Page 229 Index 27th Army, protestors murdered by, 180 38th parallel, 145, 146, 147 APCs (agricultural producers’ cooperatives), 148, 149, 150, 151 fraudulent harvest reports, 151 Peng Dehuai’s daring criticism of, 151 Abbasid Caliphate, 65 abortion, 10, 169 amniocentesis and, 169 forced, 169 selective of females, 10 administration, 35–36, 47 Legalist emphasis on, 35–36 Qin unification and uniformization of, 47 Africa, 88 agricultural producers’ cooperatives. See APCs agriculture, 3–5, 12, 148, 149, 150 Chinese Communist attempt to collectivize, 148, 149, 150 myth of discovery of by Shen Nong, 12 alchemy, 66, 95 Alexander the Great, 62, 65 Allied Armies of Eight Nations, 117 ambition, Taoism’s view as a vice, 28, 30 Americans. See United States Amherst, Lord, 102 An Lushan, rebellion of, 69, 71, 73, 82, 83 Analects, 23 anarchism, 126 ancestors, 14, 19 Shang attempts to communicate with, 14 traditional Chinese veneration of, 19 Anhui Army (Huai Army), 109 Anhui province, 10, 160 Page 230 antiquity, 23, 34, 94 Confucius’s idealization of, 23, 94 Legalists’ view of, 34 Anyang, 13 April 26 editorial, 176, 178 anger over, 176, 178 Arabs, 41, 65 archaeology, early Chinese, 13–15 aristocracy, 46, 70, 82–83 change to meritocratic society, 82– 83 Qin abolition of formal hereditary, 46 Tang society, 70 armies, 28, Taoist view of, 28 Arrow, the, 106 Art of War, The, 42 Article 116, 7 Attila the Hun, 55, 59 artistic expression, Taoism and, 31–32 astronomy, myth of Yao’s perfection of, 12 Australia, 152, 204 grain shipments from, 152 Austria, 117 autonomous regions, 7 Avars, 66 axle lengths, Qin unification of, 46 backyard furnaces, 150 Baghdad, 65 Barfield, Thomas J., 56, 57 Beida (Peking University), 124, 125, 126, 127, 129, 175, 176 intellectual energy during MayFourth period, 124–125 Tiananmen Square demonstrations, 175 Beijing (Peking), 7, 8, 87, 88, 91, 93, 101, 108, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 123, 133, 144, 149, 153, 156, 160, 167, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 187, 188 anti-NATO riots in, 187, 188 declaration of martial law in during Tiananmen Square protests, 178 Qing capital, 91 removal of Ming capital from Nanjing to, 88 renamed Beijing, 144 renamed Beiping, 133 Beijing Spring, 175 Beiping, 133, 138, 144 Belgrade, NATO’s bombing of Chinese embassy in, 186, 201 bellows, 64 benevolence. See ren Bengal, 102 Bernstein, Richard, 186 Bian (Bianliang), 74 Bible, 26, 107, 108 big character posters, 154 blood, circulation of, 41 Blue Team, 188 Bo Juyi, 71 boats, myth of invention by the Yellow Emperor, 12 boddhisatvas, 62 Bolsheviks, Bolshevik Revolution, 128, 130, 131 Chinese intellectuals attracted to, 128 bones, discovery of Shang documents, 13 book burning, Qin and, 46 borders, defined, 57, 80 border markets, 57 bourgeois liberalism, 173 bourgeois reformist, Kang Youwei as, 113 bourgeois revolution, Marxist-Leninist concept of, 129, 130–131 bourgeois revolutionary, Soviet and Chinese Communist notion of Sun Yat-sen as, 131 bourgeoisie, Marxist-Leninist concept of, 128 bow and arrow, myth of invention by the Yellow Emperor, 12 Boxer Indemnity, 115, 117 Boxer Protocol, 117 Page 231 Boxer Uprising (Boxer Rebellion), 115–118, 187 allied armies quell, 117–118 anti-missionary and anti-Christian attitudes of, 116–117 Christians martyred during, 117 egged on by Cixi, 116 murder of German minister, 117 originally anti-Manchu, 115 rampant in Beijing, 116–117 xenophobia of, 115 Braun, Otto, 136 brine, 41 Britain, British, 32, 75, 80, 99, 105, 106, 117, 118, 150, 160, 172, 186, 191 embassy in Beijing, 160, 186 Mao’s desire to surpass, 150 recognizes People’s Republic of China, 191 British East India Company, 103 bronze vessels, Shang, 14 Buddha, 81 Buddhism, 61–63, 72, 80, 81, 82, 88, 89, 94 boddhisatvas, 62 Central Asian origins of, 61 Chan (Zen), 62 Confucianism and, 63 conversion of China to, 63 conversion of Mongols to, 88 decline of, 81 Eightfold Path, 62 Four Noble Truths, 62 growth of, 61–63 Indian origins of, 61 Mahayana, 62 Neo-Confucian reaction against, 80, 81, 94 nirvana, 62 sutras, 63 Taoism and, 63 terminology, 63 Tibetan, 89 Bund, 182 Bureau of Receptions (Zhukesi), 93 Burma, 93 Byzantine emperors, 65 CCP. See Chinese Communist Party cadres, 8 calendar, myth of Yao’s perfection of, 12 Cai Yuanpei, 124, 125 transformation of Beida, 124–125 Cambodia (Kampuchea), 93, 170–171 Canada, 106, 152, 157, 163, 191, 201 grain shipments from, 152 recognizes People’s Republic of China, 163 Cang Jie, 12 Canton (Guangzhou), 70, 100, 103, 104, 106, 118, 119, 122 British grievances with trade procedures at, 100 refusal to admit British after Opium War, 106 capital punishment, reduction during Yuan dynasty, 86 capitalist society, Marxist-Leninist concept of, 128, 130 Carter, Jimmy, 170, 191 catenary bridge, Chinese invention of, 64 Catholics, 106, 107, 184 censorship, 6 Celtic civilization, 11 Central America, 188 Central Asia, 26, 58, 61, 76, 84, 85, 86 Central Committee, of Chinese Communist Party, 8, 156 Central States, 20 Century of Humiliation, 99, 105 Chagadai Khanate, 84 Chai Ling, 180 Chan (Zen) Buddhism, 63 Chang, Iris, 141 Chang, Jung (Jung Chang), 159 Chang’an, 52, 67, 69, 72, 73, 79, 83 Changsha, 108 characters (written), 12–15 myth of invention by Cang Jie, 12 chastity, double standard for men and women, 84 chemical gas. See weapons Chen Duxiu, 124, 125, 126, 129 Page 232 anti-Confucianism of, 125 founding of New Youth, 125 Chen Shuibian. See Chen Shui-bian Chen Shui-bian (Chen Shuibian), 195 Chen Yun, 178 Cheng Ho. See Zheng He Cheng-Zhu Neo-Confucianism, 8 Chennault, Claire, 140 Chiang Ching-kuo, 192, 194 begins liberalization and democratization in Taiwan, 192 Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation, 192 Chiang Kai-shek, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 143, 144, 145, 147, 163, 189, 190, 191, 192, 196 achieves military power, 132 defeats warlords, 130 early antipathy toward communism, 131–132 kidnapping of, 139 oppressive rule over Taiwan, 189, 190–191 relocates Nationalist government, 140 Chiang Kai-shek Airport, 191 China Can Say No, 200 China Proper, 10 half of China’s population in, 10 China’s Road Under the Shadow of Globalization, 200 Chinese, PRC’s current political definition of, 10 Chinese civilization, 1, 11 historical isolation of, 1 current Chinese sense of extensive connections with, 11 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 5, 129, 130, 149, 150, 169, 184 control of government, 5–9 fears, 184 First Congress, 129 founding of, 129 infiltration of labor unions by, 129– 130 Second Congress, 130 structural levels of, 8 Chinese world order, 94 Chinggis Khan (Genghis Khan), 70, 74, 79, 85, 86, 89 conquests of, 85 emergence of, 79 meaning of, 85 Chongqing, 7, 140, 141, 144 Christians, 70, 117 martyred by Boxers, 117 Christianity, 73, 107, 108, 116, 118. See also Catholics; missionaries; Protestants Nestorian, 73 Chuang-tzu. See Zhuangzi Chungking. See Chongqing cities, 7, 10–11, 28 as administrative units, 7 crowding of, 10–11 Taoist view of, 28 civil war, 50, 58, 59, 107–110, 143–145, 189 among Xiongnu, 58 between Communists and Nationalists, 143–145 between Qin and Han dynasties, 50 renewed among Xiongnu, 59 separation of Taiwan from mainland China since 1949 by, 189 Taiping Rebellion, 107–110 U.S. attempts to mediate during, 143–144 civilization, Taoism’s questioning of, 28 Cixi, Empress Dowager, 112–113, 116, 176 Deng Xiaoping compared with, 176 Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, The, 198 class struggle, 152 climate, 3–5 Clinton, Bill, 187, 195 clocks. See mechanical clocks, Chinese invention of coinage, Qin unification of, 46 Cold War, 189, 198, 200 Columbia University, 125 Coming Conflict with China, The, 186 Page 233 Comintern, 129, 130 commerce, Qing view of, 101 communication networks, 28 communist society, Marxist-Leninist concept of, 128 compass Chinese invention of, 42 Confucianism, 20–24, 32–34, 37, 52, 53, 54, 63, 86, 94, 95, 125 Buddhism and, 63 compared and contrasted with Taoism, 32–34 debate within during Yuan dynasty, 86 made China’sofficial ideology during Han dynasty, 32, 52 Confucius, 20, 21–25, 52 early political ambitions of, 21 li, ideas about, 21–25 ren, ideas about, 22–25 teaching career of, 21–22 conquest dynasties, 61, 62, 92 Buddhism in, 61, 62 origins during Period of Division, 61 Qing as, 92 Constantinople, 69 constitutional monarchy, 112, 113, 126 British and Japanese models of, 112 May Fourth era ridicule of, 126 construction projects, Qin, 46 contentment, Taoist virtue of, 28 Cornell University, 125, 185, 192, 193, 194 Lee Teng-hui’s visit to, 193 corruption, 173, 174, 174, 197 in Taiwan, 197 popular disaffection with, 174, 175 Council of Ephesus, 73 Convention of Peking, 107 counties, 7, 89. See also xian Court of Colonial Affairs (Lifanyuan), 93 crops, 3, 4, 5, 40, 41 in northern China, 3, 4 and plows, 40–41 in southern China, 4, 5 crossbow, Chinese invention of, 42 crown, British perceptions of Qing indignities to, 104 Cuba, 112 cultural heroes, 11, 12 early Chinese, 11, 12 importance of, 12 Cultural Revolution, 151, 153–162, 164, 167, 168, 169 anti-intellectual nature of, 159 difficulty of fully understanding, 162 end of, 161 fanaticism during, 159–161 intellectuals and, 159 lingering effects of, 161–162 persecution of intellectuals during, 159 reasons Mao launches, 153–154 role of PLA in, 155–156 youth, 156 as youth rebellion, 154, 155 DPP (Democratic Progressive Party), 192, 196 da Vinci, Leonardo, 66 Dairen, 111 danwei, 7 Daodejing. See Tao-te ching Darwinism, social. See social Darwinism dead, cult of, 13–15, 19 death, Confucius’s attitude toward, 23 decimal system, Chinese invention of, 42 Democratic Progressive Party. See DPP democracy, 6, 8, 36, 169, 170, 174, 175, 182, 190, 192, 193, 197, 199, 202, 204 China’s lack of authentic, 6, 8, Deng Xiaoping’s opposition to, 169, 170 established in Taiwan, 192–193, 197 lack of in Taiwan, 190 Legalism antithetical to, 36 as panacea, 174 Democracy Wall, 170 Page 234 Deng Xiaoping, 8, 9, 151, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 183, 196 comeback after Mao’s death, 167 compared with Empress Dowager Cixi, 176 corruption during rule of, 173 democracy, opposition to, 169, 170 evaluation of Mao Zedong, 172 foreign policy of, 170–172 Four Cardinal Principles of, 170 grooms Jiang Zemin as successor, 182 invasion of Vietnam, 171 Mao Zedong’s errors assessed by, 168 mass movements, abolition by, 168 one-child policy of, 169 “one country, two systems” principle of, 172, 196 overshadows Hua Guofeng, 167, 172–173 praises Tiananmen Square Massacre, 180 promotion of moderates, 167–168 reforms of, 168–169 rejection of personality cult by, 167 visit to United States, 170 Dewey, John, 125, 126, Di, 13–15, 18, 47 Diamond Sutra, 96 dinner party, 158 diplomacy, 80, 100–102 between Song and Liao, 80 clashing Chinese and British notions of, 100–102 diplomatic equality, 57, 79, 80 between Han and Xiongnu, 57 between Song and Jurchen Jin, 80 between Song and Kitan Liao, 79, 80 discoveries. See inventions and discoveries divination, Shang practice of, 13 division, national, A.D. 220–589, 53 drama, flourishes during Yuan dynasty, 86 droughts, 70 Du Fu, 71 dualism, 81 Duke of Zhou, 19, 20 as regent, 20 dynastic changes, 18 Mandate of Heaven in, 18 Eastern Han, 52 Eastern Mongols, 89 Eastern Zhou, 20, 21, 26, 27, 33 chaos and moral decline during, 20, 33 philosophical discussion of, 21, 33 ecology, theories of Sino-nomadic warfare and, 56 Egypt, 1 Egyptian civilization, 11 elderly, 203 Elgin, Lord, 106, 107 Elliot, Captain Charles, 103, 104 embassies, 186, 187, 200–201 emigration, from China, 204 emperor (huangdi), 19, 47, 80, 83 increased power of, 83 Liao monarchs as, 80 term first used by Qin Shihuang, 47 Emperor Protection Society, 113, 120 Empress Dowager Cixi. See Cixi, Empress Dowager Empress Wu, 69 encirclement and extermination campaigns, 134, 135 epistemology, 27 equal fields system, 70 equality, diplomatic. See diplomatic equality espionage, 186, 188 ethnic groups, China’s current theory and division of, 9–10. See also nationalities eunuchs, control of Ming government by, 88 Euphrates River, 3 Europe, 40 Page 235 superiority of premodern Chinese technology to, 40 examination system, 53, 70, 76, 86, 89– 91 cancellation during Yuan dynasty, 86 extensive development during Song, 76 first administered during Han, 53 frequency of examinations, 90 full development during Ming and Qing, 89–91 levels and degrees of, 89–90 Neo-Confucianism, 89 openness to all socioeconomic levels, 90 strengths and weaknesses of, 90–91 Tang dynasty system, 70 excellence, Taoist belittling of, 30 extraterritoriality, 105 Fairbank, John K., 94 Falun Gong, 183–184 Jiang Zemin’s anger at, 183–184 Fang Lizhi, 173 Fang Ning, 200 February 28 Incident, 189–190 female infanticide. See infanticide, female feudal society, Marxist-Leninist concept of, 128, 130 feudalism, 19 fire, myth of invention of, 12 First Congress, 129 First Sino-Japanese War, 111–112 acceleration of Imperialist aggression after, 111 Japan’s surprise victory in, 111 First United Front, 130–132, 139 Five Classics, 8, 89 Five Dynasties, 70, 73, 74 five-year plans, 148 floods, 12, 116 myth of Yü the Great’s quelling of, 12 Flying Tigers, 140 food security, world, China’s possible endangering of, 204 footbinding, 84 Forbidden City, 8 foreign policy, 170–172 foreign relations, premodern China’s, 55 nomads, 55 Four Books, 8, 87, 89 canonized during Yuan dynasty, 87 Four Cardinal Principles, 170, 180 Four, Gang of. See Gang of Four Four Modernizations, 164, 170 Four Noble Truths, 62 four pests, 150 “fragrant flowers,’’ 149 France, French, 105, 106, 107, 109, 111, 117, 120, 124, 125, 191 recognizes People’s Republic of China in 1965, 191 free market economy, 182 Freedom House, 9 French Revolution, 120, 177 fu. See prefecture Fujian, 10 Gang of Four, 165, 167 arrest of, 165 gas. See weapons gas, natural. See natural gas Genghis Khan. See Chinggis Khan gentry class, 90 George III, Qianlong emperor’s letter to, 101 Germany, 111, 124, 126, 127, 135, 136, 193, 195 colonial position of, 126 gerontocracy, 174 Gobi Desert, 93 Goddess of Democracy, 179 golden age, 28, 30, 33, 34 Confucian, 33 Legalist lack of a concept of, 34 Taoist ideas of early agricultural, 28, 30, 33 Golden Horde, 84 Gongsun Long, 38–39 Page 236 Gongsun Longzi, 38 government, of modern China, 5–9, 12 origins of, 12 Graham, Billy, 184 Grand Canal, 67, 68 Great Britain. See Britain, British Great Helmsman, 168 Great Leap Forward, 149–152, 153, 162 mass starvation during, 151–152 primitive methods of steel production during, 150 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. See Cultural Revolution Great Wall of China, 47–48, 88 historical myths and, 47 Ming dynasty origins of, 48, 88 modern myths and, 48 traditional account of construction, 47 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 134 Guam, 112 Guangdong province, 10, 107, 118 Guangxi province, 7 Guangxu emperor, 112 Guangzhou (Canton), 100, 161 guerilla warfare, favored by Mao, 136 Guizhou province, 10, 137 Gulf War, 182 guo. See states Guomindang. See Nationalist Party guns, 95, 158 Chinese invention of, 95 Mao’s dictum, 158 gunpowder, 42, 95 Gutenberg, Johann, 96 Hai Rui, 152 Hai Rui Dismissed From Office, 152, 153 Han Chinese, as China’s major ethnic group, 7, 8, 9 Han dynasty, 50–60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 76, 87 beginnings of, 50, 51 built on Qin foundations, 51 fall of, 60 intermarriage system between Xiongnu and, 57 iron monopoly of, 52 landlordism, 52 Later or Eastern, 52 Loyang, 52 salt monopoly of, 52 Wang Mang’s usurpation, 52 Xiongnu, campaigns against, 54–60 Han Fei, 35 Han Fei-tzu, 35, 42 Han Wudi. See Wudi Han Yu, 81 hang gliders, Chinese invention of, 66 Hangzhou, 78, 79, 83 harnesses, 40 Harvard University, 180, 198, 201 Harvey, William, 41 Hawaii, 118, 119, 121 Heaven, Son of. See Son of Heaven heaven, 18, 19, 24, 27, 37, 38 Confucius’s concept of, 24 Mozi’s concept of, 37 Zhou concept of, 18, 19 Hebei province, 10 Hefei, 160 hegemony, 202 Heian, 72 Henan province, 10 Henry Pu Yi. See Pu Yi Himalaya Mountains, 1, 64 Hitler, Adolph, 139, 187 Hong Kong, 19, 86, 99, 105, 111, 112, 118, 119, 168, 171, 172, 178, 183, 185, 196, 197 early British demands for, 105 growth, 107, 111 return of to China, 171–172 Hong Xiuquan, 107–109 hostage, Xiongnu required to send to Han dynasty, 58 house churches, 184. See also Protestants; Three-Self Patriotic Church Hu Jintao, 6 Hu Shi, 124, 125, 126 Page 237 anti-Confucianism of, 125 plain language movement and, 126 pro-science attitudes of, 125 Hu Yaobang, 167, 168, 173, 175, 176 admired by students in 1980s, 175– 176 Hua Guofeng, 164, 165, 167, 172, 173 overshadowed by Deng Xiaoping, 167, 172–173 “With you in charge, my mind is at ease,” 164 Huai Army. See Anhui Army Huang Chao, 70 Huangdi. See Yellow Emperor Huangdi. See Emperor Huanghuagang, 121 Hubei province, 10, 121 Hui (Muslims), as ethnic group within China, 9 Hülegü, 85 human nature, 24, 25, 34 Legalists’ view of, 34 Mencius’s perspective on, 24–25 Xunzi’s perspective on, 24–25 human rights, 6, 185, 186, 197, 199, 202 China’s resentment of Western pressure to respect, 186 human sacrifice, practice by Shang dynasty, 14 human wave tactics, practice by Chinese communists in Korean War, 146 Hunan Braves, 109 Hunan province, 10, 108, 109, 121, 133, 156 Hundred Days Reforms, 112–113 Cixi’s opposition to, 112–113 failure of, 113 Hundred Flowers campaign, 149, 150, 159 Hundred Schools period of Eastern Zhou, 21 Hungary, 55 hunger strikes, 177 Huns (Xiongnu), 47, 52, 59–60 equation of European Huns with Xiongnu, 59–60 Huntington, Samuel, 198, 201 Hurley, Patrick, 143–144 Hutchison Whampoa Limited, 188 ideology, 8, 46 Chinese communists’ substitution of for authentic democracy, 8 Qin unification of as Legalism as official, 46 II Khanate, 84 India, 9, 61, 63, 64, 88, 94, 99, 202, 203 China avoids outright colonial fate of, 99 Chinese Buddhists’ travel to, 63 likely to surpass China in population, 9, 202 origins of Buddhism in, 61 individual, Confucian and Taoist focus on, 33 Indus River valley, 1 infanticide, female, 10, 169, 203 informants, Qin rewarding of, 46 Inner Mongolia, 3, 7 loss of Mongolian national character in, 7 inoculations, smallpox, Chinese invention of, 97 intellect, 27, 30, 33 Confucian prizing of, 33 Taoist concept of, 27, 33 intellectual property rights, 184–185 intellectuals, 159, intermarriage system between Han and Xiongnu, 57, 59 Internet, 6, intuition, Taoist concept of importance of, 27, 30, 33 inventions and discoveries, Chinese, 39–43, 64–66, 95–97 circulation of blood in body, 41 compass, 42 crossbow, 42–43 decimal system, 42 gunpowder, 95 guns, 95 Page 238 hang gliding, 66 inoculations, smallpox, 97 iron plows, 40 mechanical clock, 96 Mercator map projections, 96 movable type printing, 96 natural gas drilling, 41 Newton’s First Law of Motion, 41 paper, 64–65 parachuting, 66 phosphorescent paint, 97 poison gas weapons, 43 printed books, 95 seismograph, 66 stirrups, 65–66 suspension bridge, 64 trace harness, 40 waterwheel, 64 woodblock printing, 96 iron, 52 Han dynasty government monopoly on, 52 iron casting, 64 iron plows. See plows, iron Islam, 68, 73, 85, 198 Italy, 117 Jagchid, Sechin, 56, 57 theory of Sino-nomadic warfare, 56, 57 Japan, 9, 11, 72, 85, 94, 105, 111, 112, 115, 117, 119, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 143, 163, 191, 198, 199, 200 avowed purpose of empire in East Asia, 134 as first and most powerful modernized nation in East Asia, 111 invades China, 140 invasion by Mongols, 85 “Nixon shock” in, 163 Rape of Nanking perpetrated by, 141 recognition of People’s Republic of China in 1972, 163 start May Fourth protests, 124 Twenty-one Demands by, 122, 125 Japan That Can Say No, The, 200 Jewish civilization, 11 Jews, 70, 72–73, Jiang Qing, 152, 153, 161, 162, 163, 165 Ultraleftist activities of, 153 Jiang Zemin, 6, 7, 8, 9, 174, 181, 182, 183, 188, 196 anger at Falun Gong protests, 183– 184 concern about his place in history, 196–197 desire to subjugate Taiwan, 196–197 groomed to succeed Deng Xiaoping, 182 voices approval of Tiananmen Square Massacre, 174 Jiangsu province, 10 Jiangxi province, 10, 133, 135 Jiangxi soviet, 133, 134 Jiaozhou, 126 Jin dynasty (of Jurchens), 78, 79, 80, 82, 85 conquest by Mongols, 79 Jin, Western. See Western Jin Jinshi, level of examination system, 90, 112, 119, 124 Johns Hopkins University, 122 June 4 Massacre. See Tiananmen Square Massacre Jung Chang. See Chang, Jung junzi (gentleman, princeling), 23 Jurchens, 78, 79, 80, 89, 91, 96 ancestors of the Manchus, 91 founders of Jin dynasty, 78, 79, 80, 82, 85 Juren, level of examination system, 90 KMT. See Nationalist Party Kaifeng, 74, 96 Kampuchea (Cambodia), 93, 170–171 Kang Youwei, 112–113, 119, 120 as bourgeois reformist, 113 failure of reforms, 113 flight to Japan, 113 Sun Yat-sen’s antipathy for, 119 Page 239 kaozheng scholarship, 94, 95 Kazaks (as ethnic group within China), 9 Kettler, Clemens von, 117 Khazanov, A.M., 56 theory of Sino-nomadic warfare, 56 Khmer Rouge, 170 Khrushchev, Nikita, 151 Khubilai Khan (Kublai Khan), 79, 84, 85, 86 desire to conquer all China, 85, 86 kings, Shang dynasty, 14 King George III. See George III King Wen (Wen Wang), 17, 18, 19 King Wu (Wu Wang), 17, 18, 20 attack on Shang, 17, 18 Kirgiz, 70 Kitans, 74, 77, 78, 79 war with Song China in 1004–1005, 77 Korea, 96, 68, 69, 72, 93, 111, 145–147. See also North Korea, South Korea Silla dynasty, 72 struggle between China and Japan for domination over, 111 Sui attacks on, 68 vassal state of Qing, 93 Koreans (as ethnic group within China), 9 Korean War, 145–147, 148 38th parallel, 145, 146, 147 Chinese communist participation in, 146–147 Kosovo, 186 Kowloon, 107, 112 kowtow, 93, 101, 102, 159, 160 people perform to Mao during Cultural Revolution, 159–160 Kublai Khan. See Khubilai Khan Kuomintang. See Nationalist Party labor unions, early Chinese Communist infiltration of, 129–130 Land, 46, 51 Qin transfer from aristocrats to farmers, 46 Wudi’s prohibition against merchant ownership of, 51 landlordism, 52, 53, 60 Later Han struggles against, 53 reduced by Wudi, 52 resurgencies, 52, 60 landlords, 52 Han policies against, 52 Lao-tzu (Laozi), 26 Later Han, 52 laws, 28, 35–36, 100 Legalist ideas about, 35–36 Qing, British wary of, 100 Taoist view of, 28 League of Nations, 134 Lee Teng-hui (Li Denghui), 185, 192, 193, 197 first democratically elected national leader in Chinese history, 194–195 visit to Cornel and United States, 193–194 Lee, Wen-ho, 186 Legalism, 34–36, 45–46, 50, 51, 53 abandoned by Han dynasty, 50, 53 amoral and unphilosophical nature of, 35 emphasis on law, 34 emphasis on punishments and rewards, 34 Qin use of, 45–46 legations, 116 legislation, 6–7 Legislative Council (Hong Kong), 185 Lenin, Leninism, 9, 131 Letter, Qianlong emperor’s to George III, 101–102 li (principle), 81 li (ritual), 21–25, 34, 36 interrelation with ren, 23 Xunzi’s ideas about, 25 Li Bo, 71 Li Dazhao, 125, 129 adherence to Marxism, 129 librarian at Beida, 125 Li Denghui. See Lee Teng-hui Li Hongzhang, 109, 110, 117, 118, 119 Page 240 Li Peng, 177–178 Li Shangyin, 71 Li Shenzhi, 202 Li Si, 35 Li Yuan, 68, 72 Li Zhaoxing, 187 Li Zicheng, 91 Lian Zhan. See Lien Chan Liang Heng, 156 Liao dynasty, 74, 77, 79, 80, 82 militarily powerful, 79 Liaodong Peninsula, 111 liberalization, popular demands for during 1980s, 173–174, 175–176 Liberation Army Daily, 155 Lieberthal, Kenneth, 8 Lien Chan (Lian Zhan), 195 Lifanyuan. See Court of Colonial Affairs Lin’an, 78 Lin Biao, 151, 153, 154, 163 flattery of Mao, 153 rebellion and death of, 163 Lin Yutang, 204 Lin Zexu, 103, 104 attempt to interdict opium trade, 104 blockade of British factory area, 104 Little Red Book. See Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong Liu Bang, 50, 51, 53, 57, 87 benefit from Qin policies and measures, 51 common man, sympathy for and identification with, 51 early attacks on and defeat by Xiongnu, 57 tax cuts by, 51 Loess, 3 Logicians, 38–39 Chinese rejection of, 39 London, 119, 172, Long March, 134, 136–138, 149, 151 historical significance of, 136 as retreat of a defeated army, 137 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 186 loyal opposition, Taiwan’s lack of concept of until 1990s, 193 Loyang, 52, 60 Lu, state of, 21 Lu Xun, 124 Luding Bridge, 137 Lushan, 151, 155–156 Macao, 103, 183, 196, 197 MacArthur, Douglas, 145–146 Macartney, Lord, 101–102 Mahayana Buddhism, 62 Malay Peninsula, 93 Manchukuo, 134, Manchuria, 91, 93, 105, 134, 135, 139, 144 Japan’s conquest of, 134 Manchurian Incident, 134 Manchus, 9, 89, 91–92, 115, 120, 121, 134 Boxers originally angry at, 115 conquest of China by, 91 founders of Qing dynasty, 91 Jurchens the ancestors of, 91 queue, 92 as scapegoats for nineteenth century’s problems, 92 Sun Yat-sen’s determination to overthrow, 120 unification of by Nurhachi, 91 Zou Rong’s abomination of, 120 Mandate of Heaven, 18, 73, 116 nature indicates presence or withdrawal of, 18, 116 revolutionary implications of, 18 Zhou use of to justify overthrowing Shang, 18 Mao Zedong, 8, 125, 129, 130, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 140, 144, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162–165, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172 China outgrows, 165 death of, 162, 164 essay “On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People,” 149 Page 241 evaluation of by Deng Xiaoping, 172 Great Helmsman, 168 later years of, 162–164 mistakes made by, 168 obsession with class struggle, 152 personality cult of, 153, 155, 167 population control, opposition to, 169 succession, unresolved issue of after his death, 164–165 view of Soviet Union, 162 Marco Polo. See Polo, Marco Marshall, George C., 144 Marshall Plan, 144 martial law, 178 Marx, 9 Marxism-Leninism, 8, 128, 129, 130, 131, 152, 188 historical stages in, 128 Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought, 110, 124 mass movements, Deng Xiaoping’s abolition of, 168 mathematics, ancient Chinese, 42 May Fourth Movement, 123–126, 177 Beida the epicenter of, 124–125 May Fourth Period, 123–126, 175 lack of official ideology during, 123–126 May Fourth protest, 126–127 McCarthy, Joseph R., 145 mechanical clock, Chinese invention of, 96 medicine, 41 melon, imperialists carving up the Chinese, 117 Mencius, 24–25, 37 concept of human nature, 24 dislike of Mozi’s teachings, 37 Mercator, Gerardus, 96 Mercator map projections, Chinese invention of, 96 merchants, 51, 53 Later Han policies against, 53 Wudi’s policies against, 51 mercury, 49 concentration of in Qin Shihuang’s tomb, 49 as elixir of immortality, 49 meritocracy, 46, 76 Qin establishment of, 46 Song examination system establishes, 76 Mesopotamia, 1, 95 metallurgy, 64 Middle East, 40 Military Affairs Commission, 182 Ming dynasty, 8, 48, 50, 87–91, 92, 97, 152 “despotism’’ of, 87 eunuchs, 88 examination system during, 89–91 fall of, 91 founding of, 87 government structure and liabilities, 88 isolationism during, 88 loyalism to after 1644, 92 peace treaty with in 1570, 88 wars with Mongols, 88–89 military strategy, Taoism and, 32 missiles, Chinese communists’ use of, 194 missionaries, Christian, 106, 107, 108, 116 Catholic, 106, 116 Protestant and Catholic, 106, 116 reservations about Taipings, 108 Mo Di, 36 modernization, 110, 111, 181 of Japan, 111 Modernizations, Four. See Four Modernizations Mo-ism, 36–38, 41, 43 Newton’s First Law, 41 poison gas, 43 reasons for failure of, 37–38 Zhuangzi’s disdain for, 37–38 Möngke Khan, 85, 86 Mongol world empire, 84–85 hordes or khanates of, 84 Mongolia, 9, 55, 58, 68, 69, 85, 87, 88, 93, 163 Lin Biao’s plane crash in, 163 Page 242 Outer, 93 ranked as “Free,” 9 Wudi’s campaigns into, 58 Mongols, 55, 79, 82, 84–89, 134 attacks on Southern Song, 79 capture of Ming emperor by, 89 conquest of China, 84–87 conversion to Buddhism of, 88 Eastern, 89 invasions of Japan by, 85 peace treaty with Ming, 88 wars with Ming dynasty, 88–89 Western, 89 Mongols (as ethnic group within modern China), 9, 10 monism, 81 Moscow, 129, 130, 131, 170 Mote, Frederick W., 38 movable type printing, Chinese invention of, 96 Mozi, 36–38 Heaven, 37 partiality, deploring of, 37 theism of, 36–37 Mr. Democracy, 126, 177 Mr. Science, 126 Mukden Incident, 134 Munro, Ross H., 186 Muslims, 70, 88 as separate ethnic group. See Hui mythology, early Chinese, 11–13 Nanjing (Nanking), 60, 87, 88, 108, 109, 121, 122, 132, 133, 135, 139, 140, 143, 144 capital of early Ming, 88 Chiang Kai-shek makes his capital, 132–133 fall to Chinese communists, 144 fall to Taipings in 1853, 108 Sun Yat-sen designates as capital of Republic of China, 121–122 Nanjing University, 185, 193 Nanking. See Nanjing Napier, Lord William John, 103 Napoléon, 199 Nara, 72 NASA, 48 NATO, 186, 187, 188 riots in Beijing against, 186, 187 National People’s Congress, 6,7 rubber stamp nature of, 6, 7 National Taiwan University, 202 nationalism, 10 Nationalist Party (KMT, Kuomintang, Guomindang), nationalities (ethnic groups), 9–10 natural gas drilling, Chinese invention of, 41 nature, 13, 14, 15, 19, 33 Confucian understanding of, 33 Shang dynasty attempts to understand, 13, 14, 19 Taoist appreciation of, 33 Zhou regards as more important than Shang, 19 nature gods, Shang, 14 navy, beginnings of modern Chinese, 110 Nazis, 187 Near East, 65 Needham, Joseph, 40 Neo-Confucianism, 8, 80, 81, 87, 89, 94 Cheng-Zhu school of, 8 cosmology of, 81 curriculum for examination during Ming and Qing dynasties, 89 origins of, 81 reaction against Buddhism of, 81 Wang Shouren’s monistic, 81 Zhu Xi’s dualistic, 81 Nestorian Christianity. See Christianity, Nestorian New May Fourth Declaration, 177 New Territories, 111, 171, 172 New Tide, 126 New York Times, 5 New Youth, 125, 129 New Zealand, 204 Page 243 Newton’s First Law of Motion, Chinese discovery of, 41 Ningxia, 7 nirvana, 62 Nixon, Richard, 163 “Nixon shock,” Japan’s, 163 nobility, Qin abolition of, 46 nomads. See pastoral nomads nonaction, 26, 30 Non-Free, China’s consistent ranking as by Freedom House, 9 North China Plain, 3 as birthplace of Chinese civilization, 3 North Korea, 145–147. See also Korea; South Korea Northern Expedition, 132–133 Northern Ireland, 201 Northern Song, 78 Northern Yuan regime, 88 Nurhachi, 91 October 10 National Day (Taiwan), 192 Ögödei Khan, 85 “On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People,” essay by Mao Zedong, 149 one-child policy, 169 “one country, two governments” idea of Lee Teng-hui, 195 “one country, two systems’’ principle of Deng Xiaoping, 172, 196 possible application to Taiwan, 172, 196 opium, 99, 102–104 addiction of many Chinese to, 102– 103 Qing government’s decision to interdict, 103–104 sale to China by British, 99, 102–104 Opium Prohibition Day, 104 Opium War, 99, 102–107, 127 differing British and Chinese views, 105 oracle bones, Shang use in divination, 13 Outer Mongolia, 93 Ozbeks, 9 PLA (People’s Liberation Army), 153, 155, 157, 161, 165, 171 arrests Gang of Four, 165 flattery of Mao by, 153 role in restoring order during Cultural Revolution, 161 Pacific Ocean, 1, 5, 134 painting, flourishes during Yuan dynasty, 86 Pakistan, 1 palace, Qin construction of, 46 Pamir Mountains, 1 Panama, 188 Panama Canal, 188 paper, Chinese invention of, 64–65 spread of secret of making, 65 unusual uses of, 64–65 parachutes, Chinese invention of, 66 paradox, in Tao-te ching, 26–27 paranoia, among Chinese Communists about Western intentions to contain China, 185, 194, 200, 201 Paris, 127 partiality, Mozi’s deploring of, 37 Party Congress, of Chinese Communist Party, 8 pastoral nomadism, 54 pastoral nomads, 54–56, 60, 61, 70 invasion and occupation of northern China, 61 material cultural influence of, 61 Sima Qian’s dehumanizing portrait of, 55 theories about war between China and, 56 Patten, Chris, 185 payments, annual, 57 from Han dynasty to Xiongnu, 57 Pearl Harbor, 139 Page 244 Peking. See Beijing Peking University. See Beida Peng Dehuai, 151, 152, 160, 162 criticism of Great Leap Forward, 151 People’s Liberation Army. See PLA People’s Republic of China, 53, 93, 139, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 163, 171, 180, 182, 188, 191, 196, 197, 198 founding of declared by Mao in Tiananmen Square, 144 recognition of, by Britain, 191 Canada, 162 France, 191 Japan, 162 United States, 171 superpower status, unlikely to seek, 199–200 Period of Division, 60–63, 64, 71, 76 growth of Buddhism during, 61–63 native Chinese dynasties in south during, 61 pastoral nomads in northern China during, 61 Persia, 84, 85 conquest of by Hülegü, 85 personality cult, 153, 155, 167 Deng Xiaoping rejects for himself, 167 Mao’s, 153, 155, 167 personnel, 35–36, 46 Legalist emphasis on, 35–36, 46 Qin evaluation of, 46 Pescadores Islands, 194 Philippines, 9, 112 philology, 94 Phnom Penh, 171 phosphorescent paint, Chinese invention of, 97 pidgin English, 100 place holder, 42. See also zero plain language movement, 126 plain white silk, Taoist metaphor for simplicity, 29 plows, iron, Chinese invention of, 40–41 poetry, 70, 71 Tang poets, 71 poison gas. See weapons “poisonous weeds,” anti-Maoist expressions as, 149 Pol Pot, 170, 171 Poland, 139 Politburo, of Chinese Communist Party, 8, 137, 149, 151, 163, 164, 168, 178 Polo, Marco, 48, 83, 84 population, 5, 9–11, 83, 107, 169, 202– 203, 204 age proportions of, 9 density, 11 emigration, 204 gender imbalance of, 10 increase and shift during Tang-Sung transition, 83 increasing proportion of elderly in, 203 “nationalities” in, 9 numbers in year 2000, 9, 10 one-child policy, 169 overpopulation problems, 9–11, 107, 169, 202–203 urban-rural proportion, 9 porcelain, British desire for Chinese, 102 Port Arthur, 111 prefecture (fu), level of examination system, 89 press, freedom of, 5, 6 Princeton University, 115, 180 printed books, Chinese invention of, 95 proletariat, Marxist-Leninist concept of, 128 proletariat revolution, Marxist-Leninist concept of, 128, 130 prostitution, 5 Protestants, 106, 184. See also house churches; Three-Self Patriotic Church protests, student. See student protests Page 245 provinces, 7 as administrative units, 7 Provisional Legislature (Hong Kong), 185 Pu Yi, 134 Puerto Rico, 112 punishments, 12, 34 Legalism’s emphasis on, 34 myth of Shun’s institution of four classic, 12 Pyongyang, 146 qi (material, material force), 81 Qiang, 17 Qianlong emperor, 92, 101 Qin, as Eastern Zhou state, 20, 45–46 factors favoring, 45–46 geography and, 45 isolation of, 45 recruitment of talented men, 45–46 Qin, as unifying dynasty, 35, 45, 46, 48, 50, 53, 67, 197, 199 Confucians, view of as subversive, 46 construction projects, 46 fall of, 50 Legalism as official ideology, 50 origin of term ‘‘China,” 45 Taoists, view of as subversive, 46 Qin Gui, 78 Qin Shihuang, 46, 47, 48, 49, 68 death and burial of, 49 “emperor,”first to assume title as, 47 immortality, obsession with, 49 love-hate attitude of modern Chinese toward, 47 megalomania and brutality of, 47 palace construction of, 46 tomb of, described by Sima Qian, 49 Qing dynasty, 8, 87, 89, 91–95, 109, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 134, 187 as attractive alternative to Ming, 91 conquest of China, 91 ethnic regions of, 93 fall of, 92 founding of, 91 intellectual trends during, 94–95 kaozheng textual scholarship during, 94–95 as multiethnic empire, 92 as one of China’s greatest dynasties, 92 seriously weakened after Taiping Rebellion, 109 tributary system of, 92–93 Qingdao, 126 Qinghai, 93 Qinghai Plateau, 3 Qinling mountain range, 4 as dividing range between northern and southern China, 4 Qishan, 104–105 queues, Manchu, 108 Quinsai. See Hangzhou Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong (Little Red Book), 153, 157, 158, 159, 163 anti-American content of, 157–158 excerpts from, 157–159 Lin Biao’s introduction, 163 Rape of Nanking, 141 Rape of Nanking, The: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II, 141 “rebel is justified, to,” 155 rebellion, 17–18, 50, 53, 60, 69, 70, 71, 91, 107–110 against Qin, 50 against Shang, 17–18 An Lushan, 69, 71 Huang Chao, 70 Later Han, 53 Li Zicheng, 91 Taiping, 107–110 Yellow Turban, 60 Red Army, 133, 135, 137, 160 Red Guards, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161 regents, 19 Duke of Zhou, 19 religion, Shang, 13–15, 19, 36–37 Mozi’s overt, 36–37 Page 246 shift over Shang-Zhou transition, 19 ren (benevolence, human-heartedness), 22–25, 29, 33, 34, 35, 36 definition of, 22 interrelation with li, 23 Legalists’ belittling of, 35 Mencius’s ideas about, 24 Taoism’s belittling of, 29 Xunzi’s ideas about, 25 Republic of China, 109, 121, 144–145, 185, 192, 193, 194, 195. See also Taiwan claim to be sole legitimate government of all China until 1980s, 191 expulsion from United Nations, 191 founding of, 121 removal to Taiwan of, 144–145 revisionism, revisionists, 154, 156 as standard bogeyman label during Cultural Revolution, 154 revolution, 117, 120, 121–122, 128, 129, 130, 132, 158 beginnings of sentiment in favor of, 117 bourgeois, 129, 130 dinner party, Mao’s dictum, 158 of 1911, 121–122, 132 proletariat, 128, 130 Zou Rong’s enthusiasm for, 120 Revolutionary Army, The, 119–120 aids Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary cause, 119 rewards, emphasis of Legalism on, 34 rice, 4–5, 83 wet rice cultivation, 83 Righteous and Harmonious Fists, 115 Righteous and Harmonious Militia, 116 riots, anti-NATO in Beijing, 188 Ripley’s Believe It or Not, 48 ritual. See li Rivers, importance in Chinese geography, 3–5 roadways, construction by Qin, 46 Roberts, Issachar, 108 Roman civilization, 11 Roman Empire, 20, 40, 53, 59, 65 Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The, 60 Rome, 184 Russel, Bertrand, 126 Russia, 105, 109, 111, 117, 128, 130, 198 Russians (as ethnic group within China), 9 sacrifice, human. See human sacrifice sage, Taoist, 27, 29–30 salt, 52, 136 Han dynasty government monopoly on, 52 shortage of, 136 Sanskrit, 63 scholars, live burial of, 46 Schwartz, Benjamin, 22 script, Qin unification of, 46 Science and Civilisation in China, 40 Second Congress, 130 Second United Front, 138, 139, 140 precipitates Japanese invasion of China, 140 Security Council (United Nations), 182 seismograph, Chinese invention of, 66 Self-Strengthening Movement, 110– 111 superficiality of, 110 Seoul, 146 Serbs, 186 Seventh Fleet, U.S., 146, 195, 197 protection of Taiwan, 195, 197 Shaanxi province, 10, 50, 134, 137, 138 Shandong, 10 Shandong Peninsula, 3 Shandong province, 21, 111, 116, 126, 127 Shang dynasty, 13–15, 17, 19, 20, 42, 47 administration of, 14 decline of, 17 divination practiced during, 13–15 government of, 14–15 human sacrifice during, 13–14
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