Israel's
Electronic broadcasting:
Reporting or Managing the News ?
9. References - Selected Bibliography of Works Consulted - Notes
Yisrael
Medad & Prof. Eli Pollak
Israels
Media Watch
"The Israel Broadcasting Authoritys obligations as a quasi-governmental institution include: objectivity, prevention of the politicization of the Authority, fairness, equality, no conflict of interests, and integrity in its decisions". Aaron Barak, President of Israels Supreme Court, Speech, May 13, 1996.
1.
Introduction - 2. Israels Broadcast Media - An
Overview
3. The
Ideological Identity and Credibility of Israels Media
4. The Media Treatment of the Oslo
Process
5. Rabins Assassination and the
following Week as Reflected in Channel Ones TV Broadcasts
6. The Israeli Broadcast Media During
the 1996 Election Campaign
7. Imbalance in the Israel Broadcasting
Authoritys Programs
8. Conclusion
9. References - Selected Bibliography of Works Consulted - Notes
9.
References - Selected Bibliography of Works Consulted - Notes
The following books, articles and research reports have served
the authors
in preparing this report and have provided them with insight and
understanding regarding the media and its personnel as well as a
source of
inspiration. Quotations are contained in the Notes section.
Adjudications of the Broadcasting Complaints Commission, UK, 1995
BBC, Producers Guidelines
Barnes, Fred, "The Media on Clinton: How Tough?", in
Forbes Media Critic,
The Best and
Worst of America's Journalism, Winter 1995, pp. 32-42
Barone, Michael, "The Return of Partisan Journalism" in
The American
Enterprise, March/April
1996, pp.29-32
Bozell III, L. Brent, "Does Today's News Media Manipulate
History?", in The
American
Enterprise, March/April 1996, pp. 34-36
Bozell III, L. Brent & Baker, Brent H., "And That's The
Way It Isn't - A
Reference Guide to
Media Bias", Media Research Center, VA, 1990
Broadcasting Standards Authority, New Zealand, Codes of
Broadcasting for
Radio and
Television, 1996
Conseil Superieur de l'Audiovisual, Les etudes CSA,
"Reglementation et
regulation
audiovisuelles en France", Janvier 1996
Diamond, Edwin and Silverman, Robert A., "White House to
Your House: Media
and Politics
in Virtual America", MIT Press, Cambridge, 1997
Fallows, James, "Breaking the News - How the Media Undermine
American
Democracy",
Vintage, NY, 1997
Fallows, James, "Why Americans Hate the Media" in The
Atlantic Monthly,
February 1996, pp.
45-64
Federal Communications Commission, "Complaints about
Broadcast Journalism",
September
1987
Goodwin, H. Eugene, "Groping for Ethics in Journalism",
Iowa State Univ.
Press,
Grossman, Lawrence K., The Electronic Republic - Reshaping
Democracy in the
Information
Age", Viking, NY, 1995
Haivri, Ofir, "The TV and Radio Cartel: It Doesn't Work,
Turn It Off",
Policy View, No. 11,
March 15, 1995, The Shalem Center
Jacobs, Lawrence R., and Shapiro, Robert Y., "Toward an
Integrated Study of
Political
Communications, Public Opinion and Policy-Making Process" in
PS: Political
Science &
Politics, March 1996, 10-13
McQuail, Denis, "Media Performance - Mass Communication and
the Public
Interest", SAGE,
London, 1992
Meritt, Davis, "Public Journalism and Public Life: Why
Telling the News is
Not Enough", LEA,
NJ, 1995
National Public Radio, "Sound Reporting - The NPR Guide to
Radio Journalism
and
Production", Marcus D. Rosenbaum and John Dinges (eds.),
Kendall/Hunt, IO,
1992
Press Complaints Commission (UK), Report No. 29, March-April 1995
Radio-Television News Directors Association (RTNDA), Code of
Ethics, 1987
Ramsden, Graham P., "Media Coverage of Issues and
Candidates: What Balance
is Appropriate in a Democracy?" in Political Science
Quarterly, Vol. 111
No. 1, 1996, pp. 65-81
Russell, Nick, "Morals and the Media: Ethics in Canadian
Journalism", UBC
Press, Vancouver,
1994
Society of Professional Journalists, Code of Ethics, 1996
Stone, Emerson, "What Balance Means", in Communicator,
April 1995
Wolfsfeld, Gadi, "Media and Political Conflict - News from
the Middle
East", Cambridge Univ.
Press, 1997
Notes:
1. Maariv daily newspaper, March 20, 1997
2. Maariv, "The Democratization of Public
Broadcasting", June 2, 1997
2(*). Gabi Butbol, a member of the IBA plenum, was in 1997 the
object of
improper exploitation
of professional media research procedures. In order to
offset his
criticism of them, the IBAs
Director-General, TV Director, Spokesperson and the producer of
the
Popolitika program unethically, and in an unauthorized fashion,
sought out
damaging personal
material on Butbol in an attempt to silence him. None of
those involved
were subjected to a disciplinary tribunal but instead, reprimands
were
entered into their
personal files. The High Court of Justice, on an appeal
brought by, among
others,
Israels Media Watch, did not find a basis to intervene,
seeing that as
the IBAs Chairperson acted with adequate rational, there
was no proper
cause for doing so.
3. Maariv, July 21, 1997
4. Makor Rishon weekly, February 6, 1998, p. 21
5. The Seventh Eye, Israel Democracy Institute, Jerusalem, Issue
No. 3
6. The Seventh Eye, op. cit., Issue No. 4
7. HaAretz, May 1; HaAretz, Maariv and Yediot
Ahronot, May 2 (with
additional
signatures)
8. Ms. Yechimovitz, acknowledged as a brilliant interviewer,
worked for the
now defunct Al HaMishmar daily, broadcast on Galatz and Kol
Yisrael. She
briefly appeared on television a few years ago and during the
1997-98
season moderated a media critique program, "Press
Conference" on TVs
Channel One.
9. Maariv, December 5, 1997
10. "No Mans Land", TV Channel One, June 5, 1996
11. "No Mans Land", May 28, 1997
12. Yediot Ahronot, November 9, 1995
13. Margalit, Dan, "These I Have Seen" (Hebrew),
Zamora-Beitan, 1997, p. 260
14. "Mabat", November 18, 1996
15. "All That Moves" Media Column,
"Jerusalem", February 9, 1996
16. Maariv, February 21, 1997
17. HaAretz, March 5, 1997
18. HaAretz, January 10, 1997
19. Maariv, October 17, 1997
20. Maariv, August 14, 1998
21. Otot, February 1998
22. HaAretz, January 7, 1994
23. Landres, Israel, ed., Yearbook of the Association of Tel Aviv
Journalists, 1998, p. 138
24. Report of the Activity of the Public Bodies (in Hebrew),
Israel
Broadcasting Authority,
October 1995-October 1996, p. 16
25. op. cit.
26. see, for example, the comments of Mordechai Gilat, "He
Shot Himself in
the Foot" (in Hebrew), Yediot Ahronot, July 23, 1998
27. Ma'ariv, June 19, 1998
28. Begin, Binyamin Zeev, "Of Lies and Of People" (in
Hebrew), Yediot
Ahronot,
Shabbat Supplement, p. 23
29. Interview with MK Benjamin Begin
30. Maariv, Shabbat Supplement, May 20, 1994, p. 5.
Avramovicz left Maariv later that year and since the summer
of 1995 has
been employed
as a regular commentator on a personal contract with the IBA.
31. Haaretz, Weekend Supplement, December 26, 1997
32. July 6, 1998, the "Its All Talk" program on
the Second Radio Program
33. Shamgar Commission Report, Chapter 4, paragraph 2, p. 26
34. op. cit., paragraph 4, p. 28
35. Educational Television Network, March 6, 1996, broadcast over
IBAs
Channel One TV
36. "New Evening" program, March 11, 1996
37. Epstein, Raya, "Israeli Bolshevism Disguised as Liberal
Democracy" in
Nativ, No. 56, Iyar 5757 - May 1997, pp. 47-48
38. Rosenblatt, Y., "Who Will Watch the Watchdogs?", Maariv,
June 6, 1998
39. As reported in HaAretz, Weekend Supplement, July 10,
1998, p. 16
40. Margalit, Dan, "I Have Seen Them All" (in Hebrew),
p. 260
41. Davar Rishon (now defunct), November 21, 1995.
42. Maariv, November 17, 1995
43. The term National Camp is used to describe the
wide range of
political parties (including the Likud, National Religious Party,
Tzomet,
Moledet, et al.) as well as extra-parliamentary groups (including
the
Yesha Council, Professors for a Secure Israel, Women in Green, Zo
Artzeinu
and the Maamatz Committee)
44. Shefer, Tamir, "A Late Ignition" (in Hebrew), HaAretz,
June 3, 1998
45. Shefer relayed, in a private conversation with the author,
that his
conceptualization preceded
its publication by several months.
46. HaAretz, Book Review Section, March 27, 1996
47. CEC Minutes, Meeting June 5, 1996
48. "Media File", June 6, 1996
49. The Seventh Eye, Issue No. 3, p. 18
50. Maariv, April 19, 1996
51. HaAretz, April 15, 1996
52. "Yoman", May 24, 1996
53. Davar Rishon, April 29, 1996
54. Letter dated June 20, 1996
55. see note 7 above and the article of Avi Posen in The Seventh
Eye, Issue
No. 3
56. see IMWs newspaper ad, "Danger - A Mobilized
Media!",
57. the letter is in the files of IMW
58. Caspit, B., Kfir, I. & "HaMitabdim"
(in Hebrew) p. 183
59. see note 19
60. "No Mans Land" program, May 28, 1997
61. Letter to Chedva Spiegel, T/312, dated February 8, 1996
62. see HaAretz, Weekend Magazine, October 24, 1997, p. 8
63. see Yediot Ahronot, October 19, 1997
64. a new edition of the Nakdi Document was published in
September 1998
after this
report was written
65. Following a series of subsequent complaints in May 1998,
Grayevsky
wrote the IMW that he had instructed Kol Yisrael director Amnon
Nadav to
"halt" (emphasis in the original) Golans remarks
containing personal
opinion but to no avail. Letter Grayevsky to IMW,
June 1, 1998
66. Ben-Simon, Daniel, "
" (in Hebrew) p. 13
67. "Yerushalayim", December 15, 1995
68. "Yoman", October 24, 1997
69. Appointed as the Attorney General in January 1997, Ronni
Bar-On
resigned within two days following the broadcast of a Channel One
news
item. Reporter Ayalah Chason accused Prime Minister
Netanyahu of choosing
Bar-On due to a convoluted political commitment made to the Shas
party
whereby Bar-On would grant amnesty to that partys head,
Aryeh Deri, in
return for Shas support for the Hebron redeployment. An
official
investigative committee found no proof for such an accusation.
70. "Seventh Eye", Issue 10
71. Weekend Supplement, September 14, 1997
72. Handwritten letter in possession of IMW
73. Annual of the Tel Aviv Journalists Association , 1998
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