-p junctions is similar in operation to the n-p-n junction.

Under the Unified Theory, no reliance upon excesses and deficiencies of electons in the atomic structre of atoms is required, the concept of donor or aceptor impurities being unnecessary. What is really going on is quite simple. Germanium and silicon atoms as crstals have reached an equilibrium among their underlying centripetal forces towards the microcosm and their centrifugal forces towards the macrocosm. Their crstalline structure is such they have strong resistence to forces that would disrupt their perfectly diamond-cubic lattice. The so-called donor and acceptor impurites are elements that do not possess strong bindings amoung their constituent parts and have not reached an equilibrium between their constituent centripetal and cenfugal forces. What many scientists term donor impurities are elements whose centripetal forces predominate over their centrifugal forces, and what they term acceptor impurities are elements whose centrifugal forces predominate over their centripetal forces. There is no need to rely upon an unproven "particle" termed an electron.

The chip, or integrated circuit, is a minute electronic circuit that performs specific electronic functions, such as amplification. Chips are often combined with other components in order to form more complex systems. As an integrated circuit it is structured as a single unit by either

(1) diffusing elements with predominate centrupetal or centrifugal movements into single-crystal silicon, or

(2) etching the silicon by means beams of forces, referred to as electron beams.

The chip was an invention years ahead of the existing theories and paradigms of science. Often inventions follow major breakthroughs in scierntific theory but the chip was an invention years ahead of contemporary theories by two young men working independently of each other with little concern with the theoretical bases for what they were trying to do, with their major focus on a problem that needed to be solved if the information age was to be ushered in. We need more inventors of the calibre of Kilby and Noyce.

The Unified Theory distinguishes force from motion and energy. See the discussion on Differenting Force from Motioon The immense capacity of the chip results from the chip`s being actualy a composite of forces and not of motion and energy. Inter-relationships among active forces can by their energy-less transfer of these active forces generate motion and energy. Science at the time of the chip`s invention was wholly inadequate to explain how the chip could possess the attributes that it did. Only the Unified Theory, and its achievement in distinguishing active forces from radiant energy, can provide a theoretical basis for the monolithic integrated circuit or the chip.

Begining in the 2005, new intel microprocessor designs for desktop and server cpmputers will have not one but two "cores," or computational engines, on the same chip {see "A Spit at the Core," by W. Wayt Gibbs, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, November 2004}. Although some high-end machines already have two or more microprocessors working side by side, the integration of multiprocessors into one "multicore" chip is a highly significant design change. The change to multicore processing has considerable ramifications on how computers are sold, upgraded and programed. Intel is not the first to do multicore, and in 2001 IBM introduced a dual- core processor, the Power4. Intel, however, would be apparently the first to bring it to a mass market. The development of multicore processing would be anticipated in the enfolding universe with its synclinal folds, there being no reason why synclinal folds would not give rise muticore chips.

©Wilson Ogg