JOSEPH COOK

9th PRIME MINISTER

24 JUN 1913 - 17 SEP 1914

Cook

"The most reliable and helpful of men" - Billy Hughes.

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Party

Electorate

State

Parliamentary Service

Ministerial Appointments

Acting Ministries

Committee Service

Conferences

Parliamentary Party Positions

Other Positions

Education

Occupations

Family History

Honours

Further Reading


‘Turncoat’ was one of the milder epithets applied by infuriated Labor men to Joseph Cook when he refused to sign the Solidarity pledge, deserted the party and joined the Free Traders. Probably Cook's religious convictions forbade him signing a pledge which would have made him vote according to the dictates of caucus, instead of those of his own conscience.

Cook's background was very similar to Fisher's. As a boy of nine he began work in the Staffordshire coalmines. When his father was killed in a mining accident, he found himself the sole supporter of his family at the age of 12. But this did not prevent him studying for the Methodist ministry, trying to educate himself and joining in union affairs.

In 1885, at the age of 25, he brought his new bride to New South Wales and started work in the Lithgow coalmines. He had abandoned hopes of the Methodist ministry but he retained those principles which opposed drinking, smoking, gambling and other frivolous pastimes. Years of lay-preaching had given him a fine turn of oratory, which he used as a union executive. In Lithgow he impressed union men so much that they soon made him secretary and president of the local lodge. In 1888 he led them in a demonstration against Chinese immigration, which they saw as a threat to their jobs.

A dignified and imposing figure, he was the district's natural choice of parliamentary candidate when Labor made its 1891 bid for a voice in the Colonial Parliament. And when the tariff question caused Labor parliamentarians to divide into those of Free Trade and those of Protectionist sympathies, they chose Cook as leader of the Free Trade group.

The way ahead seemed clear until Cook rejected the Solidarity pledge. A howl of outrage rose when he defected, enlisted under George Reid's banner and, in 1898, became a minister in Reid's colonial government.

Cook served Reid well as a loyal and able administrator and, in 1901, won the federal seat of Parramatta which he was to hold for 20 years.

Five years on the Free Trade backbenches appear to have crystallised his change of heart. The coalminer from affordshire, who had spoken out so ardently for God and the working class, became a committed conservative. He condemned Labor policies and, when he became deputy leader of the Free Traders, he was Reid's lieutenant in the anti-socialist campaign.

When Reid resigned, Cook stepped into the leadership in a climate which was bringing Free Traders and Protectionists closer together against the Labor threat. Cook allied his party with Deakin's and became deputy leader and Minister for Defence in what was generally known as the 'fusion' government.

As Minister for Defence he invited Lord Kitchener, the British military hero, to Australia to advise on the defence of the Commonwealth. Kitchener's recommendations inspired the Defence Act of 1909, providing for compulsory military training in peacetime and the establishment of Duntroon Military College. This legislation, together with laying the groundwork for the Royal Australian Navy, was probably Cook's most significant political achievement - although he was basically executing Deakin's defence plans for the nation.

The Labor landslide of 1910 overwhelmed the ‘fusion’ and Cook devoted the next three years to a gradual takeover from Deakin and construction of the new Liberal Party. He adopted the title from the Liberal Party of Great Britain, which professed "encouragement of democratic reforms and the abolition of aristocratic privileges" But when Cook's Liberals squeaked into power in 1913, they turned away from the reforming fervour of the Deakin and Fisher years. Party policy was increasingly conservative and anti-socialist. When Cook tried to improve his parliamentary position by forcing a double dissolution, the electors showed their opinion of the new party by giving Labor another victory.

Six weeks earlier, Britain had declared war on Germany and Australia rushed to join the fray. Cook assured Labor that his Liberals would do all they could to help the cause and the two parties worked together fairly amicably until the conscription issue of 1916 tore the Labor Party asunder. The Liberals joined ‘Billy' Hughes and his remaining Labor supporters in forming the Nationalist Party, with Hughes as Prime Minister and Cook as Minister for the Navy. Many people saw the Liberal move as yet another example of Cook's political opportunism.

But Hughes described Cook as "the most reliable and helpful of men" and, in 1919, took him to the Versailles Peace Conference. Cook's later comment on their roles at the conference was that "I did a lot of the yarding but Hughes did all the barking. That's what little dogs are for".


Parties
  • Free Trade
  • Liberal Party
  • Nationalist Party
  • Electorate Parramatta
    State New South Wales
    Parliamentary Service State
    Elected to the Legislative Assembly, New South Wales, for Hartley, July 1891. He held this seat until he was elected to the first Commonwealth Parliament..
    Federal
    Elected to House of Representatives for Parramatta, New South Wales, in general elections 1901, 1903, 1906, 1910, 1913, 1914 (unopposed), 1917, and 1919. Resigned his seat on 11 November 1921.
    Ministerial Appointments State
    Postmaster-General in Reid Ministry, from August 1894 to August 1898.
    Secretary for Mines and Agriculture, from August 1898 to September 1899.
    Federal
    Minister for Defence, from June 1909 to April 1910.
    Prime Minister from June 1913 to September 1914.
    Minister for Home Affairs, from June 1913 to September 1914.
    Deputy Prime Minister, from february 1917 to November 1921.
    Minister for the Navy, from February 1917 to July 1920.
    Treasurer, from July 1920 to November 1921.
    Acting Ministries Acting Prime Minister, from April to September 1921.
    Committee Service
    Member of Select Committee on Decimal Coinage, 1901.
    Member of Select Committee on Bonus for Manufactures Bill, 1902.
    Conferences
    Versailles Peace Conference, 1919.
    Parliamentary Party Positions State
    Leader of the parliamentary Labor group in the New South Wales Parliament during the early 1890s.
    Federal
    Deputy Leader of the Free Trade Party, 1904-08.
    Leader of the Free Trade Party, 1908.
    Deputy Leader of the Opposition, 1910-13.
    Leader of the Liberal Party, 1913-17.
    Leader of the Opposition, 1914-17.
    Deputy Leader of the Nationalist Party, 1917-21.
    Other Positions
    Elected to office in a number of political and industrial organisations in the 1880s and 1890s.
    Joined the Labour Defence Committee during the 1890 strike.
    Member of Royal Commission on Bonus for Manufactures Bill, 1903.
    Leader of the Australian Liberal League, 1904-[n.d.]
    Appointed High Commissioner for Australia in London, November 1921. Held this position until his retirement on 10 May 1927.
    Represented the Commonwealth at the League of Nations 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926 (twice).
    Chairman of the Royal Commission on the Finances of South Australia as Affected by Federation, 1928-29.
    Education Schooling
    No formal schooling. Studied bookkeeping during lunch breaks at work and at night; took part in debates at the local club. Also did some stenographic studies.
    Occupations
    Coalminer - worked in the coalmines of Staffordshire, England, beginning as a pit boy at age 9.
    After migrating to Australia he worked in the mines at Lithgow, New South Wales, 1885.
    Family History Born
    Born 7 December 1860 at Silverdale, Staffordshire, England.
    Eldest son of five children of William Cooke and Margaret Fletcher. His father died in 1873 when he was 12 years old. Migrated to Australia in 1885. Married Mary Turner in his early twenties. They had eight children.
    Died
    30 July 1947 at Bellevue Hill, New South Wales.
    Honours
    Privy Councillor, 1914.
    Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, 1920.
    Further Reading
    Australian Dictionary of Biography, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1981; v.8 (1891-1939): 96-9.
    Bebbington, G., Pit Boy, to Prime Minister: The Story of the Rt Hon. Sir Joseph Cook, PC, GCMG, Centre of Local & Community History, University, of Keele, Staffordshire, 1988.
    Dictionary of National Biography 1941-50, Oxford University Press, London, 1959: 173-4.
    Ellis, M.H., 'Joseph Cook: The Incredible Prime Minister', Bulletin, 10 November 1962: 20-2.
    Murdoch, John, Sir Joe: A Biographical Sketch of Sir Joseph Cook, Silverdale Historical Publication, Stoke-on-Trent, England, 1979.
    Murdoch, R.M., 'Joseph Cook: A Political Biography', PhD Thesis, University of New South Wales, 1968.

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