| Chapter 12 Piaget's theory of moral development: Heteronomous morality (5-10 years): rules handed down by authorities, unchangeable, require strict obedience; focus on objective consequences, not intent Autonomous morality: intentions serve as basis for judgment; rules can be changed Promoted by actively thinking about moral issues and gains in perspective taking Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning: actual choice is irrelevant; focus on reasoning behind the choice Preconventional level: morality is externally controlled, rules from authority, judgment on consequences Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation: right or wrong based on physical consequences of actions, focus on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment Stage 2: instrumental purpose orientation: focus on self-interest; if it feels good, it is good Conventional level: good and bad defined by the group; internalize norms; maintain social order Stage 3: morality of interpersonal cooperation: good is what pleases other people; want to maintain affection and approval of others Stage 4: social order maintaining orientation: respect authority, follow rules that cannot be disobeyed Postconventional level: morality as abstract, self-chosen principles Stage 5: social contract orientation: laws to promote fairness but can be changed if believed to be immoral Stage 6: universal ethical principle orientation: principles valid for all humanity; very rare We have to take cultural diversity into account and try to understand why cultural norms evolved There are inconsistencies between abstract reasoning and actual behavior as there are immediate temptations and gratifications in daily life |
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