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Malay
Relation with Kapampangan Language and Culture
By Alejandro
S. Camiling, CPA with Teresita Z. Camiling, BSE, MA
As we wrote in "The Province of Pampanga
and Its People", it is believed that the early Kapampangan settlers along
the river banks of the Rio Grande de la Pampanga in the Island of Luzon
of the Philippine Archipelago were descendants of Malayan pioneers from
the Malay Peninsula and from Singarak Lake of West Sumatra. These Malayan
adventurers brought their advanced civilzation, their unique culture, their
Traditions and a language of their own and founded their dynasty based
on the social foundations of freedom and economic well-being.
This belief is strengthened by Juan
Francisco de San Antonio's Cronicas de la Apostolica Provincia de S. Gregorio
(Manila 1738) and Francisco Colin's Labor Evangelica, Madrid 1663 (Native
Races and their Customs) that Pampangos (according to tradition) originated
from the largest island of the Orient, which is that of Sumatra or Trapobana.
It was indicated that in the midst
of the island of Sumatra there was a large lake, on whose surrounding marge
many different peoples had their abodes. A Kapampangan who had lost his
way reached that place who was interviewed by Fr. Colin himself, and having
discovered that there were men there of his own build, language, and clothing,
approached, and entered into conversation with them in his own elegant
Kapampangan tongue. They answered him in the same speech, and one of their
men said: "You are descendants of the lost people who in former times,
left here to settle other lands, and have never been heard of since."
Based on what is written in "The Philippine
Islands -1493 - 1898", a 55-volume series English translation from the
originals by Emma Blair and James Alexander Robertson in the early 1900s,
it is difficult to determine whether the Kapampangans came directrly from
Sumatra, or settled first in Borney, because of the nearness of its lands
and domains, and thence passed on to settle the islands of this archipelago
although it appeared from the statements of some who had been in Borney
for a time that they even found there sufficient indications that the Kapampangan
people, some came from Sumatra and some from Malayo. The fact that many
islets are lying in a row and near one another, with which Borney is closely
connected, there is less difficulty in changing their abodes from one to
the other; and it is believable that the Tagalogs, Kapampangans and other
civilized races who were found in this archipelago, and who were almost
alike in language, customs, bodily proportions, and clothing, came immediately
from Borney, some from some provinces and some from others. This may be
the reason for the little difference that is found among these Philippine
ethnic groups.
The similarities in ancient customs,
clothings, religion, food and languages seem to validate the connection
between Malays and Kapampangans. However, over the years, contact with
other nationalities made it difficult to preserve the purity of both languages
and culture. Bahasa Malay and culture had been influenced by people from
China, Portugal, Spain, Great Britain, Netherlands, India and other foreigners.
Kapampangan language and culture just
like other Philippine languages and culture were also greatly influenced
by Spaniards, Britons, Americans, Chinese, Japanese, Hindus, Arabs and
other nationalities. As proof of the similarity of the old Malay
and Kapampangan languages, here is a listing of Malay words taken
from a standard Bahasa Malay - English Dictionary which are also Kapampangan
words with the same meaning:
Malay and
Kapampangan Words With Similar Meaning
| Malay |
Kapampangan |
English |
| |
|
|
| abu |
abu |
ash
(of fire, cigar) |
| achi |
achi |
elder
sister |
| ah |
ah |
Ah!
As a cry of surprise or sorrowful realization |
| aku |
aku |
I,
me |
| alipan |
alipan |
centipede |
| alun |
alun |
long
rolling waves, surge of the sea |
| almanak |
almanak |
almanac |
| amanah |
amanah |
trusteeship |
| ambun |
ambun |
dew,
vapor |
| am'pat |
apat |
four |
| anak |
anak |
child,
children |
| anai-anai |
anai,
aneh |
termites |
| anam |
anam |
six |
| andas |
andas |
surface
support |
| angin |
angin |
wind |
| angkap |
angkap |
rack
or shelf in part of a native house |
| angkat |
angkat |
lift,
rise |
| aniaya |
aniaya |
to
do injustice, tyranny |
| anting |
anting-anting |
pendant |
| api |
api |
fire,
flame |
| arang |
arang |
affront |
| aria |
aria |
lower
away |
| armada |
armada |
fleet
of warships |
| asin |
asin |
salt |
| asu |
asu |
dog |
| atap |
atap |
roof,
roffing thatch |
| ayun |
ayun |
swaying,
swinging |
| babi |
babi |
pig |
| baldi |
baldi |
pail,
bucket |
| balu |
balu |
widowed |
| balut |
balut |
wrap
up |
| banat |
banat |
beat |
| bandera |
bandera |
banner,
flag |
| bangis |
bangis |
cruel |
| bangkal |
bangkal |
a
name for certain trees |
| bangku |
bangku |
bench |
| bangun |
bangun |
get
up |
| bankai |
bankai,
bangke |
body
(corpse) |
| bangsa |
bansa |
race
(of men) |
| bapa |
bapa |
uncle |
| barnis |
barnis |
varnish |
| baru |
baru |
new
(of clothes) |
| basah |
basah |
wet |
| batu |
batu |
stone,
rock |
| bau |
bau |
smell,
scent, odor |
| bazar |
bazar |
bazaar |
| belak |
bilak |
hold
open fold or crease |
| belanga |
balanga |
earthenware
pot for cooking |
| belikat |
balikat |
shoulder-blade |
| belimbing |
balimbing |
carambola,
trees with ridged fruits |
| beranda |
beranda |
veranda |
| berat |
berat |
dull
of wit |
| biabas |
biabas |
guava |
| bilang |
bilang |
count |
| bingka |
bingka |
cake
made of rice flour |
| biola |
biola |
violin |
| bisa |
bisa |
can |
| biskuit |
biskuit |
biscuit |
| bistek |
bistek |
beefsteak |
| bobotok |
bobotok,
bobotu |
titbit
in banana leaf |
| bola |
bola |
ball |
| bolsa |
bolsa |
clothes-bag |
| bomba |
bomba |
pump,
squirt |
| bongsu |
bongsu |
youngest |
| buaya |
buaya |
crocodile |
| bubung |
bubung |
roof |
| buka |
buka |
open
(mouth) |
| bulan |
bulan |
month,
moon |
| buloh |
buloh |
bamboo |
| bulu |
bulu |
body-hair,
quills |
| bumbong |
bubong |
roof |
| bunga |
bunga |
interest
on money |
| butoh |
butoh |
penis |
| cha |
cha |
tea |
| chicu |
chico |
sapodilla,
Achrus sapota |
| chili |
chili |
bird
pepper |
| chinela |
chinela |
slipper |
| chinta |
sinta |
caress
(esp. of love) |
| daeng |
daeng |
slicing
into thin strips and drying in the sun |
| daing |
daing |
fried
fish |
| datang |
datang |
come,
arrive |
| dato |
dato |
grandsire |
| daya |
daya |
trick,
deceive |
| didal |
didal |
thimble |
| dinding |
dinding |
partition,
wall |
| diwata |
diwata |
deity |
| djeneral |
heneral |
general |
| Dominggo |
Domingo |
Sunday |
| donia |
donia |
lady |
| du'a |
adua |
two |
| dungu |
dungu |
stupid |
| durian |
durian |
the
thorny fruit, the soursop |
| fabrik |
fabrika |
factory |
| falsu |
falsu |
false,
counterfiet |
| fe'sta |
pista |
festivity |
| fiscal |
fiscal |
fiscal,
judicial officer |
| gagu |
gagu |
dumb |
| galgal |
galgal |
irritable |
| galigata |
galigata |
a
skin-eruption |
| ganap |
ganap |
full,
complete |
| ganchu |
ganchu |
crook |
| gantang |
gatang |
the
Malay gallon |
| gangsa |
gangsa |
goose |
| gas |
gas |
kerosene
oil |
| gasal |
gansal |
odd,
uneven (of numbers) |
| gatal |
gatal |
itchiness,
lewdness |
| gelagok |
gelagok |
gulp
down |
| gerilla |
gerilia |
guerilla |
| gevernador |
gobernador |
governor |
| gigil |
gigil |
chatter
(of teeth) |
| gigit |
gigit |
biting |
| giling |
giling |
grind |
| gogok |
gogok |
gulping
down water, the gurgle of water |
| gulai |
gulai,
gule |
vegetables |
| gunting |
gunting |
shears,
scissors |
| gurami |
gurami |
a
freshwater carp |
| guru |
guru |
teacher,
spiritual or lay |
| gusi |
gusi |
a
kind of jar |
| ha'-ha' |
ha'-ha' |
sound
of laughter |
| hoi |
hoi |
Hey
there! |
| hora |
hora |
time,
hour |
| hukom |
hukom |
doom |
| ia |
ia,
ya |
he,
she, it |
| ibus |
ebus |
palm,
used in mat-making |
| ikat |
ikat |
tying
up, stringing together |
| indu |
indu |
mother |
| ingat |
ingat |
be
on one's guard, be mindful |
| ini |
ini |
this,
these |
| inum |
inum |
to
drink |
| ipil |
ipil |
a
tree |
| itek |
itek,
itik |
duck |
| kabab |
kabab |
small
lumps of meat roasted on a pit |
| kaka |
kaka |
brother
(elder) |
| kakak |
kakak |
to
quack |
| kalima |
kalima |
fifth |
| kambing |
kambing |
goat |
| kamera |
kamera |
camera |
| kami |
kami |
we
(my friends or party) |
| kampilan |
kampilan |
broad
sword |
| kangkong |
kangkong |
a
herb eaten as spinach |
| kapit |
kapit |
stand
close beside, support |
| kapitan |
kapitan |
captain |
| kapok |
kapok |
cotton-tree |
| kareta |
kareta |
carriage |
| katok |
katok |
rapping,
hammering off |
| kawal |
kawal |
guard |
| kawat |
kawat |
wire,
cables |
| kaya |
kaya |
power,
wealth |
| kechap |
kechap |
ketchup |
| ketok |
ketok |
knock |
| kilap |
kilap |
a
flash |
| kilik |
kilik |
carry
under the arm |
| kisut |
kisut |
crumpled,
ruffled |
| kokok |
kokok |
crow
(of cocks) |
| kompas |
kompas |
compass |
| kontento |
kontento |
satisfied |
| kornel |
kornel,
koronel |
colonel |
| kuali |
kuali |
frying
pan |
| kubu |
kubu |
small
hut or shelter |
| kuku |
kuku |
finger
or toe nail, claw |
| kusut |
kusut |
tangled
(of hair, thread) |
| kutil |
kutil |
wart |
| kutu |
kutu |
bug |
| lagi |
lagi |
still
more |
| lahar |
lahar |
lava |
| laklakan |
laklakan |
gullet,
throat |
| laksa |
laksa |
ten
thousand, myriad |
| laksamana |
laksamana |
admiral |
| lambak |
lambak |
pile
up |
| lambat |
lambat |
behind
time, be slow |
| lampin |
lampin |
baby's
napkin, swaddling cloth |
| lampus |
lampus |
through
and through |
| lancha |
lancha |
ship'
sailing boat |
| landas |
landas |
an
anvil, chopping block |
| langau |
langau,
lango |
stinging
horse-fly |
| lapak |
lapak |
smack,
thwack |
| larut |
larut |
to
create an impression |
| latak |
latak |
dregs
(of oil) |
| laut |
laut |
seas,
ocean (of water, mud, fire) |
| liku |
liku |
bend
(in river, road) winding |
| lima |
lima |
five |
| limonada |
limonada |
lemonade |
| limpas |
limpas |
overflowing |
| lintah |
lintah |
a
blood-sucker |
| lulun |
lulun |
to
swallow unintentionally |
| lumpoh |
lumpoh |
parallyzed
(esp. of legs) |
| lumut |
lumut |
moss,
lichen, sea-weed |
| lunak |
lunak |
soft,
fleshy |
| ma' |
ma',
ima |
mother |
| mahal |
mahal |
expensive,
dear |
| maharaja |
maharaja |
very
royal as an honorific title |
| major |
major |
major |
| mama |
mama |
maternal
uncle, uncle |
| mami |
mami |
a
dish of vermicilli |
| manah |
manah |
heirloom |
| mangga |
mangga |
mango |
| manok |
manok |
fowl,
bird |
| maski |
maski |
even
though |
| mata |
mata |
eye |
| mati |
mateh |
to
perish, death |
| mau |
mau |
be
willing, desire, craving |
| melun |
melun,
milun |
melon |
| menangis |
menangis |
cry
(weep) |
| mesa |
mesa |
table |
| milyun |
milyun |
million |
| minum |
minum |
to
drink |
| mipis |
mipis,
maimpis |
thin |
| misua |
misua |
vermicilli |
| miting |
miting |
meeting |
| mula |
mula |
root,
origin, beginning |
| murah |
murah |
cheap
(of goods) |
| nangka |
nangka |
jack
fruit |
| naranja |
naranja |
orange |
| nasi |
nasi |
boiled
rice |
| nipis |
nipis |
thin,
tenuous |
| nyaman |
nyaman |
pleasant
(of food) |
| nyamok |
nyamok |
mosquito |
| oi |
oi |
Hi! |
| oto |
oto |
automobile |
| pa'hat |
pa'hat |
chisel |
| pait |
pait |
bitter,
bitterness |
| pakan |
pakan |
to
feed (of animals) |
| paku |
paku |
to
nail, peg |
| palsu |
palsu |
counterfeit |
| palu |
palu |
hitting
hard with a rigid weapon, clubbing |
| panah |
panah |
arrow,
bow |
| pandai |
pandai,
pande |
knife-grinder |
| pandak |
pandak |
short |
| pandan |
pandan |
screw-pines
used for fine basketry and mats |
| pangat |
pangat |
stuffing
(fish) and stewing it in a rich spicy sauce |
| papaya |
papaya |
papaya |
| pasu |
pasu |
vase,
flower pot |
| pau |
pau |
a
wild mango |
| payong |
payong |
umbrella |
| pesta |
pista |
festivital
gathering |
| pigura |
pigura |
figure,
design, sketch, picture, portrait |
| pinggan |
pinggan |
plate
(porcelain or earthenware |
| pipa |
pipa |
pipe
(smoker's) |
| pipit |
pipit |
finch,
sparrow |
| pistul |
pistol |
pistol |
| pitu |
pitu |
seven |
| piun |
piun |
pawn
in class |
| poe'lau |
pulo |
island |
| puloh |
apulu |
ten |
| polis |
polis,
pulis |
police |
| pongsu |
pongsu,
pungsu |
anthill |
| puki |
puki |
vulva,
female genitals |
| pukul |
pukul |
hit,
beat, hammer |
| pulau |
pulau |
archipelago |
| punggok |
punggok |
stumpy |
| putu |
putu |
rice
cake |
| raja |
raja |
king,
prince |
| rambutan |
rambutan |
a
popular hairy-rinded fruit |
| rami |
rami |
rhea
grass |
| sa' |
isa |
one |
| sabong |
sabong |
dart
each other |
| sabun |
sabun |
soap |
| sagu |
sagu |
mealy
pith of the sago-palm which is of food value |
| sakal |
sakal |
rap
with the knapsack |
| sakit |
sakit |
sick,
in pain |
| saksi |
saksi |
witness |
| saku |
saku |
bag |
| salah |
salah |
blunder,
at fault, amiss |
| sanggul |
sanggul |
coiffure |
| santing |
santing |
beautiful,
fine |
| sarong |
sarong |
skirt
(for both sexes) |
| sawa |
sawa |
python |
| sayang |
sayang |
to
regret, feel (something), pity |
| siasat |
siasat |
inquiry,
investigate |
| siku |
siku |
elbow,
angle (of road) |
| simpan |
simpan |
keep,
store up |
| singgang |
sinigang |
boiled
in salt and acid (of fish, flesh) |
| sipat |
sipat |
measure |
| sukat |
sukat |
to
measure |
| suli |
suli |
descendant |
| suloh |
suloh |
torch,
flare |
| sultan |
sultan |
ruler |
| sumpah |
sumpah |
oath |
| sumpit |
sumpit |
shoot
with a blow pipe |
| sundang |
sundang |
a
Bugis sword |
| susu |
susu |
breast |
| suit |
suit,
pasuit |
whistle |
| takut |
takut |
afraid.
fear |
| tali |
tali |
string,
line, rope |
| tambak |
tambak |
make
embankment |
| tampal |
tampal |
patching,
plastering |
| tampas |
tampas |
lopping
off, flatenning with a knife |
| tampok |
tampok |
juncture
of stem and fruit |
| tanam |
tanam |
to
plant |
| ta'naman |
ta'naman |
plantation |
| tanda |
tanda |
mark,
sign, evidencia |
| tanggal |
tanggal |
drop
off |
| tangis |
tangis |
weeping |
| tankai |
tangkai,
tangke |
stem,
stalk |
| tangki |
tangki |
tank |
| tapak |
tapak |
sole
(of feet, shoe) |
| tatal |
tatal |
wood-shaving,
small chip |
| timba |
timba |
small
bucket |
| timbang |
timbang |
scale,
weight |
| timbangan |
timbangan |
scale,
balance |
| timbok |
timbok,
timbuk |
hit
with a fist |
| timbun |
timbun |
a
heap (of wood, earth, rubbish, stones) |
| tinta |
tinta |
ink |
| tipak |
tipak |
portion,
share |
| titi |
titi,
teteh |
bridge |
| tiup |
tiup |
blew
(of wind) |
| tj'inta |
sinta |
love |
| tolak |
tolak,
tulak |
push
away |
| tombong |
tombong,
tumbung |
seedbud
in an old coconut |
| tua |
tua |
old
(aged person) |
| tuala |
tualia |
towel |
| tukil |
tukil |
bamboo
cylinder for liquid or paper |
| tumbok |
tumbok |
punch,
thumped |
| tumpo |
tumpo |
have
a footing on (ground) |
| tunggal |
tunggal |
sole,
alone, the one |
| tungku |
tungku |
trivet
of stones |
| tuntong |
tuntong |
point,
tip (of needle) |
| tusuk |
tusuk |
pierce,
prick |
| ubi |
ubi |
yam |
| ulam |
ulam |
spiced
vegetables, condiments |
| ulap |
ulap |
beckon |
| ulas |
ulas |
cover
(of cushion, mattress) |
| umpok |
umpok |
pile,
heap |
| ungkat |
ungkat |
drag
up the past |
| upah |
upah |
payment
for work done, wage, fee |
| upaya |
upaya |
resources,
to the extent of one's ability |
| utak |
utak |
brain |
| utang |
utang |
debt |
|