THE HUMAN BODY
Anatomy & Physiology Will Provide a Solid Cornerstone Which Will Enable the EMT-B to Build the Essentials of Quality Patient Assessment & Management.
or
Understand the Way Its Supposed to Be; Then You Can Figure Out What is Wrong.
THE HUMAN BODY
TOPIC OVERVIEW
The EMT Student Will Learn About the Following:
- Terms Used to Describe Regions of the Body
- Terms Used for Anatomic Reference & Description
- The Structure & Function of Major Body Systems
THE HUMAN BODY
- Anatomical Position
- Facing Forward
- Palms Forward
- Patient’s Left & Right
- Not Your L & R
- Standard for All Healthcare Professionals
THE HUMAN BODY
1 - Mid-Axillary
2 - Midline
3 - Transverse
THE HUMAN BODY – ANATOMICAL TERMS
- Torso
- Medial
- Lateral
- Proximal
- Distal
- Superior
- Inferior
- Anterior
- Posterior
- Right & Left
- Mid-Clavicular
- Bilaterally
- Dorsal
- Ventral
SKELETAL SYSTEM
- 206 Bones
- don’t ask, I don’t know them all
- Gives Shape
- Protects Organs
- Provides for Movement
SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Skull
- Protects Brain
- Face
- Orbit (eyes)
- Nasal
- Maxilla (jaw á
)
- Mandible (jaw â
)
- Zygomatic (cheeks)
SKELETAL SYSTEM
- Spine Column
- Cervical 7
- Thoracic 12
- Lumbar 5
- Sacral 5 (fused)
- Coccyx 4 (fused)
total 33
SKELETAL SYSTEM
THORAX
- Ribs
- 12 Pair
- Posterior @ Thoracic Vertebrae
- 1-10 Anterior @ Sternum
- Sternum
- Manubrium
- Xyphoid Process
SKELETAL SYSTEM
PELVIS
- Iliac Crest
- Wings
- Pubis
- Anterior, Midline
- Ischium
- Inferior, Bilateral
SKELETAL SYSTEM
LOWER EXTREMITY
- Femur - Longest Bone
- see hip slide
- Patella - Knee Cap
- Tibia - Shin
- Fibula - Smaller
- Medial & Lateral Malleolus
- Ankle Joint
SKELETAL SYSTEM
HIP JOINT
- Superior Femur
- Ball & Socket Joint
- Greater Trochanter
- Ball
- Acetabulum
- Socket
SKELETAL SYSTEM
FOOT
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Calcaneus
- Heel
- Phalanges
- Toes
SKELETAL SYSTEM
UPPER EXTREMITY
- Shoulder Girdle
- Clavicle - Collar Bone
- Scapula - Shoulder Blade
- Acromion - Shoulder Tip
- Humerous
- Radius - Lateral
- Radial Pulse (near thumb)
- Ulna - Medial
SKELETAL SYSTEM
ELBOW
SKELETAL SYSTEM
HAND
- Carpals - Wrist
- Metacarpals - Hand
- Phalanges - Fingers
MUSCLES
FUNCTION
- Gives Shape
- Protects Organs
- Provides Movement
- Voluntary or Skeletal
- Attached to Bones
- Majority of Muscle Mass of the Body
- Controlled by Nervous System & Brain
- Contracted & Relaxed at Will
- Responsible for Movement
- Involuntary or Smooth
- In the Walls of Tubular Structures
- GI Tract, Urinary, Blood Vessels & Bronchi
- Controls Flow Through Structures
- Do the Automatic Functions of the Body
- No Direct Muscle Control
- Respond to Stimuli
- Stretching, Heat & Cold
- Cardiac
- Heart Only
- "Involuntary" Muscle
- Blood Supply From Coronary Arteries
- Blood Supply Interruptions Tolerated for Short Time
- Automaticity
- Contracts On Its Own
- Produces Its Own Electrical Stimulation
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Nose & Mouth
- Pharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharnyx
- Larynx
- Voice Box
- Vocal Cords
- Epiglottis
- Leaf-Shaped Flap
- Prevents Food/Liquid From Entering Trachea
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- Cricoid Cartilage
- Ring at Lower Larynx
- Trachea
- Windpipe
- Bronchi
- 2 Branches
- Bronchus
- Subdivides Smaller
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LUNGS
- Lobes
- 3 Right, 2 Left
- Alveoli
- Microscopic
- Exchange Gases
- Capillary Network
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
DIAPHRAGM
- Inhalation
- Diaphragm & Intercostal
- Contract
- Diaphragm Flattens
- Ribs & Intercostal Muscles Expand
- Thoracic Pressure â
- Air In
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
DIAPHRAGM
- Exhalation
- Relaxation
- Diaphragm Up
- Ribs Down & In
- Thoracic Pressure á
- Air Out
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
- Alveolar / Capillary Exchange
Breath
exhale - CO2 out O2 in - inhale
Alveoli
Capillary
CO2 out O2 in
Cell
- Capillary / Cellular Exchange
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY – ADEQUATE BREATHING
- Normal Rate
- Adult
- 12 - 29 / Minute
- Child
- 15 - 30 / Minute
- Infant
- 25 - 50 / Minute
- Rhythm
- This Question Should be Answered for Every Patient
- Regular
- Irregular
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY – ADEQUATE BREATHING
- Quality
- Breath Sounds
- Present & Equal
- Chest Expansion
- Adequate & Equal
- Effort of Breathing
- Accessory Muscles
- Talking Normal
- Tidal Volume
- Depth
- Normal
- Shallow
- Deep
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY – INADEQUATE BREATHING
- Rate - Outside of Range
- Rhythm - Irregular
- Quality
- Breath Sounds - Absent or Diminished
- Chest Expansion - Unequal or Inadequate
- Increased Effort - Using Accessory Muscles
- Short Choppy Sentences, 2 or 3 Words
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY – INADEQUATE BREATHING
- Tidal Volume - Depth
- Inadequate, Shallow
- Skin
- Pale or Cyanotic (blue)
- Cool & Clammy
- Level of Consciousness
- Anxious, Restless
- Hypoxia - Low & Oxygen
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY – INADEQUATE BREATHING
- Retractions
- Ribs, Clavicles
- Especially Kids
- Nasal Flaring
- Especially Kids
- "Seesaw"
- Infants
- Chest & Abdomen Move Opposite
- Agonal Respirations - Occasional Gasp
- Just Before Death
INFANT & CHILD ANATOMY
- Smaller, Easily Blocked
- Tongue Proportionally Takes More Space
- Trachea
- Soft, Flexible
- Swells From Infection
- Criciod Cartilage
- Soft
- Diaphragm
- Relies on Diaphragm
- Chest Soft
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Heart
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Veins
- Blood
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Pump
- Heart
- Pipes
- Arteries / Veins
- Hot Water
- Arterial Blood
- Cool Water
- Venous Blood
- Boiler
- Body / Capillaries
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Heart
- 4 Chambers
- Right Atrium
- Receives from Veins
- O2 Poor to R.V.
- Left Atrium
- Receives from Lungs
- Pulmonary Vein
- Only vein to carry O2 rich blood
- O2 Rich to L.V.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Right Ventricle
- Pumps to Lungs
- O2 Poor
- via Pulmonary Artery
- Only artery to carry O2 poor blood
- Left Ventricle
- Pumps to Body
- Connected to Aorta
- Strongest Part
- Valves
- Prevents Back Flow
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Cardiac Conduction
- Only Muscle Able to Produce Electrical Impulse
- Tissue is able to Conduct & Contract
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Other Heart Information
- Myocardium
- Myo - Muscle / Cardium - Heart
- Coronary Arteries
- Supply Heart Muscle with O2
- Heart Attack is a Blocked Coronary Artery
- Heart is the Pump
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Coronary
- Supply Heart
- Aorta
- Major Artery
- Originates at Heart (Left Ventricle)
- Protected by Spine in Thorax & Abdomen
- Divides at Navel Into Iliac Arteries
- Pulmonary
- O2 Poor to Lungs from Right Ventricle
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Carotid Arteries
- Major Artery Both Sides of Neck
- Supplies Head
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Femoral Arteries
- Supplies Lower Extremities
- Palpate at Groin
- Crease at Abdomen and Thigh
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Radial Arteries
- Lower Arm
- Palpate at Wrist, Thumb Side
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Brachial Arteries
- Upper Arms
- Palpated Between Biceps & Triceps
- Utilized for BP
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Posterior Tibial
- Palpate Posterior Medial Malleolus
or
- Feel behind inside of ankle
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Dorsalis Pedis
- Supplies Feet
- Palpate Anterior Foot Over Metatarsal
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Arterioles
- Smallest Branch of an Artery
- Capillaries
- Connect Arterioles and Venules
- All Through Body
- Cellular Level Exchange of Nutrients & Waste
- Venule
- Smallest Branch of a Vein
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
- Veins
- Return Blood to Heart
- Superior & Inferior
- O2 Poor to Right Atrium
- Pulmonary Vein
- Lungs to Left Atrium
- O2 Rich
- Only Vein – O2 Rich
BLOOD COMPOSITION
- Red Blood Cells – RBC
- Carries O2 to Cells
- Carries CO2 Away
- Gives Color
- White Blood Cells – WBC
- Defense Against Infection
- Plasma
- Fluid That Carries Blood Cells & Nutrients
- Platelets
- Essential for Clot Formation
PHYSIOLOGY
- Pulse
- Left Ventricle Contracts
- Palpated Where an Artery Passes Over Bone Near Skin
- Peripheral Pulse
- Radial, Brachial, Posterior Tibial, Dorsalis Pedis
- Central Pulse
- Carotid, Femoral
- Blood Pressure
- Systolic
- Pressure On Artery Walls When Left Ventricle Contracts
- Diastolic
- Pressure On Artery Wall When Left Ventricle Is At Rest
- S/D
- PERFUSION:
- Adequate Circulation of Blood
- HYPOPERFUSION:
- Inadequate Circulation of Blood
- Waste Products Build-up
- SHOCK:
- Hypoperfusion
S & S of INADEQUATE PERFUSION
- Mental State
- Restless, Anxiety
- Skin
- Pale, Cool, Clammy
- Cyanosis
- Cardiac
- Rapid, Weak Pulse
- Low or Decreased BP
- Breathing
- Rapid, Shallow
- Digestive
- Nausea, Vomiting
- Temperature
- Subnormal
NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Function
- Controls Voluntary & Involuntary Activity of the Body
- Components
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Central Nervous System
- Brain – Located Within the Cranium
- Spinal Cord – Located Within the Spinal Column
- From Brain Through Lumbar Vertebrae
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Sensory Nerves
- Motor Nerves
- Autonomic Nervous System
Digestive System
- Allows for food travel and breakdown
- Main organs include:
The Skin
- Largest organ
- Protection inside & out
- Temperature regulation
- Excretion of salt & H2O
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
- Function
- Secretes Chemicals
- Insulin
- Adrenalin
- Estrogen
- Testosterone