Review 2

Chapter 4:
1. Describe brain development during infancy and toddlerhood, at the level of individual brain cells and at the level of the cerebral cortex.
2. Describe evidence indicating that heredity contributes to body size and rate of physical growth, and discuss the nutritional needs of infants and toddlers.
3. Describe the infant learning capacities, the conditions under which they occur, and the unique value of each.
4. Describe the development of voluntary reaching and grasping, citing evidence on the influence of early experience.
5. Summarize the development of hearing and vision during infancy, giving special attention to depth and pattern perception.

Chapter 5:
1. Explain Piaget's view of what changes with development and how cognitive change takes place.
2. Name Piaget's six sensorimotor substages, and describe the major cognitive achievements in each.
3. Discuss recent research on sensorimotor development and its implications for the accuracy of Piaget's sensorimotor stage.
4. Describe the structure of the information-processing system, the development of attention, memory, and categorization during infancy and toddlerhood.
5. Describe three major theories of language development, indicating the emphasis each places on biological and environmental influences.
6. Describe how infants prepare for language, and explain how adults support their emerging capacities.
7. Describe toddlers' first words and two-word combinations, and explain why language comprehension develops ahead of production.
8. Explain how child-directed speech, conversation, and reading to young children support early language development.

Chapter 6:
1. Explain Erikson's stages of basic trust versus mistrust and autonomy versus shame and doubt, noting major personality changes.
2. Describe the meaning of temperament.
3. Discuss the role of heredity and environment in the stability of temperament, including the goodness-of-fit model.
4. Describe the unique features of ethological theory of attachment and the development of attachment during the first 2 years.
5. Describe the Strange Situation, the four attachment patterns assessed by it.
6. Discuss factors that affect attachment security.
7. Describe and interpret the relationship between secure attachment in infancy and cognitive, emotional, and social competence in childhood.
8. Trace the emergence of self-awareness, and explain its role in the development of empathy, categorizing the self, and self-control.