THE NIGHT OF TERROR IN CONSTANTINOPLE

Under the terms of the agreement regarding the exchange of populations in

the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, the Greek population of Constantinople-a

thriving community-and the muslim community residing in Western Thrace were

exempted from the exchange process.

In the beginning of the 20th century there were 300,000 Greeks residing in

Constantinople.

They had managed to survive there despite centuries of oppression and

persecution under the Ottoman yoke. But the Turks were determined to expel

all Greeks from their ancient home using all available means. Thus, the

Turks systematically used the following measures in order to accomplish

their objective :

a) In May 1941, large numbers of young men ranging in age from 18-38. were

conscripted into the Turkish army from the Greek and Armenian communities

The Turkish intention was to exterminate these young men through the

well-known method of <<forced-labour battalions>>. If this extermination

plan was not successful it was due to protests from the Western allies and

the defeat of the Germans in Stalingrad in December 1942. Seeing the tides

of war shifting, the Turkish authorities permitted the discharge of these

soldiers.

b) On 11 Noverriber 1942, the Turkish government passed a law regarding

taxation of property of non-muslims, known as the VA RLIK VE RGISI. Through

this !aw non-muslim citiizens had to submit, without the right to appeal, to

the discretion and arbitrary judgment of the tax clerks. The tax clerks, in

turn, were instructed to appraise property at amounts many times over the

actual value of each property. Then, if the individual concerned was unable

to make payments of the enormous tax share (quota), the property was seized

and the unfortunate owners were exiled to ACKALE, in Anatolia.

As a result (of the use) of these harsh and inhuman measures, by 1955 only

25,000 people were left, rather than the 450,000 that should have been their

number given a normal rate of growth in 35 years.

On the night of the 6th September 1955, and using the Cyprus situation as a

pretext, the Turks dealt the coupdegrace to the remaining inhabitants. The

whole story of this pogrom is as follows :

On Saturday the 3rd of September, 1955, the wife of the Turkish Consul in

Thessaloniki asked for, and received, from a photographer in Thessaloniki

supposedly for a keep-sake a series of photographs and films of the Turkish

Consulate and the neighboring home where Kemal Ataturk was born. The very

next day she and her family left for Turkey.

At ten past midnight on the 6th of September,1955, in the garden of the

Consulate, between the two buildings, dynamite exploded resulting in broken

windows in both buildings. The Greek authorities rushed immediately to the

scene. They established that two more explosive devices had been positioned

in the Consulate yard and that within the building there was only one

Turkish guard. In the investigation that followed it was determined that the

explosives were placed there by the guard and his accomplice, a Turkish

student at the Law School of the University of Thessaloniki, Oktai Egin

Faik, who had brought the dynamite from Turkey a few days earlier.

On the 6th of September, Turkish newspapers using forged versions of the

photos of the Turkish consul's wife and even before the explosion took place

in Greece, depicted Kemal's birthplace as totally destroyed. By the evening,

newspapers all over Turkey knew of the alleged destruction of Kemal's home

setting off waves of anger among the Turkish populace.

The Turkish authorities then transported large groups of people in trains

and military vehicles from Anatolia to Constantinople.

The attack by the angry mobs began at 5 : 50 P.M on the 6th of September

1955 and ended at 02 : 00 A.M on the 7th of September 1955. The police

calmly assisted and even guided the mobs, in their relentless path of

destruction.

At 00 : 20 A.M on the 7th of September 1955 martial law was finally

declared, at 02 : 00 A.M curfew began and at 02 : 30 A.M the authorities had

restored a semblance of order.

Screaming slogans <<Today your property, tomorrow your lives>> the mobs had

perpetrated terrible crimes. Those who guided them knew that by terrorizing

the last Greek residents of Constantinople they would compel them to desert

their homeland, once and for all. Simultaneously by destroying monuments

which were proof of the glorious Greek past of Constantinople, they would

eradicate even future reminders of the Greek presence.

The results of the vandalisms were :

the Theological School of Halki, the Marasleios School, The Monestary of

Valoukli, the Zappeio School for Girls and many other sites, suffered great

damage.

of the 83 Greek Orthodox churches in the <<Polis>> 59 were burned and most

others suffered serious damage to the icons and ancient paintings of great

value.

the tombs of Patriarchs were destroyed, Christian cemeteries and ossuaries

were defiled ;

3,000 homes were looted and destroyed ;

4348 Greek stores were looted and destroyed ;

200 Greek women were raped ;

hundreds of Greeks were ill-treated or tortured, such as the old Bishop of

Derkon Iakovos; the metropolitan of Ilioupolis Yennadios, whose beard was

cut off and who was then dragged through the streets so that he would die

shortly thereafter from ill-treatment; and Bishop Pamphilou Yennadios that

was thrown into the burned ruins of Valoukli;

15 Greeks were murdered and among them a 90 year old monk at the Valoukli

Monastery, Chrys. Mantas, who was burned alive. Many others in the monastery

were seriously wounded.

After the pogrom a great portion of the Greek population left Constantinople

to save their lives.

On the 20th of September,1975, in a special 35 page Survey section of the

influential English magazine, The Economist, it was written : <<Turkish

charges that the Moslem population in Western Thrace is harried by the Greek

authorities are gross exaggerations. In 1923 there were 300,000 Greeks

living in Constantinople and 110,000 Turks living in Thrace. Today, there

are 15,000 Greeks living in Istanbul and 120,000 Turks in Thrace. The Greeks

ask, with some justification, which country has been putting the pressure on

which minority>>. (Survey-15).

It is important for us to realize that today,1999, only 1,500 Greeks still

remain in Constantinople.

In the pages to follow you will find irrefutable photographic evidence of a

typical sample of Turkish cruelty, which managed to destroy the Hellenic

population of Constantinople.