AP World Opt. THT 4

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Which of the following statements about the Renaissance is NOT accurate?

A) The Renaissance had a southern and northern phase.

B) The Renaissance failed to develop any new ideas concerning political organization.

C) The Renaissance challenged medieval intellectual values and styles.

D) The Renaissance sketched brasher spirit that may have helped create a new Western interest in exploring.

E) The Renaissance was built on a more commercialized economy.

2) Johannes Gutenberg was responsible for

A) the construction of Wittenberg cathedral during the fifteenth century.

B) the Protestant Reformation.

C) the invention of movable type in the West.

D) the unification of the Holy Roman Empire in 1537.

E) the defeat of the Catholic forces during the Thirty Years War.

3) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the reason why Luther picked up widespread support among the German elite?

A) Luther proposed that indulgences should be collected by the Holy Roman Emperor instead of the pope.

B) Few of them could speak or read Latin.

C) Luther's support for a more centralized German government under the control of the Holy Roman Emperor struck a responsive chord in German nationalism.

D) German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor, seize church lands, and control the church in their territories.

E) Luther proposed moving the papacy from Rome to Germany.

4) What was the church established by Henry VIII in England?

A) Baptist B) Jesuit C) Anglican D) Calvinism E) Lutheran

5) Which of the following reasons suggests why common people supported the Lutheran Reformation?

A) Luther's reforms meant that indulgences and other ecclesiastical means of salvation would become less expensive and more readily available to the poor.

B) Luther supported the Peasant Revolt.

C) Lutheranism sanctioned money-making and other earthly pursuits more wholeheartedly than did traditional Catholicism.

D) Luther advocated the overthrow of the authority of the German princes.

E) Luther advocated redistribution of land and property throughout Germany.

6) The theological foundation of Jean Calvin's Protestantism was

A) solipsism.

B) the sacraments.

C) the doctrine of penance.

D) iconodulism.

E) predestination.

7) Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Renaissance on politics and commerce?

A) Renaissance merchants improved banking techniques and became more capitalist.

B) The city-states introduced the regular exchange of ambassadors and the exercise of diplomacy.

C) City-state leaders experimented with new political forms and functions and justified their authority on the basis of what they could do to advance the general well-being.

D) Religious and political unity were no longer sought after.

E) Under humanist influence, wars among Italian city-states became less frequent and violent.

8) Where was the basic structure of absolute monarchy developed outside of France?

A) Britain

B) Italy

C) Austria

D) Prussia

E) the Netherlands

9) The monarch most associated with absolute monarchy was

A) William of Orange of the Netherlands.

B) Louis XIV of France.

C) Frederick William of Prussia.

D) Charles I of England.

E) Joseph II of Austria.

10) John Harvey was responsible for what discovery during the scientific revolution?

A) the mathematical formulae for gravity

B) radiation

C) oxygen

D) the mathematical calculus

E) the circular movement of blood in animals

11) Which of the following statements most accurately describes a change in popular mentality as a result of the Protestant Reformation?

A) Protestant churches, as physical structures, were more closely connected to market activities in the cities, encouraging the idea that religion and daily life were related.

B) Protestants and Catholics considered the family in more positive terms, not simply as an institution necessary because of human lust.

C) Protestants tended to believe what church authorities told them.

D) Religious change tended to discourage the growth of literacy in the era following the Protestant Reformation.

E) Protestants were more likely to credit miracles or divine interruptions in nature's course.

12) What was one of the primary differences between the Northern and Italian Renaissances?

A) The Northern Renaissance occurred a century earlier than the Italian Renaissance.

B) The Northern Renaissance did not make use of the classical languages typical of the Italian Renaissance.

C) There were no major literary figures in the Northern Renaissance.

D) Northern humanists focused more on religion than their Italian counterparts.

E) Northern kings did not become patrons of the arts.

13) What determined the age of marriage for many people in Europe?

A) access to real property

B) local traditions

C) securing license to marry from the government

D) the approval of the church

E) the occupation of the husband

14) By the sixteenth century, at what age did most Europeans marry?

A) 16 B) 25 C) 20 D) 23 E) 27

15) Which of the following areas was NOT successfully defended by the Catholic Reformation?

A) Hungary

B) the Netherlands

C) Iberia

D) Poland

E) southern Europe

16) What monarch is associated with the establishment of enlightened despotism in Prussia in the middle of the eighteenth century?

A) Frederick the Great

B) Charles VI

C) Maria Teresa

D) Joseph II

E) William III

17) Which of the following statements concerning Italian humanism is most accurate?

A) Humanists focused on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor.

B) Humanists rejected scientific explanations in favor of spiritual ones.

C) Humanists emphasized the corporate and communal aspects of human society.

D) Humanists attacked Christianity as rife with superstition and witchcraft.

E) Humanists carved out new literary styles without reference to classical or medieval models.

18) Which of the following states fell back from European ascendancy following the religious wars?

A) Spain

B) Italy

C) France

D) Britain

E) the Netherlands

19) Adam Smith's economic theory advocated

A) the institution of state-controlled guilds to fix standards of production and wages.

B) government intervention in order to control the flow of bullion through extensive tariff systems.

C) that governments allocated labor and capital.

D) the use of a controlled money supply as a means of limiting inflation.

E) that governments avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces.

20) How did agriculture change in the late seventeenth century?

A) Tomatoes were introduced from the Americas and rapidly became a major food source in western Europe.

B) New technology and better stock-breeding methods resulted in higher productivity.

C) Western Europe continued to rely largely on the methods and techniques characteristic of the Middle Ages.

D) More people worked on farms than ever before.

E) The practice of fallowing was introduced to restore fertility of fields.

21) Which of the following accounts in part for the decline of the Italian Renaissance ca. 1500?

A) Routes through Russia to the East undercut the Italian monopoly of trade.

B) Atlantic trade routes increased the importance of Italian cities.

C) French and Spanish monarchs invaded the peninsula, cutting down on political independence.

D) Much of Italy was conquered by the Ottoman Turks.

E) The creation of a single nation-state in northern Italy sapped the vitality of artistic patronage.

22) Which of the following was proletariat. a Western response to the commercial revolution of the sixteenth century?

A) a more elaborate family life including greater material wealth

B) a wave of popular protest resulting in risings caused by massive dislocation

C) greater belief in personal achievement and the demystification of nature

D) a more caring attitude toward the problems of the poor

E) greater admiration for the merchant class

23) What was Isaac Newton's work published in 1687 that drew various theories together into a framework of natural laws?

A) Novum Organum

B) Analogica Pedagogica

C) Principia

D) Ars Mystica

E) Analects

24) In 1733, James Kay of England introduced

A) the flying shuttle to automate weaving.

B) double-entry bookkeeping to Western Europe.

C) the steam engine.

D) the cotton gin.

E) the potato to European agriculture.

25) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of manufacturing in the later eighteenth century?

A) The eighteenth century witnessed a rapid spread of household production of textiles and metal products, mostly by rural workers who alternated manufacturing with some agriculture.

B) Large scale mass production was begun.

C) By the eighteenth century the economic growth typical of the sixteenth century had halted, and manufacturing suffered from the withdrawal of capital.

D) The factory system was well established since the commercial revolution of the sixteenth century and continued to develop during this period.

E) The lack of new technology caused a bottleneck in the manufacturing processes and led to stagnation in European productivity.

26) In what century did the Atlantic slave trade reach its zenith in terms of numbers of Africans exported?

A) eighteenth B) fourteenth C) fifteenth D) seventeenth E) sixteenth

27) Following the model established by the Portuguese, which of the following was NOT one of the principal patterns of European contact with Africa?

A) the predominance of commercial relations

B) widespread European colonization

C) fair trade with native peoples for free-access goods

D) the combination of force and diplomacy including alliances with local leaders

E) a system of fortified trading stations

28) Which of the following statements concerning the volume of the slave trade to the American colonies is most accurate?

A) The volume of the slave trade dwindled rapidly after the seventeenth century because the plantation economies of the Americas collapsed.

B) The volume of the slave trade decreased as mortality rates increased.

C) Demand for slaves continued to remain high due to the competing demand for slaves in Europe.

D) The high volume of the slave trade was a necessity because slave mortality was high and fertility was low leading to a loss of slave population.

E) The shift from plantation economies to mining economies in which slaves were not utilized rapidly diminished the American demand for slaves.

29) What European nation first established direct contact with black Africa?

A) Spain B) England C) Portugal D) France E) Italy

30) Why were Africans sought for plantation labor in the Americas?

A) West Africans were already familiar with metallurgy, herding, and intensive agriculture whereas Indians were not.

B) Sugar was a crop native to Africa and exported to the Americas from there.

C) Africans rapidly expanded their population in the Latin American colonies.

D) Native Americans refused to perform the labor.

E) There was no other labor supply available in the Americas.

31) In what way did the European slave trade enable centralizing states to expand more rapidly?

A) Slaves were traded for firearms that allowed expanding states to overpower their neighbors, resulting in more slaves.

B) All slaves were shipped from a central location.

C) The slave trade was restricted to the coasts, leaving the political units of interior Africa free of European interference.

D) The Europeans rapidly created military alliances and added their armies to those of their slave-trading allies.

E) The European slave trade weakened the states of central and western Africa, allowing the centralizing states of eastern Africa to expand without competition.

32) How did the British organize the shipment of slaves to the Americas?

A) All merchant marine ships were used for this purpose.

B) In Britain, the chartered Royal African Company was granted a monopoly over the shipment of slaves to colonies in the Americas.

C) The British government directly participated in the slave trade through use of the Royal Navy.

D) In Britain, unlike elsewhere, the slave trade was carried out by uncontrolled private venture.

E) The British refused to participate in the slave trade and attempted to intercept shipments of slaves to the Americas beginning in the 1660s.

33) South of their trade forts along the Gold Coast, the Portuguese established Luanda, which became the basis for the Portuguese colony of

A) Matabele. B) Angola. C) Kilwa. D) Kongo. E) Lesotho.

34) How did the profitability of the slave trade compare to that of other contemporary business ventures?

A) Profits from the slave trade in the eighteenth century were so lucrative that capital derived from the trade in human beings was used to capitalize the European industrial revolution.

B) The slave trade was less profitable on the whole than other business venture because of the high costs and risks involved.

C) The slave trade was less profitable than work-for-wages.

D) The slave trade became increasingly dangerous and risky, so that by the eighteenth century its returns were minimal and most participants were bankrupted.

E) The slave trade was little more profitable than most business activities of the age and was not a major source for the industrial revolution of Europe.

35) Of where the early Portuguese trade forts, where was the most important located?

A) Sokoto B) El Mina C) Angola D) Zambesi E) Zimbabwe

36) Which of the following statements concerning resistance to slavery is most accurate?

A) The only consistent location for slave resistance and rebellion was the British colonies of the southern Atlantic coast.

B) Although there was one or two slave rebellions in isolated areas, in general there was no organized resistance to slavery.

C) Few slaves ever rebelled against their captivity.

D) Recalcitrance, running away, and direct rebellion were present wherever slaves were employed.

E) Resistance to slavery was experienced on the mainland, but the plantation economies of the Caribbean suffered no rebellions.

37) Which of the following was a large African state that developed in western Africa during the period of the Atlantic slave trade?

A) Swazi B) Lesotho C) Mali D) Ghana E) Asante

38) Which of the following was NOT a participant in the fifteenth century Italian Renaissance?

A) Leonardo da Vinci

B) Giotto

C) Pollaiullo

D) Michelangelo

E) Niccolo Machiavelli

39) Which of the following sequences lists the major developments of Western civilization in proper sequence?

A) Protestant Reformation, Renaissance, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment

B) absolute monarchy, Renaissance, Enlightenment, Protestant Reformation

C) Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, Enlightenment, absolute monarchy

D) Absolute monarchy, Enlightenment, Protestant Reformation, Renaissance

E) Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment

40) By 1750, the strands of commercial, cultural, and political change had been combined to create

A) rapid adaptation not found in other civilizations.

B) a truly socialistic society.

C) proof of the innate superiority of Western civilization.

D) an unusual version of an agricultural civilization.

E) an unstable political environment that would eventually regress backwards.

41) The Edict of Nantes, issued in France in 1598,

A) established Calvinism as the state religion of France.

B) granted tolerance to Protestants and helped end the French civil wars of religion.

C) decreed the abolition of Protestantism in France.

D) declared war against the Lutheran princes of Germany.

E) led to the Thirty-Years War.

42) The average Western peasant or artisan owned about how many times more "things" than his or her counterpart in southeastern Europe?

A) five B) ten C) four D) three E) eight

43) Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the view of Deists?

A) While there may be a divinity, its role is only to set natural laws in motion.

B) The authority of the church is paramount, and all political power is derived from divine sanction.

C) God can be found in all elements of creation, whether plant, animal, or mineral.

D) God establishes governments on earth, and kings are his instruments.

E) The institutional church has failed Western society, and it is necessary for the reestablishment of the church through new institutions founded by the state.

44) Which of the following was NOT an African religion transported to the Americas?

A) obeah B) candomble C) Vodun D) aja E) asantehene

45) In what way did the trans-Saharan slave trade differ from that of the Atlantic slave trade?

A) The trans-Saharan slave trade concentrated on women, but the Atlantic slave trade concentrated on young men.

B) The African preference for retaining young male slaves to extend kinship lines implied that primarily women were available to the Atlantic trade, while men converted to Islam were more likely trade objects for the trans-Saharan trade.

C) The trans-Saharan slave trade was much more arduous and cruel than the trans-Atlantic trade.

D) The Atlantic slave trade was carried out almost exclusively by Muslims.

E) The trans-Saharan slave trade was carried out in much greater volume than the Atlantic slave trade.

46) Which of the following statements concerning slave families is most accurate?

A) Family relations were stronger in the slave families than in the settler families.

B) Despite enormous difficulties, slaves continued to live in family units.

C) Lacking women, men substituted slave "fraternities" for the more traditional organization.

D) The conditions of slavery destroyed family concepts among Africans in the New World.

E) The onerous conditions of slavery and the shortage of women resulted in the creation of artificial clans and extended lineages.

47) What new religious order was associated with the Catholic Reformation?

A) Jesuits B) Benedictines C) Calvinists D) Cistercians E) Franciscans

48) Which of the following statements concerning mid-eighteenth century Western society is most accurate?

A) Most people believed that population growth was self-regulating.

B) Radical changes in the nature of government resulted in the creation of essentially new political forms.

C) As a result of the Enlightenment, established churches no longer were forces to be reckoned with in Western society.

D) The spread of domestic manufacturing destroyed the traditional habits and family patterns of earlier Europe.

E) Agricultural changes, commercialism, and manufacturing had combined to produce a rapidly growing population in the West.

49) What area of Africa was least affected by the slave trade?

A) west Africa

B) the savanna and the Sudan

C) east Africa

D) central and west Africa

E) southern Africa

50) All of the following were typical of sixteenth century absolute monarchy EXCEPT

A) a growing bureaucracy.

B) the cessation of parliamentary government.

C) a professionalized army.

D) constant warfare among monarchs.

E) the destruction of provincial councils.