ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

1) In what ways did the Napoleonic period, despite the creation of an authoritarian regime, result in the extension of revolution to the rest of Europe?

2) What changes led to the Industrial Revolution in Britain? What social changes did the Industrial Revolution cause?

3) How did the emergence of new central European nations after 1870 lead to increased diplomatic tensions?

4) After 1850 what political coalitions led to successful nationalist movements, particularly in central Europe?

5) What were the permanent reforms of the American and French Revolutions?

6) In what ways was the British conquest of India similar to the Dutch colonization of Java? In what ways was it different?

7) In what ways did the colonial experience of "contested settler colonies" differ from that of "tropical dependencies"?

8) In what ways did the colonizers of the late nineteenth century control the indigenous peoples and increase economic exploitation?

9) One of the first elements of European reform within the colonies was the introduction of educational systems. In what sense did the introduction of Western education plant the seeds of decolonization?

10) In terms of models of revolution available to Latin Americans in the early nineteenth century, which examples were considered acceptable, which unacceptable, and why?

11) In what ways were the Latin American economies of the nineteenth century dependent on the industrialized nations of Europe and North America?

12) In what ways were the revolutionary movements in Mexico, northern South America, and southern South America similar?

13) Contrast the reactions of the Islamic heartlands and China to the challenge of the West.

14) How did the emergence of the industrialized West affect the pattern for the decline of civilizations?

15) Why did Japan rather than China assume leadership in Asia in the face of the challenge of the West?

16) Why did revolution occur in Russia in consequence of industrialization, but not in Japan?

17) In what ways did the process of industrialization and national centralization typical of nineteenth century Europe alter the process of imperialism?

18) What are the explanations offered for the relative "underdevelopment" of Latin America? Which explanation seems to be the most sufficient explanation?

19) How did the experience of the Qing dynasty in China and the Ottoman Empire differ between 1700 and 1900?

20) Compare and contrast the political reforms undertaken in Japan and Russia prior to and during industrialization.

21) Discuss the relationship of the United States with Latin America until 1910.

22) Compare and contrast the British intervention in Egypt with their intervention in China.

23) Compare and contrast industrialization in Japan and Russia.

24) Compare and contrast the conditions leading to the overthrow of the Ottoman Empire in 1908 and the Qing dynasty in 1912.

25) Compare and contrast Japanese and Russian society prior to industrialization.