Chapter 5: Learning Operant Conditioning: Learning based on consequences * 4 main terms:    Reinforcement: increases the probability that the behavior will happen again    Punishment: decreases the probability that the behavior will happen again    Positive: application of a stimulus    Negative: removal of a stimulus        Positive Reinforcement: Providing something pleasant        Negative Reinforcement: Removing something unpleasant        Positive Punishment: Providing something unpleasant        Negative Punishment: Removing something pleasant * Shaping: speeding up the learning process by rewarding approximations of the desired behavior * Which is more effective: punishment or reinforcement?    -> punishment does not provide an alternative, more appropriate behavior * Schedules of reinforcement:     Interval schedules: based on time     Ratio schedules: based on number of responses       Fixed interval schedule: the reward is given for the first desired behavior after a set amount of time. The rate of responses levels off after the reward, but increases near the end of the interval.       Variable interval schedule: the reward is given for the first desired behavior after a random amount of time (within limits). The rate of responses is regular but slow.       Fixed ratio schedule: the reward is given after a set number of responses. The rate of responses is fast, but there is a pause after each reward.       Variable ratio schedule: the reward is given after a random number of responses (within limits). The rate of responses is regular and fast.