Ryan Velarde

Period 4

1-6-06

World History Semester #1 Final Study Guide

Mr. Haskell

UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS / notes

· National debt- The United States has a lot of national debt. It keeps growing and it everyone in the U.S. will have to change their way of life to slow the growing debt down.

· AIDS- It is a disease that is transmitted sexually or by the use of IV drugs. There is no cure for aids.

· Cause- Aids is cause by unprotected sex and by injection of IV drugs. It can be prevented by using a condom and not using used needles.

· Affect- It is a virus that will eventually kill you. You have to take a cocktail to stay alive for as long as possible.

· N. Ireland- Invasions and wars have occurred throughout the history of Ireland. The Celtics settled in Ireland around 400 BC, they were constantly invaded by the Vikings from 1016 BC to 800 AD.

· IRA- It was the Irish Republican Army. They used acts of terrorism to scare away the British.

· The problem defined- The United States has a lot of national debt to pay off. It will take a long time to pay it off, if it ever is paid off.

RISE OF DEMOCRATIC IDEAS/ ch. 5-6

CH. 5

• Minoan civilization and the importance of its location- They lived in Crete which is by the Aegean Sea and they were very smart. They were very successful traders.
  
  
• Explain how Sparta's location was important. - They lived in Southern Greece. This was important because they could attack Athens very easily and they could not be attacked by sea.
  
  
• Trojan war- location- It took place in Troy and it involved the Trojans and the Mycenaeans. The Mycenaeans won by sending a wooden horse into the gates of Troy.
  
  
• Geography of Greece created? - The land of Greece is full of mountains and valleys. Because of this there were many individual Greek city-states.
  
  
• Post Persian wars domination- The Persian Wars were between Persia and Athens. Athens won the wars and they became the most powerful city-state.
  
  
• Peloponnesian War- The war was 27 years long and it was between Athens and Sparta. Sparta won the war.

• Greek theater origins- Greek plays evolved out of religious ceremonies. They were performed outdoors in very large theaters.
  
  
• Alexander's achievements and empire- Alexander the Great conquered Persia. Alexander created a huge empire.

• Center of Hellenistic world- Alexandria was the center of the Hellenistic world. Alexandria was a blending of cultures.
  
  
• Geographic characteristics of Greece- Greece had many valleys and mountains. They were also by a lot of water.
  
  
• Oligarchy- It is a government in which ruling power belongs to a few people. This type of government was adopted because a middle class started to emerge.
  
  
• Democracy- It is a government in which the people hold ruling power. This happened because the people wanted more power.
  
  
• Spartan childhoods- The Spartan boys were chosen carefully. They trained in their childhood to become powerful warriors.
  
  
• Athens' golden age- They were the years after the Persian Wars. Pericles introduced many ideas to help Athens.
  
  
• Aristotle's meritocracy- He believed tat things happened for a reason. He was the student of Plato.
  
  
• Greek values- Greeks had many values. They had art, architecture, literature, medicine, and more.
  
  

CH 6

• Augustus- After Caesar died he was the king without calling himself king. The Age of the Roman Empire had begun during his rule.
  
  
• Julius Caesar- Julius Caesar was a great leader and he conquered a lot of land. He was stabbed and murdered.
  
  
• Hannibal- Hannibal dedicated his life to destroying the Romans. His father had this influence on him.
  
  
• Jesus- He is the son of God. He spread the word of Christianity.

• Paul- He persecuted Jesus’ followers. After Jesus died he started to spread the word of Jesus.

• Odoacer- He was a Germanic leader and he ousted the emperor in Rome.

• Ptolemy- He was an astronomer and a mathematician. He proposed that the Earth was the center of the universe.
  
  
• Virgil- He wrote a poem. He tried to describe that Rome’s past was as good as Greece’s.

• Martyr- Someone who dies for their religion. Jesus was a martyr.
  
  
• Mercenary- It is a soldier serving in a foreign army for pay. Rome had to hire mercenaries to protect its borders.

• Messiah- A savior sent by god. Some Jews believed that one would be sent to lead the Jews to Freedom.

• Patrician- A member of the upper landholding class of Rome.

• Plebian- They are the lower class in Rome. They did not have as many privileges as the higher classes.
  
  
• Aqueduct- It is a pipe that carries water. The Romans used this because they wanted fresh clean water.
  
  
• Heresy- Beliefs said to be contrary to official church teachings.
  
  
• Legion- It is a basic unit of the ancient Roman Army. T is made up of about 5,000 soldiers.
  
  
• Republic- It is a system of government in which the officials are chose by the people. The Romans had a republic government.
  
  
• Sect- It is a small religious group. Christianity started out as a sect.

MIDDLE AGES/ Ch. 8-9

• Peasant- The lowest class in the middle Ages. They did all of the work at their lord’s manor.

• Usury- The practice of lending money at interest. Merchants and bankers made prophets from usury.

• Capital- It is money for investment. Because merchants needed capital banking houses grew in wealth.

• Tithe- Payment to the church 1/10 of a person’s income. People had to donate 1/10 of the money they make to the church as a tax and a way to help the church.

• Fief- An estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty. The lord’s gave their vassals land to live on if the vassals worked for them and were loyal to them.

• Chivalry- It is a code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages. It required knights to be true and loyal to their word.

• Charter- A written document that set out the rights and privileges of a town. Merchants would ask the local lord to set up one of these to protect their rights and in return the merchants would pay the lords.

• Troubadour- It is a wondering poet in the Middle Ages. Chivalry gave these people ideas and the troubadours praised women.

• manor economy- The manor was the lord’s estate. The manor consisted of 1 or more villages and surrounding lands.

• how monks and nuns lived- They lived in monasteries. They vowed to a life of not having physical things because they believed they did not need them.

• Why was church reform desired? - Church reform was desired because discipline weakened. Many members of the clergy lived in luxury and forgot about their vows and values.

• new agricultural technologies- By 800 iron plows had evolved which made it easier and more efficient to plow. Windmills also began to spring up.

• defense of castles (moats, etc) - Castles had many defense mechanisms to keep them safe from attacks. Moats and high walls were strategically built to protect the castles.

• Battle of Tours- This was between the Franks and the Arabs. The Franks defeated the Arabs.

• Vassals- A lord who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord. There were many vassals for vassals because each vassal had to provide a certain number of knights to their lord.

• Peasants- The lowest class in the Middle Ages. They did all of the work at their lord’s manor.

• Knights- They were the warriors of the Middle Ages. They trained for a long time to become a knight.

• Lords- They are the highest f peoples in the Middle Ages. They own estates and have vassals to work for them.

• Why did the church have great power over the people? - The church had great power over the people because it was an important part in society. It was like a ruler.

• Cluniac reforms- It reformed all the people of the church that broke their vows. It reinstated the Benedictine rule.

• Three field system- It was a system of farming that involved 3 fields rather than 2. It mad it easier and faster to grow crops.

• merchant guilds- They were groups of one type of workers. They were made to protect the people of each guild.

• Clergy- Members of the church. They made up rules.

• Nobles- They had as much or more power than the king. They had their own courts and collected their own taxes.

• Charlemagne- He was a ruler of the medieval times. He welcomed foreigners into his kingdom.

• Leif Erikson- He was a very powerful Viking. He conquered many lands.

• Serf- They were the lowest class in the medieval times. They worked around their lord’s houses.

• Excommunication- Exclusion from the Catholic Roman Church for not obeying their laws. People who did not pay tithes were excommunicated.

• steel plow- It was a plow made out of steal. It made farming much quicker and easier.

• feudal system- It was the system of classes. The local lords would divide up land and give it to lesser lords called vassals.

• Black Death- which regions most devastated? % population died? Result? - The most devastated regions were the South Western part of Europe, but mostly Italy, Spain, and France. 1/3 of the population died and it left Europe a mess.

• Magna Carta- It was a document in which some people made the king sig. it took power away from the kings.

• Concordat of Worms- It was a treaty between Gregory and Henry. It said that the church had the sole power to elect and vest bishops with spiritual authority.

• Chief goal of/ and result of the Crusades- The crusades were religious wars. The crusades captured land.

• Reconquista- It was a reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. The Christian rulers conquered it.

• early jury system- A jury was composed to see if a case should go on trial. In addition, 12 neighbors were picked to judge the trial.

• conflict between emperors and popes- The emperors and popes both wanted power. They each believed they should be more powerful than the other.

• Short Answer

• 5 reasons late Middle Ages was a time of decline.- The late Middle Ages was a time of decline because of the Black death. People also wanted power and fought over it. Many leaders and leaders of the church died so there was no order. There was also economic trouble. There was also the Hundred Years’ War.

• 3 long term effects of the crusades- It brought more power to the church, a greater urge for trade, and increased power of the feudal monarchs.

RENAISSANCE, REFORMATION, ENLIGHTENMENT/ Ch. 14 & 18

Ch 14

• Annul- To cancel or invalidate. Henry VIII asked the pope to annul his marriage.

• Gravity- The force that pulls mass. There is gravity on earth and that is what keeps everything from floating.

• Patron- A person who provides financial support for the arts. Without patrons, we might not have as much art as we do today.

• Perspective- An artistic technique used to give drawings and paintings a three-dimensional effect. Artists used perspective to enhance there paintings.

• Theocracy- It is a government run by church leaders. Calvin set up a theocracy.

• John Calvin- He had the idea of predestination. He said that God chooses what a person is going to do and it cannot be changed.

• Henry VIII- He stood against the protestant revolt. He shut down all convents and monasteries and took over that land.

• Leonardo da Vinci- He was a genius. He had the idea for things such as submarines and airplanes way before they were even made and he also painted the Mona Lisa.

• Lorenzo de' Medici- He was known as Lorenzo the magnificent. He was a poet.

• Niccolo Machiavelli- He wrote a book called the Prince which told kings how to maintain power. He urged rulers to use whatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals.

• Heliocentric- Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe. Heliocentric people were often executed because the belief went against the church.

• Humanism- Intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. Humanism occurred because people wanted a reason for why things happened.

• Indulgence- in the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person’s lifetime. People paid for indulgences so that they could get into heaven.

• Predestination- Idea that God long ago determined who will gain salvation. John Calvin proposed the idea of predestination.

• Recant- To give up one’s views or beliefs. The church persuaded Luther to recant so he would not be excommunicated from the church.

• Copernicus- He was a major contributor to the Renaissance. He supported a spirit of adventure.

• Durer- He traveled to Italy in 1494 to study the techniques of the Italian masters. He had a very keen and inquiring mind.

• Luther- Lutheran comes from Martin Luther. He believed that you cannot get into heaven by paying money, but that you had to confess your sins.

• Newton- He was sitting under a tree and an apple fell on his head so he discovered the law of gravity. He was a mathematical genius and came up with many mathematical equations.

• Patriarch- The highest church official in a major city. The patriarchs held a lot of power.

• Renaissance focus- The focus of the Renaissance was on factual things and a reason other than god that things happened. It also focused on giving power to the people.

• Printing of reformation- The printing press was invented by Johan Guttenberg. This had a major impact because books could be made faster and cheaper.

• Results of Reformation- The Holy Roman Empire weakened. Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches were founded. The world was given many new ideas and inventions.

• Causes of Renaissance- The Renaissance was caused by the fall of the Roman Empire. People also wanted art and other things. They also wanted to revive stuff from the Roman Empire.

• Ch18

• Hobbes- He thought that people were driven by selfishness and greed. He believed that people give up their freedom to avoid chaos.

• Locke- He believed that people have a right to life, liberty, and property. Rulers have a responsibility to protect those rights.

• Joseph II- He was the Hapsburg emperor. He was the most radical enlightened despot.

• Constitutional govt. - A government whose power s defined and limited by law. England had a constitutional government.

• Enlightened despot- Absolute ruler who uses their power to bring about political and social change. Joseph II was the most enlightened despot.

• Natural laws- Rules that govern human nature. Natural laws were brought about during the enlightenment.

• Natural rights- Rights that belong to all humans from birth. Natural rights can be lost during a person’s lifetime.

• Physiocrat- an Enlightenment thinker who searched for natural laws to explain economies. Physiocrats emerged because people wanted to know why things happen.

• Bach- He was German Lutheran. He wrote complex and beautiful religious works for organ and choirs.

• Diderot- He labored 25 years to produce a 28 novel encyclopedia. He wanted to change the general way of thinking.

• Tom Paine- He published a pamphlet called “common sense”. He said the themes of the enlightenment.

• Rousseau- He believed that people are basically good. He believed that society is evil.

• Robert Walpole- He was the Whig leader from 1721 to 1742. He is often called Britain’s first prime minister.

• Baroque- Ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600’s and 1700’s. They were paintings that were huge and full of excitement.

• Free market- Market in which goods are brought and sold without restrictions. It was the natural forces of supply and demand.

• Laissez faire- Policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference. Physiocrats were in favor of Laissez Faire.

• Salon- Informal social gathering in which writers, artists, and philosophers exchanged ideas. New ideas were passed around because of salons.

• Social contract- Agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos. If the government does not hold up their end of the social contract then the people have the right to revolt.

AGE OF REVOLUTIONS/ Ch. 19& 23

Ch. 19

• Suffrage- It is the right to vote. Suffrage was extended to all male citizens and not just wealthy landowners.

• Sans-culottes- Working class men and women who called for radical action in France during the French Revolution. The sans-culottes wanted more power and more say in the government.

• Abdicate- To give up a high office. Napoleon abdicated his position, but later returned.

• Deficit spending- Situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in. Deficit spending puts a country in a lot of debt.

• Plebiscite- Ballot in which voters have a direct say on an issue. Plebiscites were used because people were getting mad that they did not have a say on their country’s issues.

• Blockade- The shutting off of a port to keep people or supplies from moving in or out. Blockades were used during battles so countries could not receive supplies.

• Bourgeoisie- The middle class. The bourgeoisie rose during this time because of the power and freedom people were receiving.

• Nationalism- Feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country. Nationalism spread during the reign of Napoleon, but stopped during the congress of Vienna.

• Émigré- A person who flees his or her country for political reasons. There were many émigrés because they wanted more freedom.

• Louis XVI- He was the king of France. At first the people loved him, and then they overthrew him because of his indecisiveness.

• Clemens von Metternich- He was one of the people on the congress of Vienna. He was one of the main decision makers.

• Napoleon- Napoleon was the leader of France. The people loved him, but if someone did something wrong to him, he would kill them.

• Olympe de Gouges- She was a playwright and a poet. She wanted women to have as many and the same rights that men have.

• Robespierre- He is one of the most known leaders of the French Revolution. He was the leader of the committee of public safety.

• Jacques Louis David- He was the leading artist of the period. In his paintings he shaped the way people would later look at the French Revolution.

• Who denounced Fr. Rev? Why? - Napoleon denounced him. He was denounced because he went against Napoleon.

• Reign of Terror- It was a period in the French Revolution characterized by brutal repression. Its aim was to destroy internal enemies and conspirators and to chase the external enemies from French territory.

• Napoleon annexed who? - The kingdom of Etruria. It comprised the larder part of Tuscany.

• Congress of Vienna- It was a conference between ambassadors from the major powers in Europe and it was held in Vienna, Austria. Its purpose was to redraw the continent's political map after the defeat of Napoleonic France the previous spring.

Ch. 23

• Alexander II- He became the king of Russia in 1855. He had many reforms for Russia.

• Francis Joseph- He was the emperor of Austria and the king of some other countries. He was raised by his mother and wore a uniform for most of his life.

• Giuseppe Garibaldi- He was an Italian patriot and soldier. He was known as the hero of two worlds as a tribute to his military actions in South America and Europe.

• Otto von Bismarck- He was the prime minister of Prussia. He engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany.

• William II- He was the Kaiser of Germany. He had an aggressive military stance.

• Camillo Cavour- He was the prime minister of Sardinia. He was willing to use any means to achieve his goals.

• Anarchist- A person who wants to abolish all government. Anarchists come about because the government is not doing good for the people.

• Refugee- A person who flees his or her homeland to seek safety elsewhere. Jews were refugees because they fled from Russia.

• Pogrom- A violent attack on a Jewish community. Official persecution encouraged pogroms.

• Realpolitik- It is real politic. It means that we will do what we have to do to get what we want.

• Zemstvo- Local elected assembly set up in Russia under Alexander II. Alexander set up zemstvos.

• Economic development in Germany- After the industrial revolution of Britain, Germany took those ideas and made them better. They gained more money, power, and people because of their revolution.

• Nationalism threatened? Who? (which country the most)- It threatened Russia the most. They were not all brought together.

• Revolution of 1905- It was in Russia and it had no aim. It lead to the Russian Revolution of 1917.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION / Ch. 20-22

Ch. 20

• Enclosure- It is the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers. Rich landowners were doing this so that they could become wealthier and stronger.

• Factories (How they worked) - Factories opened because the business owners needed a place to put all of the machines. The people of the factories would work 12-16 hour shifts a day.

• Turnpike- They were privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them. These became popular as factories sprung up because it made transportation easier and more efficient.

• Urbanization- It is when a rural place industrializes. England was the first place to urbanize and become industrial.

• Utilitarianism- It is the idea that the goal of society should be the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Jeremy Bentham was a strong supporter for this idea.

• Socialism- Under socialism, the people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production. This went against Laissez Faire economics.

• Communism- It is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable. Marx and Engels suggested communism.

• Proletariat- They were the working class. Marx said that the haves were the middle class and that the proletariats were the have-nots.

• Michael Faraday- He was a British scientist. He is considered to be one of the best scientists ever.

• John Wesley- He founded the Methodist movement. He stressed the need for a personal sense of faith.

• Karl Marx- He was a German Philosopher. He stated a theory called scientific socialism which he claimed was based on a scientific study of history.

• Thomas Malthus- He was an English demographer and political economist. He was best known for his pessimistic, but highly influential view.

• John Stuart Mill- He was an English philosopher and political economist. He was an advocate of Utilitarianism.

• James Watt- He was a Scottish inventor and engineer. He improved the steam engine.

• Abraham Darby- He began to use coal instead of wood for smelting iron. He produced better and cheaper iron.

• David Ricardo- He was a British political economist. He was one of the most influential classic economists.

• Jeremy Bentham- He is best known as an early advocate of utilitarianism and animal rights. He argued in favor of individual and economic freedom.

• Robert Owen- He was a Welsh social reformer. He is considered the father of the cooperative movement.

• Britain's population growth (why did it happen?)- Britain’s population grew because of the industrial revolution. There were more opportunities and jobs.

• Importance of coal to Industrialization- Coal was used to make iron in the 1700s because they did not have very many trees. Coal was an easy way to produce more coal at cheaper prices.

• Agricultural Revolution- Improved methods of farming were thought of. New tools and machines were used to produce more, faster.

• Textile industry- Many new machines and techniques were discovered to improve the textile industry. It made the production of goods increase.

• Laissez faire economics (Adam Smith) - Laissez Faire economics let the business owners decide on what products they want to sell and how much they want to sell them for. Adam Smith believed in Laissez Faire, but he also believed that the government needed to be somewhat involved.

Ch. 21

• Ideology- It was a system of thoughts and beliefs. People with opposing ideologies to the government brought a period of turmoil to Europe.

• Universal manhood suffrage- It gave all adult men the right to vote. In the beginning of the 1800s people though that only important male citizens should have the right to vote, but in the late 1800s people started to finally stand behind the policy.

• Autonomy- It is self rule. The revolts in the Ottoman Empire caused the people to gain self rule.

• El Grito de Dolores- It is a day of independence. Father Miguel Hidalgo proclaimed this.

• February Days- The government took steps to silence critics and prevent public meetings. People rebelled and destroyed the city.

• Frankfurt Assembly- Their purpose was to create a declaration for Germany. By 1849 the assembly was dissolved.

• Simon Bolivar- He was a wealthy Creole. He freed Latin America from its colonial rule by Spain.

• Miguel Hidalgo- He proclaimed El Grito de Delores. This was for independence and liberty.

• Louis Kossuth- He led the Hungarian nationalists. He demanded an independent government.

• Tupac Amaru- He led the strongest challenge against Spain by the Native Americans. He demanded the government end the system of Indian labor.

• Louis XVIII- He was the king of France. He issued a French constitution.

• John Stuart Mill- He was an English philosopher and political economist. He was an advocate of Utilitarianism.

• Toussaint L' Ouverture- He was one of the leaders of the Haitian Revolution.

• Louis Napoleon- He was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. He was elected president.

• Louis Philippe- He was king of the French from 1830 to 1848. He was France's last king.

• Clemens Von Metternich- He was an Austrian politician and statesman. He was the most important diplomat of his era.

• Pedro- He ruled Brazil. In 1822 he became emperor of an independent Brazil.

• Revolts in Austrian empire- Nationalists wanted to end domination of Italy by the Austrian Hapsburgs. Metternich fled in disguise because of the revolts.

• Goals of nationalists- They wanted liberal reforms. They wanted a constitutional government.

• Conservative ideology in Europe- They believed that if change had to come then it should come slowly. They opposed freedom of the press.

Ch. 22

• Interchangeable parts- They were parts that were similar so that they could be interchanged. Interchangeable parts made it easier to repair broken pieces and also more could be made.

• Assembly line- It was a line of people that put each had a specific part in making something. This made production more efficient.

• Corporation- It is a business that is owned by many investors who buy shares of stock. Stockholders risk only the amount of money that they invest and cannot be held personally responsible for any debts of the corporation.

• Cartel- It is an association to fix prices, set production quotas, or divide up markets. Cartels were formed from a group of large corporations.

• Women’s suffrage- They were votes for women. In Europe, groups dedicated to women’s suffrage emerged in the late 1800s.

• Racism- The belief that one racial group is superior to another. Racism was encouraged because whites and Europeans believed that they were superior to others.

• Social gospel- A movement that urged Christians to social service. In Europe and the United States, Protestant churches backed the social gospel.

• Romanticism- It was a 19^th century arts movement that appealed to the senses rather than reason. Romanticism shaped western literature and arts from 1750-1850.

• Realism- It was an attempt to represent the world as it was. It appealed to reason.

• Impressionism- School of painting that tried to capture fleeting visual impressions. Impressionism took root in Paris.

• Social Darwinism- They were ideas that came from Darwin’s theories. Darwin did not promote social ideas himself however.

• Darwin- He argued that all forms of life today evolved into their present state over millions if years. He believed in natural forces.

• Joseph Lister- He discovered how antiseptics prevented infection. He insisted that surgeons wash their hands before operations.

• Factory life (How it changed the lives of workers) - Workers worked long hard hours. People got sick, hurt, and even died from working.

IMPERIALISM/ Ch. 25-26

Ch.25

• Imperialism- It is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. From about 1870 to 1914, British imperialized much of the world.

• Protectorate- Local rulers were left in place. Sometimes a western power established a protectorate.

• Sphere of influence- An area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges. It was the third form of Western control.

• Genocide- It is a deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group. Muslim Turks held genocide against the Christian Armenians.

• Cash crop- It is a crop raised to make money and sell on the world market. Cotton and Jute were important cash crops.

• Balance of trade- Exporting more goods than importing goods. China enjoyed a favorable balance of trade.

• Trade deficit- Importing more than you export. Many westerners had a trade deficit with China.

• Indemnity- A payment for loses in the war. The Treaty of Nanjing gave Britain a huge indemnity.

• Extraterritoriality- The right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own countries. China had to grant British citizens in China extraterritoriality.

• Ci Xi- She was an empress and had gained power by the late 1800s. She was a very strong willed ruler.

• Menelik II- He was a reforming ruler and he began to modernize his country in the late 1800s. He was prepared for the attack by Italy and he destroyed them.

• Muhammad Ali- He is sometimes called the father of modern Egypt. He conquered the neighboring lands of Arabia, Syria, and Sudan.

• Ram Mohun Roy- He felt that India could learn from the west, but at the same time he wanted to revitalize and reform traditional Indian culture. He set up learned societies that helped revive pride in Indian culture.

• Sun Yixian- In December 1911, he was names president of the new Chinese Republic. While he was in office, China was constantly at war with itself or fighting off invaders.

• Boer War- The Boer war was started because of the discovery of gold and diamonds in the Boer republics. The British won this war, but at a great cost.

• Sepoy Rebellion- It swept across northern and central India. The Sepoy rebellion caused the end of the East India Company and put India directly under the British crown.

• Ethiopian Resistance to Europeans- Ethiopia was 1 of 2 countries to remain independent. They prepared for an attack, by getting technology and training an army and because of this they won the battle.

• Taiping Rebellion (what caused it?)- It was probably the most devastating peasant revolt in history. It was caused by the opium war, which led to hardships for peasants in China.

• Berlin Conference- It was an international conference in 1884 to avoid bloodshed. No Africans were invited to this conference.

• Ottoman Empire- Much of North Africa was controlled by the Ottoman Empire, but by the 1800s the Empire was in a state of decline. The Ottoman Empire was becoming weak.

• British rule in India- The British took over India and began to rule because they were afraid that India would come to great power. Some Indians liked the British rule, and some did not.

Ch. 26

• Zaibatsu- Since the late 1800s, powerful banking and industrial families in Japan in the late 1800s. Business dynasties occurred.

• Homogeneous society- Society that has a common culture and language. India was not a homogeneous society and that is why it was easily imperialized by Britain.

• Indigenous- Original or native to a country or land. There were not very many indigenous people where Britain was imperializing.

• Penal colony- Place where people convicted of crimes are sent. Britain made Australia a penal colony because Britain needed somewhere for a prison.

• Regionalism- Loyalty to a local area. The new nations were weakened by regionalism.

• Caudillo- A military dictator in Latin America. They were local strongmen.

• Economic dependence- Economic relationship, controlled by a developing nation, in which a less developed nation exports raw materials to the developed nation and imports manufactured goods, capital, and technological know-how.

• Peonage- System by which workers owe labor to pay their debts. Many Indians and mestizos fell into peonage to their employees.

• British-North America Act- It was passed in 1867. It created the dominion of Canada and united 4 provinces at the time.

• Monroe Doctrine- It was issued by James Monroe. It declared that the American continents are not to be considered as objects for future colonization by Britain.

• James Cook- In 1770, he claimed Australia for Britain. In 1769 he claimed New Zealand for Britain.

• Benito Juarez- In 1855, he and other liberals seized power and opened an era of reform. He was an Indian and offered hope to the oppressed people of Mexico.

• Liliuokalani- She was a Hawaiian queen and she tried to reduce foreign influence. American planters overthrew her in 1983.

• James Monroe- He issued the Monroe Doctrine. He was the president of the United States.

• Matthew Perry- He commanded a well-armed fleet of American ships. His motive was to get Japan to open up its ports for trade.

• Cuba- War broke out between Spain and the U.S. over Cuba’s independence from Spain. The Philippians declared their independence during this war.

• French Indochina- In the early 1800s, French missionaries began winning converts in what is known today as Vietnam. The French eventually seized big chunks of land.

• Korea (Hermit Kingdom) - It shut down its doors to foreign trade. It was known as the hermit kingdom and eventually they had to open their ports and accept humiliating treaties.

• Outback- It was Australia. Britain took over the outback and used it for a jail.

• Samoa- In 1878, the United States secured an unequal treaty from Samoa. The United States, Germany, and Britain agreed to a triple protectorate over Samoa.

• French rule in S. East Asia-The French ruled much of S. East Asia. They took over big chunks of land because they were not seen as a big threat to accomplish that.

• Self government (Australia and New Zealand) - White New Zealanders sought self rule. In 1907 they won independence with their own parliament, prime minister, and elected legislature.

• Cecil Rhodes- He was a leading promoter of British Imperialism. He believed that the human race would be better off with the more land the British inhabited.