Ryan Velarde
Period 4
10-17-05
Chapters 14 and 18 Study Guide
Ch 14
Annul- To cancel or invalidate. Henry VIII asked the pope to annul his marriage.
Gravity- The force that pulls mass. There is gravity on earth and that is what keeps everything from floating.
Patron- A person who provides financial support for the arts. Without patrons, we might not have as much art as we do today.
Perspective- An artistic technique used to give drawings and paintings a three-dimensional effect. Artists used perspective to enhance there paintings.
Theocracy- It is a government run by church leaders. Calvin set up a theocracy.
John Calvin- He had the idea of predestination. He said that God chooses what a person is going to do and it cannot be changed.
Henry VIII- He stood against the protestant revolt. He shut down all convents and monasteries and took over that land.
Leonardo da Vinci- He was a genius. He had the idea for things such as submarines and airplanes way before they were even made and he also painted the Mona Lisa.
Lorenzo de' Medici- He was known as Lorenzo the magnificent. He was a poet.
Niccolo Machiavelli- He wrote a book called the Prince which told kings how to maintain power. He urged rulers to use whatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals.
Heliocentric- Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe. Heliocentric people were often executed because the belief went against the church.
Humanism- Intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. Humanism occurred because people wanted a reason for why things happened.
Indulgence- in the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person’s lifetime. People paid for indulgences so that they could get into heaven.
Predestination- Idea that God long ago determined who will gain salvation. John Calvin proposed the idea of predestination.
Recant- To give up one’s views or beliefs. The church persuaded Luther to recant so he would not be excommunicated from the church.
Copernicus- He was a major contributor to the Renaissance. He supported a spirit of adventure.
Durer-
He traveled to
Luther- Lutheran comes from Martin Luther. He believed that you cannot get into heaven by paying money, but that you had to confess your sins.
Newton- He was sitting under a tree and an apple fell on his head so he discovered the law of gravity. He was a mathematical genius and came up with many mathematical equations.
Patriarch- The highest church official in a major city. The patriarch’s held a lot of power.
Renaissance focus- The focus of the Renaissance was on factual things and a reason other than god that things happened. It also focused on giving power to the people.
Printing of reformation- The printing press was invented by Johan Guttenberg. This had a major impact because books could be made faster and cheaper.
Results of Reformation- The Holy Roman Empire weakened. Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches were founded. The world was given many new ideas and inventions.
Causes
of Renaissance- The Renaissance was caused by the fall of the
Ch18
Hobbes- He thought that people were driven by selfishness and greed. He believed that people give up their freedom to avoid chaos.
Locke- He believed that people have a right to life, liberty, and property. Rulers have a responsibility to protect those rights.
Joseph II- He was the Hapsburg emperor. He was the most radical enlightened despot.
Constitional
govt. - A government whose power s defined and limited by law.
Enlightened despot- Absolute ruler who uses their power to bring about political and social change. Joseph II was the most enlightened despot.
Natural laws- Rules that govern human nature. Natural laws were brought about during the enlightenment.
Natural rights- Rights that belong to all humans from birth. Natural rights can be lost during a person’s lifetime.
Physiocrat- an Enlightenment thinker who searched for natural laws to explain economies. Physiocrats emerged because people wanted to know why things happen.
Bach- He was German Lutheran. He wrote complex and beautiful religious works for organ and choirs.
Diderot- He labored 25 years to produce a 28 novel encyclopedia. He wanted to change the general way of thinking.
Tom Paine- He published a pamphlet called “common sense”. He said the themes of the enlightenment.
Rousseau- He believed that people are basically good. He believed that society is evil.
Robert
Walpole- He was the Whig leader from 1721 to 1742. He is often called
Baroque- Ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600’s and 1700’s. They were paintings that were huge and full of excitement.
Free market- Market in which goods are brought and sold without restrictions. It was the natural forces of supply and demand.
Laissez faire- Policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference. Physiocrats were in favor of Laissez Faire.
Salon- Informal social gathering in which writers, artists, and philosophers exchanged ideas. New ideas were passed around because of salons.
Social contract- Agreement by which people give up their freedom to a powerful government in order to avoid chaos. If the government does not hold up their end of the social contract then the people have the right to revolt.