Ryan Velarde

Period 4

1-10-06

Chapters 25 and 26 Outline

Chapter 25.1

I. The New Imperialism

a. European imperialism did not begin in the 1800s.

b. European nations won over many countries, but between 1500 and 1800 Europe had very little influence over those countries.

c. Between 1870 and 1914 Europe brought much of the world under their control.

II. Motives of the New Imperialists

a. The Industrial Revolution created needs that spurred overseas expansion.

b. Manufactures wanted access to natural resources around the world.

c. Manufacturers also wanted to expand their markets all around the globe.

III. Down the Barrel of a Gun

a. Western Imperialism succeeded for a number of reasons.

b. While Europe was growing, other countries were declining and they could not resist the Western onslaught.

c. Europeans had the advantages of strong economies, well-organized governments, and powerful armies and navies.

IV. Forms of Imperial Control

a. The new imperialism took many forms such as colonies, protectorates, and spheres of influence.

b. In some areas imperial powers established colonies.

c. In the colonies, Europe sent their government out to rule that colony.

Chapter 25.2

I. On the Eve of the Scramble

a. Europe was a dark land and much was not known of it.

b. In the later 1800s Europe sent explorers to explore Africa and they became involved in a scramble for African colonies.

c. Africa was a very divers and beautiful land before the scramble.

II. European Contacts Increase

a. In the 1500s and 1600s, Europeans traded along the coasts of Africa, but they never made it into the heart of Africa because of sickness, now with new developments and technology they could finally make it inside.

b. Beginning in the early 1800s, European Nations slowly outlawed the slave trade.

c. Europeans went into Africa to try to colonize, convert the people into Christianity, learn about Africa, and more.

III. The Great Scramble Begins

a. Britain, France, and Germany were pressing rival claims to Africa.

b. To avoid bloodshed, European powers met at an international conference in Berlin, Germany.

c. The congress agreed that a European power could not claim any part of Africa unless they set up a government office there.

IV. Carving up a Continent

a. In the 1800s, France took a giant share of Africa.

b. Britain’s share of Africa was smaller and more scattered than that of France.

c. There was a Boer war because of the discovery of gold and diamonds in the Boer republics.

V. Africans fight back

a. The Algerians battled the French for years.

b. There were woman military leaders.

c. Ethiopia defeated the Italians and the Ethiopians, along with Liberia, were the only countries to preserve their independence.

Chapter 25.3

I. Ferment in the Muslim World

a. The Muslim world extended from Western Africa to Southeast Asia.

b. In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements sprung up across the Muslim world.

c. The Muslim empires were not were not only in a state of decline, but they faced western imperialism.

II. Challenges to the Ottoman Empire

a. At its height, the Ottoman Empire had extended across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Eastern Europe.

b. Economic problems and corruption also contributed to the Ottoman decay.

c. Revolts against Ottoman rule also erupted in Arabia, Lebanon, and Armenia.

III. Efforts at Reform

a. Since the 1700s, Ottoman rulers had seen the need for reform.

b. The reforms brought better medical care and revitalized farming.

c. Better living conditions resulted in a population explosion.

IV. Egypt Seeks to Modernize

a. Egypt in 1800 was a semi-independent Ottoman province.

b. In the early 1800s, it made great strides towards reform and its success was due to Muhammad Ali.

c. Ali is sometimes called the father of modern Egypt.

V. Iran and the Western Powers

a. Like the Ottoman Empire, Iran faced major challenges in the 1800s.

b. They took steps towards reform by the government improving their finances.

c. Iran also experimented with a Liberal constitution.

Chapter 25.4

I. The East India Company

a. In the early 1600s, the British East India Company obtained trading rights on the fringe of the Mughal Empire.

b. By the mid 1800s it controlled 3/5 of India.

c. All of the people of India could not stop Britain from taking it over because the people were not united.

II. The Sepoy Rebellion

a. Indians from all social classes resented British interference and domination.

b. Well-educated Indians were shut out of high posts.

c. The British kept Indians from engaging in large-scale manufacturing.

III. The “Brightest Jewel”

a. After 1858, Parliament set up a system of colonial rule in India.

b. British officials held the top positions in the civil service and army.

c. With all of the good things that Britain brought, so did people, and with that brought famine because there was not enough food to go around.

IV. Indians and British: Viewing two cultures

a. During the age of Imperialism, Indians and British developed different views of each other’s culture.

b. A lot of high class Indians thought that imperialism was good for the country and they were fascinated by the technology.

c. Some British people liked India, and some did not.

V. Growing Nationalism

a. During the years of British rule, a class of western-educated Indians emerged.

b. By the late 1800s, western-educated Indians were spearheading a nationalist movement.

c. In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress.

Chapter 25.5

I. The Trade Issue

a. Chinese placed strict limits on foreign traders.

b. China enjoyed a favorable balance of trade while Westerners faced a trade deficit.

c. The Chinese lost to the British in the Opium War and a series of unfair treaties were launched against China.

II. Internal Pressures

a. China was falling apart with everything that was going on in the country.

b. Peasants rebelled because of the hard ships and harsh living conditions.

c. The Taiping rebellion is estimated to have caused 20 to 30 million deaths.

III. Reform Efforts

a. By the mid 1800s, educated Chinese were divided over the need to adopt western ways.

b. In the 1860s, reformers launched what became known as the self-strengthening movement.

c. The Chinese reforms were going really slowly, while Japan’s reforms were moving rapidly.

IV. The Empire Crumbles

a. As the century ended, China was in turmoil.

b. More students were sent to study, women were admitted into schools, and math was very important.

c. In 1911 China was made a republic, ending the 2,000 year monarchy.

Chapter 26.1

I. Strains in Tokugawa Japan

a. The shoguns, who had gained power in 1600, reimposed centralized government, closed Japan to foreigners, and forbade Japanese to travel overseas.

b. Their only window was Nagasaki where the Dutch were allowed very limited trade.

c. For 215 years Japan developed in near isolation.

II. Opening up Japan

a. After the Opium war, Japan knew it would not be long before Britain tried to come into Japan.

b. In July 185, a fleet of American ships sailed into Japan with the idea of opening Japan’s ports.

c. The Americans were successful so Japan was no longer isolated from other countries.

III. Fukuzawa Yukichi Travels abroad

a. He was an early Japanese visitor to the West.

b. He sailed on the firs ship to go from Japan to California.

c. He wrote an autobiography explaining Western culture to the Japanese and vice versa.

IV. Reforms under the Meiji

a. The Meiji reformers faced a major task.

b. They were committed to making a new political and social system and to build a modern economy.

c. Japan adapted foreign ideas with amazing success.

V. Competition for Empire

a. Japan’s economic needs fed its imperialist desires.

b. Japan lacked many resources, but it still built an empire.

c. Japan and China went to war and much to everyone’s surprise, Japan won.

VI. Korea: A Focus of Competition

a. Imperialist Rivalries put the spotlight on Korea.

b. It was a focus of competition among Russia, China, and Japan.

c. It had shut down its doors to foreigners, but they were later opened.

Chapter 25.2

I. Southeast Asia and the Pacific

a. Southeast Asia commanded the sea lanes between India and China and had long been influenced by both civilizations.

b. When Imperialism started, westerners colonized much of Southeast Asia.

c. Many Chinese people migrated to Southeast Asia to get away from the hardships and benefit from the good things in Southeast Asia.

II. Thailand Survives

a. Siam was sandwiched between British-ruled Burma and French Indochina.

b. Siam stayed independent because there ruler did not underestimate the power of Westerners.

c. Siam was on the road to modernization.

III. Imperialism and Nationalism in the Philippines.

a. In the 1500s Spain had seized the Philippines and extended its rule over the islands.

b. Catholic missionaries spread Christianity among the Filipinos.

c. The Catholic Church gained enormous power and wealth.

IV. Western Powers in the Pacific

a. In the 1800s, the industrial powers began to take an interest in the islands of the Pacific.

b. They opened the way for political involvement.

c. In 1878, the United States gained an unequal treaty from Samoa.

Chapter 25.3

I. The Canadian Pattern

a. Canada’s first European rulers were the French.

b. France lost Canada to Britain in 1763.

c. After the American Revolution, an estimated 30,000 people who remained loyal to Britain fled to Canada.

II. Europeans in Australia

a. The Dutch in the 1600s were the first Europeans to reach Australia.

b. In 1770, James Cook claimed Australia for Britain.

c. Britain made Australia a penal colony.

III. New Zealand

a. In 1769 James Cook claimed New Zealand for Britain.

b. Missionaries arrived in 1814 to convert the people of Australia into Christianity.

c. The settlers of New Zealand sought self rule.

Chapter 25.4

I. Problems Facing the New Nation

a. Simon Bolivar had hoped to create strong ties among the Nations of Latin America.

b. 20 different nations emerged out of Latin America.

c. The new nations wrote constitutions modeled after the United States.

II. The Economics of Dependence

a. Under colonial rule, mercantilist policies made Latin America economically dependent on Spain and Portugal.

b. Strict laws kept colonies from trading with other countries.

c. After independence, Latin America remained as economically dependent as before.

III. Mexico’s struggle for stability

a. During the 1800s, each Latin American country followed its own course.

b. Large landowners, army leaders, and the Catholic Church dominated Mexican politics.

c. The rich prospered, but most Mexicans continued to live in poverty.

IV. Colossus of the North

a. As nations like Mexico tried to build stable governments, The United States was expanding.

b. In time, Latin American nations felt threatened by the domination of the north.

c. The United States acquired the thinly populated regions of Northern Mexico.

Chapter 26.5

I. New Economic patterns

a. During the age of Imperialism, a truly global economy emerged.

b. It was dominated by the industrialized nations of the west.

c. Colonial rulers introduced a money economy which replaced the old barter system.

II. Cultural Impact

a. During the age of imperialism, Europeans were convinced of their own superiority and believed they had a mission to civilize the world.

b. As westerners conquered other lands, they pressed subject people to accept modern ways.

c. Western cultures also changed during the age of Imperialism.

III. New Political Tensions

a. Imperialism had global political consequences.

b. Often, imperialism united rival groups under the same government.

c. Imperialist ambitions would contribute to the outbreak of 2 shattering worlds.