Ryan Velarde

Period 4

9-19-05

Chapters 5 and 6 Outline

CHAPTER 5.1

I. Minoan Civilization

A. The people of Crete are called Minoan’s and they were a successful civilization because of trade. They also acquired many technological things and ideas which made their civilization very successful.

B. The rulers of the Minoan Empire lived in a huge palace in Knossos. It had many rooms for the royal family and also had religious shrines.

C. By about 1400 B.C. the Minoan civilization had disappeared. The cause of the loss of the Minoan civilization is unknown, but invaders had a role in it. The invaders were the Mycenaeans.

II. Rulers of Mycenae

A. The Mycenaeans were an Indo-European people. They conquered the Greek mainland before conquering Crete.

B. The Mycenaeans were very successful sea traders who dominated the Aegean world from about 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.

C. The origins of the Trojan War may have involved conflicts between the Mycenaeans and Troy. The Greeks or Mycenaeans defeated and burned down the City of Troy.

III. The Age of Homer

A. Soon after the Mycenaeans defeated Troy in the Trojan War the Mycenaean civilization crumbled and for 300 years the Greek civilization took a step backwards and was very quiet.

B. Homer created 2 great poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. These 2 poems describe what life was like at that time. The 2 poems had been passed orally for a long time before they were written down.

C. The 2 poems especially reveal the values of the ancient Greeks and what kind of qualities their heroes had.

IV. Looking Ahead

A. After the fall of the Mycenaeans the Greeks lived in small isolated villages.

B. They had very little contact with the outside world.

C. As they came out of isolation they used the stories they heard about Crete and Mycenae to develop.

CHAPTER 5.2

I. Geography: The Greek Homeland

a. Greece has many mountains that divide it into many isolated valleys.

b. Because of these mountains the Greeks created many individual city-states. There were many wars and rivalries between the city-states.

c. The Greeks used the seas and waterways around them to get to the outside world.

II. The Polis

a. The Greeks evolved the city-state into something they called a polis. It involved 2 levels. On the bottom was the city and on top was the acropolis.

b. The early governments were a monarchy which involved a king or queen. Later the government was an aristocracy. After aristocracy there developed a middle class and the new government was an oligarchy.

c. In 650 B.C. iron weapons replaced bronze weapons. A new method of fighting had also emerged which was called the phalanx.

III. Sparta: A Nation of Soldiers

a. The Spartans were Dorians who had conquered Laconia. The Spartan government consisted of 2 kings and a council of elders who advise the monarchs.

b. Children prepare to become Spartans at a very young age. The Spartans carefully examined every newborn and all the sick ones were left to die. Women were expected to produce healthy children for the army.

c. The Spartans isolated themselves from other Greeks. Sparta eventually suffered and crumbled because of its inability to change.

IV. Athens: A limited Democracy

a. Athenian wealth and power grew under the aristocracy, but many people were unhappy and they believed they were entitled to more rights. Because people were unhappy the government moved toward a democracy.

b. Solon was appointed the archon or chief in Athens. He had the power to make any reforms he wanted to.

c. In 546 B.C. the Athenian Tyrant Pisistratus seized power and weakened the aristocracy in Athens. Although Athens was now a democracy there were many limited rights. Women had no share in public life. Boys attended school if they could afford it, but women did not.

V. Forces for Unity

a. Although the Greek city-states fought with each other they also had many things in common such as they spoke the same language, honored the same ancient heroes, participated in common festivals, and prayed to the same gods.

b. The Greeks were polytheistic. They believed the gods lived on Mt. Olympus in Northern Greece. Zeus was the father of the Gods.

c. Eventually Greeks met people that did not speak Greek and the Greek’s thought they were superior to the non-Greeks.

CHAPTER 5.3

I. The Persian Wars

a. The Persian came and attacked Greece and they out numbered the Greeks by 2 to 1. The Greeks won the battle.

b. In 480 B.C. the Persians came back for another attack. The Persians looked like they were going to win, but the Greeks came back to win the battle.

c. The Greeks believed it was because of the Gods that they were not defeated by the Persians. Athens emerged from the battles as the most powerful city-state in Greece.

II. Athens in the Age of Pericles

a. The years after the Persian Wars were known as the golden ages for Athens. They had a great new leader named Pericles. The time period from 460 B.C. to 429 B.C. is known as the Age of Pericles.

b. Pericles believed that all men should be allowed to be involved in the government. Know poor men could serve in the government. Athens had a direct democracy.

c. During this time Pericles hired the best architects to rebuild the Acropolis. Athens was turned into the cultural center of Greece.

III. Greek against Greek

a. Sparta, which is located inland went north and attacked Athens and started the Peloponnesian War.

b. During the war a plaque broke out which killed 1/3 of the population including Pericles.

c. After the war Athens period of greatness ended and other Greek city-states continued to fight.

CHAPTER 5.4

I. Lovers of Wisdom

a. A philosopher means, over of wisdom and they are the people that believed things happened for a reason and not just because the gods made them happen.

b. Philosophers believed there were laws for things that happened in nature.

c. After the war in Athens many young people became Sophists

II. Death of a Philosopher

a. Socrates was a great philosopher of the time, but he never wrote anything he did down.

b. When he was 70 he was put on trial for failing to respect the gods.

c. Socrates was sentenced to death for his “crime”.

III. Ideas About Government

a. When Socrates died, Plato set up an academy that lasted for almost 900 years.

b. Plato also believed that there was a rational reason for everything.

c. Aristotle was on of Plato’s students and he was a great philosopher and studied different types of governments.

IV. The Search for Beauty and Order

a. The Parthenon is a Greek building that was made in honor of Athena.

b. Greeks also made wonderful statues that showed people in action.

c. The paintings from Greece are all about people’s lives and what they do in their life.

V. Poetry and Drama

a. Greece was big for its drama.

b. Greek dramas were often based on myths or legends.

c. The main plays were tragedies and comedies.

VI. The Writing of History

a. The Greeks applied observation, reason, and logic to the study of history.

b. There was a writer named Thucydides and he showed the need to avoid bias in recording the past.

c. Herodotus was another writer and he stressed the importance of research.

CHAPTER 5.5

I. Macedonian Ambitions

a. Philip became the ruler of Macedonia in 359 B.C. and he wanted to conquer all the city-states.

b. Philip made alliances and he soon ruled all of Greece.

c. He was killed at his daughter’s wedding feast and his son Alexander was the new ruler.

II. A Mighty Conqueror

a. Alexander came to be known as Alexander the Great

b. He wanted to conquer the Persian Empire which was weaker than it used to be, but it was still really big and an important piece of land.

c. They conquered most of the Persian Empire. After that Alexander died and there was no ruler great enough to rule all the land so it was divided into 3 parts.

III. The Legacy of Alexander

a. All the different cultures were mixed and the different parts adopted things and ideas from other cultures.

b. There was also a great city called Alexandria which was a blend of all the cultures.

c. In this time women were allowed to do things that most women of the time were forbidden to do.

IV. Hellenistic Civilization

a. The things such as buildings were much greater in the Hellenistic civilization than they were in ancient Greece.

b. Many new schools of philosophy had also opened.

c. There were many advances in math, science, and medicine.

V. Looking Ahead

a. During the Hellenistic period evolved Rome.

b. Greek ideas were passed on for later generations.

c. Present day Europe was also greatly affected by what happened in Ancient Greece.

CHAPTER 6.1

I. The Italian Landscape

a. The City of Rome is in the center of Italy.

b. The location of Rome and the land of Italy made it easier to unify the people because there were not mountains and valleys.

c. Italy also had broad and fertile plains.

II. Roman Beginnings

a. The Romans were Indo-European just like the Greeks.

b. The Etruscan people had a great influence on Rome.

c. The Romans used the Etruscan’s alphabet, architectural ideas, and even some of the Gods.

III. The Early Republic

a. 509 B.C. is known as the founding date of Rome and when it developed into a small city.

b. The Romans set up a republic government and it let the people choose the government.

c. In the early stages of the government the most powerful governing body was the senate.

IV. Expansion in Italy

a. By 270 B.C. Rome had conquered all of Italy.

b. Rome had a very powerful army that consisted of unpaid volunteers who supplied their own weapons.

c. Once Rome conquered other land they let the people of the land enjoy their own customs if they acknowledged Roman leadership, paid taxes, and supplied soldiers for the army.

V. Rivalry with Carthage

a. While Rome was trying to conquer the Italian peninsula they ran into the city-state called Carthage.

b. Between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C. Rome fought 3 wars against Carthage.

c. The wars were called the Punic Wars

VI. War with Hannibal

a. Hannibal was the leader of the Carthaginian army and his main goal was to destroy Rome.

b. The Army attacked Italy and kept winning battle after battle, but it never captured Rome.

c. Hannibal was going to be killed by the Romans, but he did not want to surrender so he killed himself with poison.

VII. Ruler of the Mediterranean World

a. Rome fought with Carthage to try to conquer it.

b. Rome sent many attacks into the Mediterranean world and they gained a lot of land.

c. Some countries also made alliances with Rome.

CHAPTER 6.2

I. Effects of expansion

a. A new class of wealthy Romans had emerged because of all the land that Rome had conquered.

b. Many wealthy people had huge farms and many slaves while the poor people had less of everything and they were forced to sell their farms.

c. For 100 years there were many civil wars in Rome over power and who should get what.

II. Caesar’s Bid for Power

a. Out of all the fighting Julius Caesar emerged and led Rome to many reforms and led them to the conquering of Gaul.

b. On March 15 Caesar was stabbed to death.

c. The age of the Roman Empire had emerged.

III. Imperial Rome

a. Augustus started to lay the foundation to a stable government.

b. He also issued coins.

c. After Augustus’s rule there bad emperors that did bad things for Rome and there were good emperors who did good things for Rome.

IV. The Roman Peace

a. The 200 year span that began with Augustus and ended with Marcus Aurelius is known as the Pax Roma or Roman Peace.

b. Every day of the Pax Roma made Rome a better place and made it more civilized.

c. Different cultures and ideas started to move through Rome.

V. Family and Religion

a. The family was the basic unit of the Roman society.

b. Women gained much greater freedom.

c. Everyone in Rome got at least some education.

VI. Bread and Circuses

a. Chariot races were held which are just like horse races today.

b. There were also gladiator wars.

c. The events in Rome were ways to settle the restless mobs.

CHAPTER 6.3

I. Greco-Roman Civilization

a. The ways of the Greeks highly influenced the Roman culture.

b. Rome imported many pieces of Greek art.

c. The buildings were also influenced by the Greeks and they left science to the Greeks

II. Literature, Philosophy, and History

a. Writers of poems make the poems sound like Rome’s past was as heroic as the Greek’s past.

b. Many Historians also wrote about how great and powerful Rome was.

c. Romans borrowed most of their philosophy from the Greeks.

III. Roman Law

a. Rome had 2 systems of law which were the civil law and the nations law.

b. Many basic principles evolved as Rome developed.

c. Many of the principles are familiar to Americans today.

CHAPTER 6.4

I. Jews and the Roman Empire

a. Rome tolerated that the varied cultures that lived in Rome have their own religious beliefs as long as they also believed in the Roman Gods.

b. The Romans did not make the Jews believe in the Roman Gods.

c. In A.D. 66 the Romans destroyed Jewish places and kicked them out of Rome which is known as the Diaspora.

II. The Life of Jesus

a. After the turmoil for the Jews a new religion called Christianity evolved and the founder was Jesus.

b. Jesus brought some of the Jewish religion into Christianity such as the belief in 1 god and the 10 commandments.

c. Jesus was crucified because some Jews thought he was a troublemaker and the people of Rome were afraid he was going to lead a rebellion.

III. Spread of Christianity

a. Paul had a vision of Jesus and he immediately converted to Christianity and he began to spread the word and teachings of the religion and of Jesus. Paul was later killed.

b. Many Christians were killed, but people still converted and started becoming Christian.

c. Women were like the leaders of Christianity.

IV. The Early Christian Church

a. Churches started to evolve and so did priests, bishops, and archbishops. Only men were allowed to serve on the clergy.

b. Councils of church leaders met and the made up the New Testament of the bible.

c. The persecution of Christians ended in A.D. 313 and 80 years later Christianity was made the official religion of the Roman Empire.

CHAPTER 6.5

I. The Empire in Crisis

a. The Pax Romana ended in A.D. 180 when Emperor Marcus Aurelius died.

b. In a 50 year period there were at least 26 emperors and only 1 died of natural causes.

c. Many people were in trouble and had to work for someone on a farm because of the high tax prices.

II. Efforts at Reform

a. In 284 Diocletian became emperor and he tried to restore order in the Roman Empire.

b. In 312 Constantine took over and he kept on going with the reforms but the Eastern side of Rome was doing very well, but the Western part of Rome was declining.

c. The reforms failed to stop the long term decline but it revived the economy.

III. Foreign Invasions

a. For centuries Rome had faced attacks from Germany.

b. Wars in East Asia sent off a chain of events which led nomadic people to spread.

c. These people attacked the Roman Empire and made the power of the Roman Empire decline.

IV. The End of Greatness

a. Rome was falling because its military was declining and they kept losing battles.

b. Rome also had problems with its economy.

c. Although the Roman Empire fell it did not disappear from the map.