Chapter 12: Personality Humanistic approach: positive view of personality illustrated by personal responsibility and personal growth.      Rogers’ self theory: people strive to become fully functional individuals by comparing their perceived self with their ideal self.       Discrepancy between the two selves can generate anxiety. Defense mechanisms (distortion and denial) may be adopted to reduce anxiety but they are efficient only in the short run. More serious disorders may appear in the long run. Learning approaches:     Skinner’s behavioral theory: personality is reflected by patterns of behaviors.         Similar to drive theory of motivation: based on the reduction of social and biological needs.     Bandura’s social cognitive theory: personality is reflected by patterns of behaviors that are dependent on the perception of the environment and our thoughts about it.         Similar to expectancy and goal-setting theories of motivation: based on the expectation of a reward.         Self-efficacy: expecting to do well leads you to behave in ways that will make you do well. However, this is probably moderated by the perception of the situation and locus of control (internals vs. externals).