Ryan Velarde

Period 4

10-3-05

Chapters 8 and 9 Study Guide

8-1

I. A Land of Great Potential

a. Europe is a very small landmass, but it has influenced the world greatly.

b. Europe was full of resources which included; dense forests, rich black soil, and many minerals under that soil.

c. Europe also had the sea which was helpful for food and transportation.

II. Germanic Kingdoms

a. The Germanic tribes who migrated across Europe were farmers and herders and their cultures differed greatly from the Romans.

b. They had no cities or written laws. They were ruled by elected kings.

c. Between 400 and 700 the most successful kingdom was set up and it belonged to the Franks. Their king was Clovis and he led them to conquering the former Roman Province of Gaul.

III. Islam: A New Mediterranean Power

a. Islam came out of the Middle East and into the Mediterranean world as a great new power.

b. The Christians were getting worried about Muslims because they kept winning battles and taking over Christian Kingdoms.

c. The Christians disliked the Muslims, but they learned a lot from them.

IV. The Age of Charlemagne

a. He was a great war leader and he was known as Charles the Great.

b. Charlemagne crushed the Romans who wanted to rebel.

c. Charlemagne helped spread Christianity.

V. A Revival of Learning

a. Charlemagne wanted to make his capital at Aachen, so he tried to revive Latin learning in the area.

b. Charlemagne could read, but he could not write.

c. Charlemagne practiced writing. He set up schools so people could learn to write.

VI. Charlemagne’s legacy

a. Charlemagne died in 814.

b. After he died his empire fell apart.

c. Although his actual empire did not make it after he died, he left the region with many important things.

VII. New Attacks

a. In the late 800s the Muslims conquered Sicily which became a thriving center for Islamic culture.

b. In 896 a new wave of nomadic people called the Magyars settled in Hungary.

c. The Vikings were the most destructive raiders. They burned and destroyed things. They were also traders.

8-2

I. A New System of Rule

a. Because of the Vikings powerful raids, the people could not maintain law and order.

b. A new system of feudalism evolved to maintain order and to protect the people.

c. Feudalism was a system in which the rich and powerful land lords divided up their land and gave it to the lesser lords or vassals and in return the vassals pledged their loyalty to the powerful lords.

II. Lords, Vassals, and Knights

a. Every person had a place in the feudal system.

b. Every group had a vassal from the group below them and every group was a vassal to the group above them.

c. Because a vassal might be involved with multiple lords he had 1 lord that he would be most loyal to.

III. The World of Warriors

a. When a boy was 7 if he was going to be trained to be a night he was sent to the castle of his father’s lord where he was trained until he was 21 and became a knight.

b. Castles were built strategically with many traps so the castles could not be attacked very easily if at all.

c. When the men were off fighting the women would be in charge of the house and of the vassals.

IV. The Manor

a. A manor was the lord’s estate.

b. The peasants on the manors were surfs and they were neither free or slaves.

c. The peasants provided everything needed for the manor.

V. Daily Life

a. European peasants worked according to the seasons.

b. Peasants had breaks from work and they found things to celebrate about.

c. People of these times believed in witchcraft, fairy characters, and potions.

8-3

I. A Spiritual and Worldly Empire

a. The pope was the spiritual leader of the Roman Catholic Church.

b. Medieval Christians believed that all people were sinners that were doomed to eternal suffering.

c. They believed that the only way to not suffer in hell was to participate in sacraments which are the sacred rituals of the Church.

II. The Church and Daily Life

a. Church was a social center for peasants.

b. The church required Christians to pay a tax called a tithe which consists of 10% of the person’s income.

c. The Church taught that men and women were equal under God.

III. Monks and Nuns

a. Under the Benedictine Rule monks and nuns took an oath of poverty.

b. Monasteries provided basic social services.

c. Monasteries and convents preserved the writings of the ancient world.

IV. Hildegard of Bingen: Adviser to Popes and Kings

a. Hildegard had a vision from God when she was 3 and because of this her parents put her in a convent and when she was 14 she decided to become a nun.

b. Hildegard began to give information and advice to important people of the time such as kings and queens.

c. More and more women became nuns, but as the church became more powerful it restricted the rights of nuns.

V. Reform Movements

a. Priests, monks, nuns, and others started to break their vows and this lead to a need for reform.

b. Reforms were made by renewing the Benedictine Rule.

c. People also traveled to preach to poor people.

VI. Jews in Western Europe

a. Medieval Europe was home to man Jewish communities.

b. Jews served as officials in the Royal Muslim courts.

c. Jews were respected in Europe, but they were taxed heavily.

8-4

I. An Agricultural Revolution

a. By 1000 Europe’s economic reforms were well underway and doing well.

b. There were many new technologies to improve farming and make it easier.

c. Many new improvements to improve land use were well underway as well.

II. Trade Revises

a. Europe began to trade because they needed and wanted many things they could not get in Europe.

b. Merchants set up caravans so they could be safe while on their trade routes.

c. Trade fairs also occurred in Europe so that goods could be exchanged. When the fairs were over the trading centers evolved into the first cities.

III. A Commercial Revolution

a. Banking houses started to appear because merchants need to borrow money.

b. Groups and insurance started to appear in Europe.

c. Peasants began to work a lot less and became tenant farmers or hired farm laborers.

IV. Role of Guilds

a. Guilds were associations that dominated the life of medieval towns.

b. Each guild represented workers in 1 occupation.

c. To become a guild member a person had to go through many years as an apprentice.

V. City Life

a. The medieval towns and cities were surrounded by protective walls.

b. As the cities grew new people had to settle outside the walls.

c. Medieval cities consisted of narrow streets and tall buildings.

VI. Looking Ahead

a. New forces were at work in Western Europe

b. The growth and new wealth was bringing Europeans into contact with civilizations much more advanced than theirs.

c. Because of this new ideas and technologies entered Europe.

9-1

I. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church

a. Kings were at the head of society.

b. Nobles and the church had just as much or more power than the kings.

c. Power between monarchs, nobles, and the church were debated.

II. Strong Monarchs in England

a. In 1066 the English king died without an heir and fights went on about who would be the new king.

b. Finances and law were greatly improved.

c. Under Henry II England developed a jury system.

III. Evolving Traditions of Government

a. Henry’s son John was a clever, greedy, cruel, and untrustworthy ruler who lost many clashes with other rulers.

b. In 1215 rebellious barons forced John to sign the Magna Carta.

c. A parliament evolved in England.

IV. Royal Successes in France

a. Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom.

b. Hugh Capet and the people that followed him as rulers of France started to gain more power.

c. Philip Augustus greatly strengthened the power of the royal government.

9-2

I. The Holy Roman Empire

a. The Holy Roman Empire had the potential to be the strongest monarchy in Europe.

b. Holy Roman Emperors saw themselves as the protectors of Italy and the pope.

c. The holy roman emperor often appointed the bishops and abbots.

II. Two Determined Rulers

a. The conflicts between emperors and the church burst into flames.

b. Henry was excommunicated from Germany, but later he was reinstated because he repented,

c. In 1122 the Concordat of Worms was made which settled the issue between the church and emperors.

III. New Struggles between Popes and Emperors

a. Fredrick II was raised in Sicily.

b. Fredrick II became the Holy Roman Emperor.

c. He was in charge of Italy and Germany.

IV. The Church Under Innocent III

a. In the 1200’s the Roman Catholic Church reached its peak in power.

b. A crusade is a holy war.

c. After Philip engineered the election of a French pope, the papacy entered a period of decline.

9-3

I. The World in 1050

a. In 1050 Western Europe was barely emerging from isolation.

b. During the Middle Ages Islam had spread and grown tremendously.

c. India and China were lands with many powers.

II. The Crusades

a. Many warriors or crusaders marched to the Holy Land for war.

b. Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099.

c. The crusaders divided the land into 4 small parts.

III. Impact of the Crusades

a. Trade increased after the crusades.

b. The crusades helped to increase the power of feudal rulers.

c. The crusades encouraged the growth of money economy.

IV. The Crusading Spirit and the Reconquista

a. Muslim influences helped shape the arts and literature of Christian Spain.

b. In 1492 Granada fell.

c. Often the people who refused to convert to Christianity were burned at the stake.

9-4

I. Medieval Universities

a. People, especially of higher classes wanted to become educated and literate.

b. Suddenly many universities started to pop up all over.

c. The students of the universities woke p early, studied, and went to bed late.

II. Europeans Acquire New Learning

a. Christian scholars tried to resolve the conflict between faith and reasoning.

b. They used logic to resolve the conflict between faith and reason.

c. Europeans adopted Hindu-Arabic numerals for mathematics.

III. Education for Women

a. Few women received a good education/.

b. Someone named De Pizan was an acception to the rule and she made her living off of writing.

c. Men believed that women were not capable of learning like men.

IV. Medieval Literature

a. Across Europe people began writing down epic tales.

b. Dante Alighieri wrote a divine comedy about hell.

c. Vernacular is the language of everyday people.

V. Splendors in Stone

a. Churches were Romanesque or taken from Roman influence.

b. The gothic style of architecture started in 1140.

c. Stained glass was made to show stories of things for people who were illiterate.

9-5

I. The Black Death

a. Something known as the black plaque killed many people in the middle ages.

b. Most people who got the disease died and died quickly.

c. The people did not realize they were dieing because they were being bitten by fleas.

II. Upheaval in the Church

a. The late middle ages brought spiritual crisis because of the plaque.

b. For decades sometimes there were 2 or 3 popes at once.

c. Wycliffe said that the bible was the source of Christianity and not the church.

III. The Hundred Years’ War

a. Between 1337 and 1453 England and France fought many devastating battles.

b. At 1^st the English won a string of victories.

c. They were successful because of the longbow.

IV. Looking Ahead

a. The war brought many changes to the late medieval war.

b. Strong monarchs would soon need large armies to fight wars.

c. The inventions of the longbow and cannon were a lot more powerful than knights.