Chapter 7: Cognition and Language * Concepts: refer to how related information is stored in the brain to abstract a general idea of what members of a given category are like.      -Logical concepts: follow strict straightforward rules.      -Natural concepts: do not follow strict rules, may be difficult to categorize. * Reasoning: manipulating information to reach conclusions.      -Formal reasoning: when problem is straightforward and has only one solution; often takes the form of syllogisms.      -Everyday reasoning: in complex situations affected by many variables; there may not be a correct solution. Language * Phonological development: ability to produce basic sounds.       When infants start babbling they can produce all possible sounds; by the age of 9 or 10 months their ability to produce and recognize sounds that are not part of their parents' language is greatly reduced. * Grammar development: ability to use rules that dictate the order of words in sentences.       Grammatical rules are complex and most certainly learned implicitly: people can abstract complex rules across many experiences without even knowing it. * Linguistic relativity hypothesis: language shapes thought; words allow you to “see” things from a certain perspective; just like schemas words guide the way you can think about things.