Ryan Velarde
Period 4
10-27-05
Chapters 14 and 18 Outline
Chapter 14.1
I. What was the Renaissance?
a. It was a time of creativity and change in many areas.
b. The Renaissance was a period of rebirth.
c. The Renaissance developed its own new culture, but it took things from the Middle Ages.
II. Italian Beginnings
a. The
Renaissance began in
b. It
started here because the Renaissance is a reawakening of Ancient Rome and
c.
III. Humanism
a. Humanism focused on the worldly subjects rather than on the religious issues that had occupied the Medieval thinkers.
b. Humanists believed that education should stimulate the individual’s creative powers.
c. Humanities was taught in Ancient Greek and Roman schools.
IV. A Golden Age in the Arts
a. The Renaissance reached its most glorious expression in its art.
b. Leonardo da Vinci painted the Mona Lisa.
c. Michelangelo was a genius and he painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
V. Writings for the New Age
a. How-to books started to pop up for those who wanted to rise in the world.
b. Machiavelli wrote a book which was a guide for rulers on how to maintain power.
c. Machiavelli saw himself as an enemy of oppression and corruption.
Chapter 14.2
I. Artists of the Northern Renaissance
a. The northern Renaissance began in the 1400’s.
b. The van Eycks developed oil painting.
c. Many paintings had to do with the daily life of people, especially peasants.
II. Northern Humanists
a. Northern European humanist scholars stressed education and a revival of classical learning.
b. They also emphasized religious themes and believed that the 2 should go hand in hand.
c. Erasmus believed they should go back to the ways of the early Christian traditions.
III. Literature of the Northern Renaissance
a. The writers wrote literature in the modern language of their country rather than in Latin.
b. The middle class enjoyed dramatic tales and comedies.
c. Shakespeare is the most famous playwright of the time.
IV. The Printing Revolution
a. In 1456 Johan Gutenberg developed the first printing press.
b. Many
books were printed and Renaissance literature was growing throughout
c. More people learned to read and write and books became cheaper because of the printing press.
Chapter 14.3
I. Abuses in the Church
a. Popes competed with Italian Princes for political power.
b. Popes maintained a lavish lifestyle during the Renaissance.
c. The church began to sell indulgences to make money off of people who wanted to get into heaven.
II. Luther’s protest
a. A man named Martin Luther set out to try and stop the abuses of the church.
b. He believed that indulgences did not work and that a Christian could be saved only by faith.
c. Luther was excommunicated from the church because of his beliefs.
III. Spread of Lutheran ideas
a. Lutherans were called Protestants because they protested against the church.
b. Peasants supported Luther and in 1524 they started to revolt and it was later denounced by Luther.
c. The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555 which gave the right to the prince to decide which religion the people of his land would follow.
IV. John Calvin
a. Calvin
had many ideas on how to run and organize the
b. He believed that faith was the way to go and the bible was the only source for religious beliefs.
c. He preached predestination which is that God has already decided who would gain salvation, no matter what that person does.
Chapter 14.4
I. Radical Reformers
a. As the reformation continued many new groups sprang up
b. Groups known as Anabaptists believed that only adults should be baptized.
c. Most Anabaptists were peaceful women and men.
II. The English Reformation
a. King
Henry VIII wanted to end papal control in the
b. Henry had a law past which made him the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England.
c. Between 1536 and 1540 Henry shut down all convents and monasteries and took the land.
III.
a. Mary
Tudor,
b.
c.
IV. The Catholic Reformation
a. Pope Paul the III was the leader of a reformation of the church revive moral authority.
b. It was declared that salvation comes from faith and good works, not just the bible.
c. As
the catholic Reformation spread across
V. Widespread persecution
a. During this period of heightened religious passion Protestants and Catholics tried to destroy each other and they persecuted witches.
b. There was a witch hunting craze and many men and women died.
c.
Chapter 14.5
I. Changing Views of the World
a. Europeans believed that the Earth was the center of the universe.
b. In 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus stated his theory that the sun was the center of the universe.
c. After Copernicus stood up with what he believed, so did others.
II.
a.
b. He said that all motion in the universe can be described mathematically.
c.
III. More Scientific Advances
a. The 1500’s and 1600’s were times where major breakthroughs in chemistry and medicine occurred.
b. In the 1600’s Robert Boyle distinguished between elements and chemical compounds.
c. The first accurately published work about the human body was called “On the Structure of the Human Body”.
IV. Bacon and Descartes
a. Both rejected Aristotle’s scientific assumptions.
b. They sought to make the physical teachings of the world fit into the church teachings of the world.
c. Bacon stressed experiment and observation.
Chapter 18.1
I. A World of Progress and Reason
a. The Enlightenment grew out of the scientific revolution.
b. Edward Jenner developed a vaccine against small pox.
c. People started to find a reason for everything that happened.
II. The Views of the Social Contract
a. Hobbes said that humans were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish.
b. Hobbes believed that the only way to control the people was to have a government of absolute monarchy.
c. John Locke believed that people had natural rights from the time of birth.
III. Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws
a. In
the 1700’s
b. Montesquieu believed that the separation of power was the best way to run a government.
c. He also believed that each branch of the government could check the other branches of government.
IV. The World of the Philosophers
a. Enlightenment thinkers were called philosophes.
b. Voltaire defended freedom of thought by saying what he thought.
c. Because he spoke what he thought was right, he created conflict and was put in prison.
V. The Encyclopedia
a. Denis Diderot produced a 28-volume encyclopedia.
b. His purpose was to change the general way of thinking.
c. The encyclopedia wanted to rid slavery and encouraged education.
VI. Rousseau: A Controversial Figure.
a. He was the most crontroversial thinker.
b. He believed that people in their natural state were basically good.
c. He says that man is born free and everywhere else he is in chains.
VII. Limited “Natural Rights” for women
a. Women were not free and equal.
b. Women had natural rights, but they were limited.
c. Women started to protest this view.
VIII. New Economic Thinking
a. Physiocrats focused on economic reforms.
b. They looked for natural laws to define a rational economic system.
c. They urged a policy of Laissez faire which let businesses operate with little or no government interference.
Chapter 18.2
I. The Challenge of New Ideas
a. The new ideas of the enlightenment spread quickly throughout the levels of society.
b. People were reading like crazy to get ideas.
c. Government and the church felt they had a duty to defend the old order.
II. Salons
a. They were informal social greetings.
b. It originated in the 1600’s.
c. People discussed enlightenment ideas.
III. Enlightened Despots
a. Philosophes tried to convince European Rulers to adopt their ideas.
b. They thought it could bring about reform.
c. Enlightened despots were monarchs who accepted the idea.
IV. The Arts and Literature
a. Baroque paintings were huge and colorful.
b. Rococo art was elegant and charming.
c. New trends of music also evolved.
V. Lives of the Majority
a. Most Europeans were untouched by either courtly or middle-class culture.
b. Villages
in Western Europe were usually more successful than the ones in
c. In the West, serfdom had largely disappeared.
Chapter 18.3
I. Global Expansion
a.
b. From
these successes
c.
II. Growth of Constitutional Government
a. After
the Glorious Revolution 3 new political institutions in
b.
c. The
Tories and Whigs were political powers that arose in
III. Politics and Society
a. The
age of
b. British government was far from democratic.
c. The lives of people contrasted sharply with those of the ruling elite.
IV. George III Reasserts Royal Power
a. In 1760 he embarked on a 60 year reign.
b. He set out to reassert the royal power.
c. He set out to regain control of the government.
Chapter 18.4
I. The 13 English Colonies
a. By
1750 a string of 13 prosperous colonies stretched along the coast of North
b. They
were part of
c. Ways
of life differed from
II. growing Discontent
a. After
1763, relations between
b. Parliament set up laws to raise taxes from the colonies.
c. The colonists believed in no taxation without representation.
III. The American Revolution
a. Some
colonists wanted freedom from
b. The
continental congress had few military soldiers and not nearly as much money as
c. When the Americans won their first battle, the French set up an alliance with the Americans.
IV. A New Constitution
a. During the summer of 1787 the leaders of the country made a U.S. Constitution.
b. The framers of the constitution used ideas from the enlightenment.
c. In 1789 the Constitution became law.