1054: The 'Great Schism' between the Western and Eastern churches began
over rival claims of universal pre-eminence. (In 1965, 911 years later, Pope Paul VI and
Patriarch Athenagoras I met to declare an end to the schism.)
1054: Excommunication of Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of
Constantinople
1099: Crusaders herd the Jews of Jerusalem into a synagogue & set
it afire
1216: Death of Pope Innocent III
1342: Death of Charles I, King of Hungary
1439: Kissing banned in England, in an attempt to stop the spread of
pestilence and disease
1493: Caterina da Vinci, mother of Leonardo, arrives in Milan
1498: Legation of Machiavelli to Caterina Sforza, the Countess of Imola
and Forti
1519: The Disputation of Leipzig, in which Martin Luther argued that
church councils had been wrong and that the church did not have ultimate doctrinal
authority, ends.
1546: Anne Askew burnt in England for denying doctrine of
transubstantiation
1647: Tommaso Aniello, known as "Masaniello," organizes a
strike in Naples
1769: Spanish Franciscan missionary Father Junipero Serra founded the
San Diego deAlcala mission in California -- the first permanent Spanish settlement on
America's westcoast.
1782: "The Abduction from the Seraglio" was premiered in
Vienna. The reaction was mixed. Mostly it went over well, but there was a loud group of
naysayers in the upper gallery. And Emperor Joseph the Second of Austria would later issue
his own gentle criticism.
1790: Congress designated the District of Columbia as the permanent
seat of the United States government.
1861: First major battle of the Civil War -- Bull Run.
1862: David G. Farragut became the first rear admiral in the United
States Navy.
1867: A patent for ready-mixed paint was granted to D.R. Averill, of
Newberg, Ohio.
1918: Russia's Czar Nicholas the Second, his empress and their five
children were executed by the Bolsheviks.
1931: Missionary C.T. Studd, one of the famous "Cambridge
Seven" and [missionary] to China, India, and Africa, dies.
1935: The first parking meters were installed, in Oklahoma City.
1945: The United States exploded its first experimental atomic bomb, in
the desert of Alamogordo, New Mexico. (Trinity Site)
1951: J.D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye was published.
1956: The last Ringling Bros. Barnum and Bailey circus held its last
show under the canvas tent.
1957: Marine Major John Glenn set a transcontinental speed record when
he flew a jet from California to New York in three hours, 23 minutes and eight seconds.
1964: In accepting the Republican presidential nomination in San
Francisco, Barry M. Goldwater said "extremism in the defense of liberty is no
vice" and that "moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue."
1969: "Apollo Eleven" blasted off from Cape Kennedy on the
first manned mission to the surface of the moon. The astronauts onboard were: Neil
Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and Michael Collins.
1973: During the Senate Watergate hearings, former White House aide
Alexander P. Butterfield publicly revealed the existence of President Nixon's secret
taping system.
1979: Saddam Hussein became president of Iraq.
1980: Ronald Reagan won the Republican presidential nomination at the
party's convention in Detroit.
1985: The National League won baseball's 56th All-Star Game, defeating
the American League 6-1 at the Metrodome in Minneapolis. The game marked the first program
to be broadcast in stereo by a TV network. NBC gets the honor.
1986: Lawrence B. Mulloy, director of the space shuttle's solid rocket
booster program at the time of the Challenger disaster, announced he was retiring from the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
1987: Former White House political director Lyn Nofziger was charged
with violating federal ethics laws in a six-count indictment. (Nofziger was later
convicted of three counts of illegally lobbying White House officials; however, those
convictions were overturned by a federal appeals court.)
1988: The Reverend Jesse Jackson arrived in Atlanta for the Democratic
national convention, telling cheering supporters he was seeking "shared
responsibility" with nominee-apparent Michael Dukakis.
1989: Leaders of the seven major industrial democracies wrapped up
their economic summit in Paris with a call for "decisive action" to fight global
pollution.
1989: Conductor Herbert von Karajan died near Salzburg, Austria, at age
81.
1990: An earthquake measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale devastated the
Philippines, killing over 1,600 people. A thousand more were missing. It was the worst
earthquake in that part of the world since 1976.
1990: Soviet President Mikhail S. Gorbachev and West German Chancellor
Helmut Kohl announced that Moscow had agreed to drop its objection to a united Germany's
membership in NATO.
1991: Leaders of the group of Seven nations holding their economic
summit in London issued a communiqué calling for a "new spirit of cooperation"
in the international community.
1992: Bill Clinton delivered his acceptance speech a day after winning
the Democratic presidential nomination at the party's convention in New York.
1992: To the dismay and anger of supporters, Ross Perot announced he
would not run for president (however, he later changed his mind).
1992: A train carrying 2,200 tons of New York garbage that spent three
weeks winding its way through the Midwest headed home for burial in a Staten Island
landfill.
1993: The surging Mississippi River charged through a levee at West
Quincy, Missouri, closing the Bayview Bridge, the only bridge across the river to Illinois
for more than 200 miles.
1994: The first of 21 pieces of comet Shoemaker-Levy Nine smashed into
Jupiter, to the joy of astronomers awaiting the celestial fireworks. The collision began a
series of spectacular explosions.
1995: William Barloon and David Daliberti, the two Americans who were
imprisoned in Iraq for crossing the border from Kuwait four months earlier, were released.
1996: President Clinton told the National Governors Association he was
granting states new powers to deny benefits to recipients who refuse to move from welfare
to work.
1996: Russian President Boris Yeltsin met a day late with Vice
President Al Gore, easing some of the concerns about his fragile health.
1997: Hundreds of FBI agents, some handing out photos in gay bars and
hotels, blanketed south Florida in the continuing hunt for alleged
prostitute-turned-serial killer Andrew Phillip Cunanan, who was suspected of gunning down
designer Gianni Versace.
1998: The US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia refused to
block Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr from calling President Clinton's Secret Service
protectors before a grand jury.
1999: Stanley Kubrick's final film, "Eyes Wide Shut" starring
Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman, made its debut.
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2000: Families and friends of the victims of the TWA Flight 800 explosion broke ground for a new memorial on the Long Island shore not far from where the plane went down, killing all 230 people on board.
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