Ryan Velarde
Period 4
12-5-05
Chapters 20, 21, and 22 Outline
Chapter 20.1
I. A Turning Point in History
a. In 1750, most people worked the land, using simple handmade tools and ad no idea about the world outside of their villages.
b. By the 1850’s many country villages had grown into industrial towns and cities.
c. Industrial-age travelers moved rapidly by train or steamship.
II. A New Agricultural Revolution
a. The
industrial revolution was made possible by a change in the farming fields of
b. Improved methods of farming led to the industrial revolution.
c. Profits rose for landowners because they needed fewer workers for larger fields.
III. The Population Explosion
a. The agricultural revolution contributed to a rapid growth of population.
b. The whole population went from about 120 million people to about 190 million people.
c. The growing population occurred because of declining death rates more than increasing birth rates.
IV. An Energy Revolution
a. The industrial revolution was also triggered by the power revolution.
b. All of the power used to come from muscles, but now things such as windmills and water mills were being used.
c. They also used coal to produce needed energy.
Chapter 20.2
I.
Why
a. The
Industrial Revolution began in
b. There was also a large supply of people to run and work at the different mills and industries.
c.
II. The Age of Iron and coal
a. Iron was needed for machines and steam engines.
b. Coal was used as fuel to make the needed iron and to make machines work.
c. Using coal to make iron put impurities in the iron and a man named Darby found a way to remove those impurities.
III. Revolutionary Changes in the Textile Industry
a. People came up with remarkable devices which improved the textile industry.
b. The new inventions were too large and expensive to be used in homes.
c. Factories were developed for people to work and to store the machines that were needed for a cheap and efficient industry.
IV. Revolution in Transportation
a. As factories sprang up and production increased, entrepreneurs need a faster way to transport goods.
b. Some people invested in turnpikes which were privately built roads that charged a fee to use them.
c. Stem-powered locomotives and steam engine boats were also made for more efficient travel and transportation.
V. Looking Ahead
a. As the industrial revolution got under way it started a chain reaction.
b. Inventors produced machines which could produce quicker and more efficiently.
c. Prices also dropped because the supply of goods increased.
Chapter 20.3
I.
The New
a. The revolution brought rapid urbanization, or movement of people to cities.
b. Cities popped up around mills and factories.
c. The middle-class to high-class lived in pleasant areas and houses, while the lower class struggled for slums.
II. The Factory System
a. The factory was the heart of the industrial city.
b. Shifts for workers lasted from 12-16 hours.
c. Women and children also worked hard long days in the factories.
III. Patience Kershaw’s Life Underground
a. The horrors of child labor were exposed in the 1830s and 1840s.
b. Kershaw was a girl that worked at a coal mine and men beat her if she was not working fast enough.
c. By 1842 parliament passed laws to regulate the employment of children in factories thanks to Kershaw.
IV. The Working Class
a. As the revolution began, skilled workers destroyed and burned machines which were costing them their jobs.
b. The rioters were called Luddites and were either hanged or sent to penal colonies.
c. Many working class people found comfort in Methodism which was starting to spread.
V. The New Middle Class
a. The entrepreneurs benefited most from the Industrial Revolution.
b. A new middle class evolved because of the people that rose from rags to riches.
c. Middle-class families were now living better than the older middle class.
VI. Benefits and Problems
a. The hardships brought by the early industrial age were terrible.
b. Reformers made new laws to make it better.
c. The industrial revolution brought material benefits.
Chapter 20.4
I. Laissez-Faire Economics
a. Adam Smith had the idea that a free market would eventually help everyone, not just the rich.
b. The free market would produce more goods at lower prices.
c. Thomas Malthus urged families to have fewer children.
II. The Utilitarians
a. Utilitarianism is the idea that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
b. Jeremy Bentham strongly supported individual freedom, which he believed ensured happiness.
c. John Stuart Mill believed that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain.
III. Emergence of Socialism
a. The people that didn’t like laissez-faire offered a solution called socialism.
b. Under socialism the people as a whole would operate rather than each individual for themselves.
c. Socialism believed in the basic goodness of human nature.
IV. The “Scientific Socialism” of Karl Max
a. Karl Marx condemned the ideas of the Utopians as unrealistic idealism.
b. Karl Marx believed and came up with the idea of communism.
c. Marx theorized that economics was the driving force in history.
Chapter 21.1
I. Preserving the Old Order
a. The Congress of Vienna was a victory for the conservative forces.
b. The conservatives supported the political and social order that had come under attack during the French Revolution.
c. Conservatives equated there own interests with peace and stability for all people.
II. The Liberal Challenge
a. The liberals challenged the conservatives every chance they had.
b. The liberals defended the natural rights of individuals.
c. Liberals were mostly the middle class.
III. Nationalist Stirrings
a. Nationalists had a number of revolts against established rule.
b. Nationalists wanted to unite people of the same heritage and have their own state.
c. Autonomy is self rule.
IV. Challenges to the Old Order
a. Revolts
occurred along the southern fringe of
b. In
c. There
was unrest in
Chapter 21.2
I.
a. The Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne and he made a constitution, and still retained a lot of power.
b. His efforts at compromise satisfied few people.
c. After Louis died, his brother Charles X became the new king; the people did not like his ideas and rules so they rebelled.
II. The French Revolution of 1848
a. In the 1840s radicals formed secret societies to work for a French republic.
b. Toward the end of the decade, an economic slump shut down factories.
c. People were upset with the government that complete chaos fled the streets.
III.
“
a. The
revolts in
b. The
people of
c.
IV. The Springtime of the Peoples
a. The
revolts in
b. The
Revolution in
c. Uprisings also erupted in Italian States.
V. Looking Ahead
a. By 1850 the flickering light of rebellion faded.
b. The age of Liberal revolution had ended.
c. The uprisings failed because the revolutionaries did not have enough support.
Chapter 21.3
I. Climate of Discontent
a. By
the late 1700s, the revolutionary fever that had Western Europe moved into
b. There, discontent was rooted in the social, racial, and political system that had emerged during the 300 years of Spanish rule.
c. The
ideas of the
II.
a. Even
before Spanish colonists hoisted the flag f freedom, revolution had erupted
elsewhere in
b. In
c. The
French treated the people of
III. Toussaint L’Ouverture
a. He
was born into slavery in
b. He was taught to take pride in his African heritage.
c. He led a revolt of slaves.
IV.
A Call to Freedom in
a. The
slave revolt in
b. The Creoles wanted power but they did not economic or social changes that might threaten their way of life.
c. In
1821
V.
New Republics in
a. Spanish-ruled lands declared independence in the early 1820s.
b. Iturbide tried to add these areas to his Mexican Empire.
c. Local
leaders set up a republic called the United Provinces of
VI.
Revolutions in
a. In
b. The strongest challenge was led by Tupac Amaru.
c. Creoles
made
VII.
Interdependence for
a. No
revolutionary or military campaigns were needed to win interdependence for
b. The
Portuguese king fled to
c. A
constitution was adopted for
Chapter 22.1
I. New Industrial Powers
a. In
the early industrial revolution,
b.
c. Other
countries caught up quickly with
II. New Methods of Production
a. The basic characteristics of the factory system remained the same.
b. Manufacturers designed products with interchangeable parts to make assembly and repair easier.
c. Manufacturers also came up with assembly lines.
III. Technology and Industry
a. The marriage of science and industry spurred economic growth.
b. By the later 1800s many companies were hiring professional scientists and engineers to come up with new ideas.
c. In 1856 a process to purify iron ore and produce steel was discovered.
IV. The Shrinking World
a. During the 2nd industrial revolution, transportation and communications were transformed by technology.
b. Steamships replaced sailing ships.
c. Railroad building took off.
V. New Directions for business
a. Entrepreneurs needed money for there business so they sold stocks.
b. By the late 1800s “big business” came to dominate industry.
c. Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts.
Chapter 22.2
I. Medicine and Population
a. Between
1800 and 1900 the population of
b. Scientists discovered microbes that caused many diseases.
c. Anesthesia was introduced in 1846 by William Morton.
II. The Life of the Cities
a. Cities came to dominate the west and they underwent many changes.
b. Buildings and theaters grew largely.
c. Paved streets with sidewalks and sewers were developed.
III. Working-Class Struggles
a. Workers tried to improve the hard conditions of industrial life by protesting.
b. Strikes and unions were made illegal.
c. Reforms occurred which made workers happier.
Chapter 22.3
I. A Shifting Social Order
a. The industrial revolution slowly changed the old social order in the western world.
b. The upper class held the top jobs in government and the military.
c. A growing middle class was pushing its way into society.
II. Middle-Class Values
a. The modern middle class had evolved its own way of life
b. A strict code of etiquette governed social behavior.
c. Rules dictated how to dress for every occasion.
III. Rights for Women
a. Women protested their rights.
b. By the late 1800s a few brave women broke the barrier of what they were limited to.
c. By the late 1800s married women in some countries had won the right to own land.
IV. The Growth of Schools
a. Reformers convinced governments to set up public schools.
b. Basic education was also required of all children.
c. Many of the teachers had little schooling.
V. The Challenge of Science
a. Science began to grow and make the world better.
b. New theories were also developed.
c. The new ideas differed from the old ideas.
VI.
The
a.
b. He believed that plants and animals produced more offspring than the food supply can support.
c. His theories ignited many debates.
VII. Christianity in the Industrial Age
a. Christianity continued to be a major force in the west.
b. Churches continued to be at the center of communities.
c. Christians were urged to social service through the social gospel.
Chapter 22.4
I. The Revolt Against Reason
a. Romanticism influenced art and literature.
b. Romantic writers rebelled against the enlightenment ideas of reason.
c. Romantics sought to excite emotions.
II. A tortured Musical Genius
a. Beethoven made a musical symphony in honor of Napoleon Bonaparte.
b. After
Beethoven found out that Napoleon had declared himself king of
c. Beethoven wrote pieces that combined classical forms with the range of sound favored by the romantics.
III. The Call to realism
a. By the mid 1800s a new aristocratic movement called realism occurred in the west.
b. Realism was an attempt to represent the world as it was, without romanticism.
c. Realists often looked at the harsher side of life.
IV. Women writers win recognition
a. By the mid 1800s a growing number of women were getting their works into print.
b. Many women authors took the names of men so that they could get their work published.
c. Many women in different countries were getting their work published.
V. New Directions in the Visual Art
a. By the 1840s photography was emerging.
b. At first, many photos were stiff posed portraits and of middle class families.
c. Other photographs reflected the romantics’ fascination with far away places.