Chapter 9: Development in adolescence Parenting styles: Two dimensions are important:     Parental responsiveness: how supportive and involved parents are in their kids’ activities.     Parental demandingness: how strict and controlling parents are with their kids. Authoritarian parents are high in demandingness and low in responsiveness; they establish strict rules and don’t consult with their children in decision making. This may result in kids with low intellectual performance and lack of social skills. Authoritative parents are high in both demandingness and responsiveness. This may result in kids who are independent with higher intellectual performance and internalized moral standards. Permissive parents are low in demandingness and high in responsiveness; they usually don’t hold their children accountable for their actions. This may lead to kids with poor academic performance, drinking problems, and promiscuous sexual behaviors. Rejecting/neglecting parents are low in both demandingness and responsiveness; they don’t seem to care much about their children. This may lead to kids with low self-esteem, poor intellectual performance, and anti-social behaviors. Vygostky’s zone of proximal development illustrates why authoritative parents are most effective. It is defined as the difference between the level of the child’s actual development and the level of the child’s potential development if helped by an older person. If parenting style play an important role in adolescents' lives, it is not the only factor:     Resilience in development is the capacity to achieve healthy development despite being raised in a harmful environment.           Protective factors: easy temperament that facilitates social interactions and friendships,                                      close bond with at least one stable person,                                      and positive role models.