Chapter 10: Motivation Motivation: internal state that activates, guides, and maintains behavior. Drive theory:  Biological needs arise, creating unpleasant states.                       Organism is driven to behave in ways that restore homeostasis.                       Behaviors that reduce the drive are strengthened while those that do not reduce the drive                          are weakened. Arousal theory: organisms seek an optimal level of arousal, as defined by internal and environmental variables.      Yerkes-Dodson law: Performance is a function of both arousal level and task difficulty. Expectancy theory: behavior is pulled by expectations of attaining desired outcomes and gaining incentives      Depends on: Expectancy: belief that behavior will provide a reward                         Instrumentality: reward                         Valence: how good the reward is Goal-setting theory: based on achievement motivation.      Most people are motivated to reach goals that are challenging but realistic.      Social loafing: individuals will work harder if their individual performance can be assessed than if it cannot      Intrinsic motivation: performing activities because they naturally make us feel good and competent.              Extrinsic rewards decrease motivation unless they are perceived as a sign of recognition and not as a bribe.              Self-handicapping: offering explanations for a poor performance before performing the task to protect motivation and self-esteem.