1998 Iraq war
December 16, 1998, marked the beginning of four days of air strikes launched against Iraq by the United States and Britain, a consequence of Iraq's continued refusal to cooperate with U.N. arms inspections. Under the 1991 Gulf War cease-fire resolution, a U.N. inspection team was to determine whether Iraq had destroyed its nuclear, biological, and ballistic weapons. After continually thwarting the inspections, Iraq had expelled the American U.N. inspectors in Nov. 1997, and in August 1998 it put a complete halt to the entire U.N. team. Fruitless U.N. negotiations with a defiant Saddam Hussein followed, with the U.S. threatening military action. Finally, when chief U.N. weapons inspector Richard Butler issued a report on Dec. 15 detailing Iraq's bad faith and intransigence, the United States and Britain reached their breaking point. While the U.N. Security Council debated their next step, President Clinton concluded, "Iraq has abused its final chance." On Dec. 16, 1998, President Clinton announced, "Iraq has abused its final chance." The following day Dec. 16, 1998, the United States and Britain began four days of air strikes, which ended on December 19, the day before the Islamic holy month of Ramadan began. The attacks focused on command centers, missile factories, and airfields?targets that the Pentagon believed would damage Iraq's weapons stores. OperationDesert Fox, as it was called, was an international P.R. disaster for the U.S. and Britain, who were widely condemned by the international community for their belligerence. The lack of U.N. support for the bombing, the proximity of the attack to Ramadan, and the teaming up of the world's only superpower with the former colonial superpower helped to create the perception that Saddam Hussein was less a venal megalomaniac than a victim. A Stealth War The U.S and Britain changes tack in response to overwhelming international disapproval of Operation Desert Fox. They abandoned public saber-rattling and began waging a low-profile war of attrition. In Jan. 1999, weekly, sometimes daily, bombings of Iraqi targets within the northern no-fly zone began. The air strikes were incorporated into Operation Northern Watch, a British-U.S. air mission based in Turkey that in 1997 began to monitor the northern no-fly zone. The U.S military?s extensive chronology of bombings in 1999indicates that air strikes have taken place over more than 100 days in 1999, sometimes with several air strikes per day. The U.S. and Britain hope the constant barrage of air strikes will weaken Saddam Hussein's grip on Iraq. Whether their goal can be achieved remains to be seen, but as far as managing to attract almost no attention, it has been spectacularly effective. To the relief of the Clinton and Blair administrations, the year-long bombings have been virtually ignored by the press, particularly during the Kosovo crisis. The NewRepublic reported in Sept. 1999 that "the Anglo-American war over Iraq does not often make the front pages of even the Iraqi newspapers, let alone those in America." The international community, outraged at Desert Fox?four days of bombing that struck one hundred Iraqi military targets?has remained almost indifferent to Operation Northern Watch?the more than one hundred days of air strikes that have been launched since then. What began as a bang has ended in a whimper, provoking little criticism and much indifference. Saddam Hussein Born: 4/28/37 Birthplace: Tikrit, Iraq Hussein joined the Ba'ath Socialist party in 1957 and was soon involved in an assassination attempt against the Prime Minister. The attempt failed but Hussein escaped. Sentenced to death, he fled to Egypt where he continued his education and his political involvement, entering law school in Cairo in 1962. In 1963, after the Ba'ath party came to power, he returned to Baghdad where he continued his law studies and increased his involvement in the party's activities. The Ba'ath regime was short-lived and without its protection Hussein went into hiding, though he was eventually tracked down and spent several years in prison. He escaped from prison and continued his underground activities, playing a significant role in the 1968 revolution that brought the Ba'ath party in to lasting power. Second in command to the president, Hussein wielded considerable power in the government noted for political repression and human rights violations. He also led efforts to modernize the country and develop its weak economy and oil resources. From 1980?88 he led a war against Iran, with control of a key river border at stake and fueled by religious differences between Shi'ite and Sunni muslims. He also attacked Kurdish rebels, at times with chemical weapons. In 1990 he invaded Kuwait but was defeated by a coalition of Arab and Western armies and forced to retreat. As a condition of ceased hostilities, Hussein was forcedto accept inspections from U.N. representatives to ensure that chemical and biological weapons were dismantled. More military strikes followed in 1993, when he violated the peace terms of the Gulf War. Frequent failure to comply with U.N. weapons inspectors brought repeated threats of further reprisals. Action was avoided until late 1998 when the U.S. and Britain led air strikes against military targets.
