Ryan Velarde

Period 4

11-21-05

Chapters 19 and 23 Study Guide

Ch. 19

· Suffrage- It is the right to vote. Suffrage was extended to all male citizens and not just wealthy landowners.

· Sans-culottes- Working class men and women who called for radical action in France during the French Revolution. The sans-culottes wanted more power and more say in the government.

· Abdicate- To give up a high office. Napoleon abdicated his position, but later returned.

· Deficit spending- Situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in. Deficit spending puts a country in a lot of debt.

· Plebiscite- Ballot in which voters have a direct say on an issue. Plebiscites were used because people were getting mad that they did not have a say on their country’s issues.

· Blockade- The shutting off of a port to keep people or supplies from moving in or out. Blockades were used during battles so countries could not receive supplies.

· Bourgeoisie- The middle class. The bourgeoisie rose during this time because of the power and freedom people were receiving.

· Nationalism- Feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country. Nationalism spread during the reign of Napoleon, but stopped during the congress of Vienna.

· Émigré- A person who flees his or her country for political reasons. There were many émigrés because they wanted more freedom.

· Louis XVI- He was the king of France. At first the people loved him, and then they overthrew him because of his indecisiveness.

· Clemens von Metternich- He was one of the people on the congress of Vienna. He was one of the main decision makers.

· Napoleon- Napoleon was the leader of France. The people loved him, but if someone did something wrong to him, he would kill them.

· Olympe de Gouges- She was a playwright and a poet. She wanted women to have as many and the same rights that men have.

· Robespierre- He is one of the most known leaders of the French Revolution. He was the leader of the committee of public safety.

· Jacques Louis David- He was the leading artist of the period. In his paintings he shaped the way people would later look at the French Revolution.

· Who denounced Fr. Rev? Why?- Napoleon denounced him. He was denounced because he went against Napoleon.

· Reign of Terror- It was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. Its aim was to destroy internal enemies and conspirators and to chase the external enemies from French territory.

· Napoleon annexed who?- The kingdom of Etruria. It comprised the larder part of Tuscany.

· Congress of Vienna- It was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe and it was held in Vienna, Austria. Its purpose was to redraw the continent's political map after the defeat of Napoleonic France the previous spring.

Ch. 23

· Alexander II- He became the king of Russia in 1855. He had many reforms for Russia.

· Francis Joseph- He was the emperor of Austria and the king of some other countries. He was raised by his mother and wore a uniform for most of his life.

· Giuseppe Garibaldi- He was an Italian patriot and soldier. He was known as the hero of two worlds as a tribute to his military actions in South America and Europe.

· Otto von Bismarck- He was the prime minister of Prussia. He engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany.

· William II- He was the Kaiser of Germany. He had an aggressive military stance.

· Camillo Cavour- He was the prime minister of Sardinia. He was willing to use any means to achieve his goals.

· Anarchist- A person who wants to abolish all government. Anarchists come about because the government is not doing good for the people.

· Refugee- A person who flees his or her homeland to seek safety elsewhere. Jews were refugees because they fled from Russia.

· Pogrom- A violent attack on a Jewish community. Official persecution encouraged pogroms.

· Realpolitik- It is real politic. It means that we will do what we have to do to get what we want.

· Zemstvo- Local elected assembly set up in Russia under Alexander II. Alexander set up zemstvos.

· Economic development in Germany- After the industrial revolution of Britain, Germany took those ideas and made them better. They gained more money, power, and people because of their revolution.

· Nationalism threatened? Who? (which country the most)- It threatened Russia the most. They were not all brought together.

· Revolution of 1905- It was in Russia and it had no aim. It lead to the Russian Revolution of 1917.