11. Westernizing Reform in the Nineteenth Century

• Egypt
• Westernization of the Ottoman Empire
• Persia Under the Qajars
• Some Afterthoughts

12. The Rise of Nationalism

• Egyptian Nationalism
• Ottomanism, Pan-Islam, and Turkism
• Nationalism in Persia
• Conclusion

13. The Roots of Arab Bitterness

• Arab Nationalism
• World War I
• The Postwar Peace Settlement
• Conclusion and Summary

14. Modernizing Rulers in the Independent States

• Turkey: Phoenix from the Ashes
• From Persia to Iran
• The Rise of Saudi Arabia
• Conclusion

15. Egypt's Struggle for Independence

• Britain's Role in Egypt
• Egypt's Democratic Experiment
• The Egyptian Revolution
• A Strange Ending

16. The Contest for Palestine

• Origins
• The Beginnings of Political Zionism
• Britain and the Palestine Problem
• Conclusion

17. Israel's Rebirth and the Rise of Arab Nationalism

• Israel's War for Independence
• The Aftermath of the War
• The Arab Countries
• Israel's Early Years
• Oil in the Middle East
• The Great Powers and the Arab World
• Background to the 1967 Arab-Israeli War
• Conclusion

18. War and the Quest for Peace

• The June 1967 War
• The Palestinians
• Abortive Peace Efforts
• Political Changes: 1967-1970
• Danger Signs in the Middle East
• Prelude to War
• The October (Yom Kippur)War
• The War's Aftermath
• Lebanon: The Arena for a New Arab Struggle
• The Road to Camp David
• Conclusion

19. The Reassertion of Islamic Power

• Some Prefactory Remarks on Islam and Politics
• The Iranian Revolution
• The Struggle for Gulf Supremacy
• The Retreat from Camp David
• Western Policy Formation and Islamic Polity

20. The Gulf War and the Peace Process

• The Gulf War
• Operation Desert Storm
• Palestinians and the Peace Process
• A Parting Message