IRELAND
See also CITY OF DUBLIN ROMAN CATHOLIC HIERARCHY IN IRELAND 1871 - 1945 CHURCH OF IRELAND
BRITISH IRELAND
The English conquest of the Irish Kingdoms and lordships started in 1171 when King Henry II (1133 - 1189, r. 1154 - 1189) landed on the island and was recognized as overlord by a number of local Irish rulers. In the course of the following centuries English rule was gradually extended over the whole island, which was proclaimed a Kingdom united in a personal union with England in 1541. The last remnants of Irish self government were abolished in 1801 when the island was fully integrated into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. (1) (1) Conquest was completed by the 17th century. But Irish resistance actually never ceased. See here for more. __________________________________________________________________________________BRITISH ADMINISTRATORS
(In the covered period all officials were members of the British Government. Those listed (C) also were members of the Cabinet) Lord Lieutenants 1868 - 1874 John Poyntz Spencer, Earl Spencer 1835 - 1910 1874 - 1876 James Hamilton, Duke of Abercorn (2x) 1811 - 1885 1876 - 1880 John Winston Churchill, Duke of Marlborough 1822 - 1883 1880 - 1882 Francis Thomas de Grey, Earl Cowper 1834 - 1905 1882 - 1885 John Poyntz Spencer, Earl Spencer (2x) (C) 1885 - 1886 Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, Earl of Carnarvon (C) 1831 - 1890 1886 John Campbell Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen 1847 - 1934 1886 - 1889 Charles Stewart Vane-Tempest-Stewart, Marquess of Londonderry 1852 - 1915 1889 - 1892 Lawrence Dundas, Earl of Zetland 1844 - 1929 1892 - 1895 Robert Offley Ashburton Crewe-Milnes, Baron Houghton 1858 - 1945 1895 - 1902 George Henry Cadogan, Earl Cadogan (C) 1840 - 1915 1902 - 1905 William Humble Ward, Earl of Dudley 1867 - 1932 1905 - 1915 John Campbell Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen (2x) 1915 - 1916 Ivor Churchill Guest, Viscount Wimborne 1873 - 1939 1916 vacant Lord Justices acting as Commissioners 1916 -Bernard Edward Barnaby Fitzpatrick, Baron Castletown 1849 - 1937 -Sir David Harrel 1841 - 1939 -Richard Robert Cherry 1859 - 1923 -James Owen Wylie 1845 - 1935 -Jonathan Pim 1858 - 1949 1916 - 1918 Ivor Churchill Guest, Viscount Wimborne (2x) 1918 - 1921 Fieldmarsh. John Denton Pinkstone French, Viscount French of Ypres (2) (C from oct 1918) 1852 - 1925 1921 - 1922 Edmund Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, Viscount Fitzalan of Derwent, first Catholic Lord Lieutenant since the union of 1801 1855 - 1947 (2) Some lists mention French as Lord Lieutenant for a first time in may - aug 1916, others (and some bio's) don't. As in the concerned period he was Commander of the Home Forces in the U.K. (dec 1915 - may 1918) it indeed seems very improbable that at the same time he formally also held the position of Lord Lieutenant. Some confusion may result from the fact that as Commander of the Home Forces he indeed was the highest (military) official in charge of the suppression of the Easter Rising in 1916. Chief Secretaries (With the notable exception of Viscount French (s.a.) - who had more power than any of his predeccessors - most Lord Lieutenants only performed some ceremonial tasks, leaving their secretaries - styled Chief Secretaries for Ireland - in charge of the actual administration of the island) 1868 - 1871 Chichester Samuel Parkinson-Fortescue (2x) (C) 1823 - 1898 1871 - 1874 Spencer Compton Cavendish, Marquis of Hartington (C) 1833 - 1908 1874 - 1878 Sir Michael Edward Hicks-Beach (C from aug 1876) 1837 - 1916 1878 - 1880 James Lowther 1840 - 1904 1880 - 1882 William Edward Forster(C) 1818 - 1886 1882 Frederick Charles Cavendish, Earl Cavendish 1836 - 1882 1882 - 1884 Sir George Otto Trevelyan 1838 - 1928 1884 - 1885 Henry Campbell-Bannerman 1836 - 1908 1885 - 1886 Sir William Hart Dyke 1837 - 1931 1886 William Henry Smith (C) 1825 - 1891 1886 John Morley (C) 1838 - 1922 1886 - 1887 Sir Michael Edward Hicks-Beach (2x)(C) 1837 - 1916 1887 - 1891 Sir Arthur James Balfour (C) 1848 - 1930 1891 - 1892 Willliam Lawies Jackson 1840 - 1917 1892 - 1895 John Morley (2x) (C) 1895 - 1900 Gerald William Balfour 1853 - 1945 1900 - 1905 George Wyndham (C) 1863 - 1913 1905 Walter Hume Long (C) 1854 - 1924 1905 - 1907 James Bryce (C) 1838 - 1922 1907 - 1916 Augustine Birrell (C) 1850 - 1933 1916 none 1916 - 1918 Henry Edward Duke (C) 1855 - 1939 1918 - 1919 Edward Shortt (C) 1862 - 1935 1919 - 1920 James Ian Mcpherson (C) 1880 - 1937 1920 - 1922 Sir James Hamar Greenwood (C) 1870 - 1948 Under Secretaries (Permanent officials managing the daily administration) 1869 - 1882 Thomas Henry Burke 1829 - 1882 1882 - 1886 Robert George Crookshank Hamilton 1836 - 1895 1886 - 1887 MajGen. Sir Redvers Henry Buller 1839 - 1908 1887 - 1893 Col. Sir Joseph West Ridgeway 1844 - 1930 1893 - 1902 David Harrel s.a. 1902 - 1908 Sir Antony Patrick MacDonnell 1844 - 1925 1908 - 1914 Sir James Brown Dougherty 1844 - 1934 1914 - 1916 LtCol. Sir Matthew Nathan 1862 - 1939 1916 Sir Robert Chalmers 1858 - 1938 1916 - 1918 Sir William Patrick Byrne 1859 - 1935 1918 - 1920 James MacMahon 1865 - 1954 1920 - 1922 Sir John Anderson 1882 - 1958 Lord Chancellors of Ireland 1868 - 1874 Thomas O'Hagan, Baron of Tullyhogue (since 1870) 1812 - 1885 1874 - 1875 none Commissioners 1874 - 1875 -Sir Joseph Napier 1804 - 1882 -James Lewis -William Brook 1875 - 1880 John Thomas Ball 1815 - 1898 1880 - 1881 Thomas O'Hagan, Baron of Tullyhogue (2x) 1881 - 1883 Hugh Law 1818 - 1883 1883 - 1885 Sir Edward Sullivan 1822 - 1885 1885 John Naish 1841 - 1890 1885 - 1886 Edward Gibson, Baron Ashbourne (C) 1837 - 1913 1886 John Naish (2x) 1886 - 1892 Edward Gibson, Baron Ashbourne (2x) (C) 1892 - 1895 Samuel Walker 1832 - 1911 1895 - 1905 Edward Gibson, Baron Ashbourne (3x) (C) 1905 - 1911 Sir Samuel Walker (2x) 1911 - 1913 Redmond John Barry 1866 - 1913 1913 - 1918 Ignatius John O'Brien 1857 - 1930 1918 - 1921 Sir James Henry Musson Campbell 1851 - 1931 1921 - 1922 Sir John Ross 1854 - 1935 LAW OFFICERS Attorneys General 1870 - 1872 Charles Robert Barry 1825 - 1897 1872 Richard Dowse 1824 - 1890 1872 - 1874 Christopher Palles 1831 - 1920 1874 Hugh Law s.a. 1874 - 1875 John Thomas Ball s.a. 1875 Henry W. Ormsby 1812 - 1887 1875 - 1877 George Augustus Chchester May 1815 - 1892 1877 - 1880 Edward Gibson s.a. 1880 - 1881 Hugh Law (2x) 1881 - 1883 William Moore Johnson 1828 - 1918 1883 Andrew Marshall Porter 1837 - 1919 1883 - 1885 John Naish s.a. 1885 Samuel Walker s.a. 1885 - 1886 Hugh Holmes 1840 - 1916 1886 Samuel Walker (2x) 1886 - 1887 Hugh Holmes (2x) 1887 - 1888 John George Gibson 1846 - 1923 1888 - 1889 Peter O'Brien 1842 - 1914 1889 - 1892 Dodgson Hamilton Madden 1840 - 1928 1892 John Atkinson 1844 - 1932 1892 - 1895 The MacDermot Hugh Hyacinth O'Rorke MacDermot, Prince of Coolavin 1834 - 1904 1895 - 1905 John Atkinson (2x) 1905 - 1909 James Henry Musson Campbell s.a. 1909 - 1911 Redmond John Barry s.a. 1911 - 1912 Charles Andrew O'Connor 1854 - 1928 1912 - 1913 Ignatius John O'Brien s.a. 1913 - 1914 John Francis Moriarty 1854 - 1915 1914 - 1915 Jonathan Pim s.a. 1915 - 1916 John Gordon 1849 - 1922 1916 - 1917 James Henry Musson Campbell (2x) 1917 - 1918 James O'Connor 1872 - 1931 1918 - 1919 Arthur Warren Samuels 1852 - 1925 1919 - 1921 Denis Stanislaus Henry 1864 - 1925 1921 Thomas Watters Brown 1879 - 1944 1921 - 1922 none Solicitors General 1870 - 1872 Richard Dowse s.a. 1872 Christopher Palles s.a. 1872 - 1874 Hugh Law s.a. 1874 - 1875 Henry Ormsby s.a. 1875 - 1877 David Robert Plunket 1838 - 1919 1877 - 1878 Gerald Fitzgibbon 1837 - 1909 1878 - 1880 Hugh Holmes s.a. 1880 - 1881 William Moore Johnson s.a. 1881 - 1883 Andrew Marshall Porter s.a. 1883 John Naish s.a. 1883 - 1885 Samuel Walker s.a. 1885 The MacDermot Hugh Hyacinth O'Rorke MacDermot, Prince of Coolavin s.a. 1885 John Monroe 1839 - 1899 1885 - 1886 John George Gibson s.a. 1886 The MacDermot Hugh Hyacinth O'Rorke MacDermot, Prince of Coolavin (2x) 1886 - 1887 John George Gibson (2x) 1887 - 1888 Peter O'Brien s.a. 1888 - 1889 Dodgson Hamilton Madden s.a. 1889 - 1892 John Atkinson s.a. 1892 Edward Carson 1854 - 1935 1892 - 1895 Charles Hare Hemphill 1822 - 1908 1895 - 1898 William Kenny 1846 - 1921 1898 - 1900 Dunbar Plunket Barton 1853 - 1937 1900 - 1901 George Wright 1847 - 1913 1901 - 1904 James Henry Musson Campbell s.a. 1904 - 1909 Redmond John Barry s.a. 1909 - 1911 Charles Andrew O'Connor s.a. 1911 - 1912 Ignatius John O'Brien s.a. 1912 - 1913 Thomas Francis Molony 1865 - 1949 1913 John Francis Moriarty s.a. 1913 - 1914 Jonathan Pim s.a. 1914 - 1917 James O'Connor s.a. 1917 - 1918 Arthur Warren Samuels s.a. 1918 John Blake Powell 1862 - 1923 1918 - 1919 Denis Stanislaus Henry s.a. 1919 - 1921 David Martin Wilson 1862 - 1932 1921 Thomas Watters Brown s.a. 1921 - 1922 none _______________________________________________________________________________IRISH NATIONALIST LEADERS
(only the major movements are listed) THE IRISH PARLIAMENTARY PARTY AND THE HOME RULE ACT OF 1914 The Irish Parliamentary Party - also known as the Irish Nationalist Party and the Home Rule Party - grew out of the Home Government Association founded in 1870. It was trying to obtain some kind of home rule for Ireland by peacefull parliamentary means. This aim was nearly achieved in 1914 when a Bill granting home rule to the counties voting in favour was signed, despite opposition of the Unionists. As a result of the outbreak of WWI it was suspended and so actually never brought into effect. Leaders 1870 - 1879 Isaac Butt, leader of the Home Government Association and thereafter of the Home Rule League and of the Irish Parliamentary Party 1813 - 1879 1879 - 1880 William Shaw 1823 - 1895 1880 - 1890 Charles Stewart Parnell 1846 - 1891 1890 - 1900 none. (Party split into several factions) 1900 - 1918 John Redmond 1856 - 1918 1918 John Dillon 1851 - 1927 After the Rising of 1916 the party gradually lost all importance, disappearing from Southern Irish political life in 1918 and only surviving as a minor party in Northern Ireland. THE IRISH REPUBLICAN BROTHERHOOD AND THE EASTER RISING OF 1916 The Irish Republic Brotherhood was founded in 1858. Unlike the Irish Parliamentary Party it was disposed to use military means to achieve the creation of an independent Irish State. After the failed "Fenian" revolts of the 1860ties in Canada, the movement temporarily lost its importance, before being revived at the turn of the century. In may 1915 a secret Military Council was established to prepare an anti-British rising, which accured on apr 26 1916 when the IRB - supported by members of other organizations like Sinn Féin - seized several buildings in Dublin and proclaimed the Irish Republic (Poblacht na h-Éireann) Badly prepared, the rising was quelled by the British after only four days. Presidents of the Supreme Council of the IRB ... Military Council of the IRB (may 1915 - apr 1916) 1915 - 1916 -Patrick Henry Pearse (Pádraig Mac Piarais) 1879 - 1916 -Joseph Mary Plunkett 1887 - 1916 -Thomas "Tom" James Clarke (joined sep 1915) 1858 - 1916 -Sean Mac Diarmada (joined sep 1915) 1884 - 1916 -James Connolly (joined jan 1916) 1868 - 1916 -Thomas MacDonagh (joined apr 1916) 1878 - 1916 Provisional Government of the Republic of Ireland (the Militay Council proclaimed itself the Provisional Government of the Republic after its initial successes) 1916 -Patrick Henry Pearse (President) s.a. -Joseph Mary Plunkett (Director of Military Operations) s.a. -Thomas "Tom" James Clarke s.a. -Sean Mac Diarmada s.a. -James Connolly s.a. -Thomas MacDonagh s.a. -Eamonn Ceannt 1881 - 1916 After 1918 the IRB - now headed by Michael Collins (see below) - continued to have some importance until 1924 when it was disbanded. SINN FÉIN AND THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE The political party Sinn Féin (We Ourselves) was founded in 1905. Some of its members participated in the Easter Rising of 1916, but the party only became the leading Irish nationalist organization in 1918 when it won the elections for the British Parliament. The elected candidates decided however not to take thier seat and instead organized a separate Irish Parliament (the Dáil Éireann) which proclaimed an independent Irish Republic and created its own government (jan 21 1919) At the same time the Irish Republican Army - IRA, the armed forces of the Republic - launched an attack against Irish police forces, hereby initiating the so called War of Independence, that would lats until 1921 jul 11, when a truce was signed with the British Commander. (3) Party Presidents 1905 - 19.. John Sweetman 1844 - 19.. - 1917 Arthur Griffith 1872 - 1922 1917 - 1926 Eamon de Valera 1882 - 1975 1926 - 1930 Seán O'Ceallaigh 1872 - 1957 1930 - 1937 ... 1937 - 1950 Margaret Buckley° (Bean Uí Bhuachalla) 1879 - 1962 After the division of Ireland and the creation of the Irish Free State, Sinn Féin continued to claim the unification of the whole island into one republic, but after de Valera had left the party in 1926 to found the more pragmatic Fianna Fáil, it temporarily lost all importance. Heads of the Republican Administration (jan 1919 - jan 1922) Presidents of the Dáil Éireann 1919 Cathal Brugha 1874 - 1922 1919 - 1921 Eamon de Valera s.a. President of the Repuiblic 1921 - 1922 Eamon de Valera s.a. Ministers - Secretaries of State (the Ministers were styled Secretaries of State from aug 1921 to jan 1922) Ministers - Secretaries of State of Foreign Affairs 1919 - 1921 George Noble, Count Plunkett 1851 - 1948 1921 - 1922 Arthur Griffith s.a. Ministers - Secretaries of State of Defence 1919 Gen. Richard James Mulcahy 1886 - 1971 1919 - 1922 Cathal Brugha s.a. Ministers - Secretaries of State of Home Affairs 1919 Gen. Michael Collins 1890 - 1922 1919 - 1921 Arthur Griffith s.a. 1921 - 1922 Austin Stack 1879 - 1929 Ministers - Secretaries of State of Local Government 1919 none 1919 - 1922 William Thomas Cosgrave (Liam Tomás Mac Cosgair) 1880 - 1965 Ministers - Secretaries of State of Finance 1919 Eoin MacNeill 1867 - 1945 1919 - 1922 Gen. Michael Collins s.a. Minister for Irish 1919 - 1920 none 1920 - 1921 Seán O'Ceallaigh s.a. 1921 - 1922 none (3) British Military Commanders in Ireland since the Easter Rising. 1916 LtGen. Sir John Grenfell Maxwell (nicknamed Bloody Maxwell by the Irish) 1859 - 1929 1917 - 1918 Gen. Sir Bryan Thomas Mahon 1862 - 1930 1918 - 1920 LtGen. Sir Frederick Charles Shaw 1861 - 1942 1920 - 1922 Gen. Sir Cecil Frederick Nevil MacReady 1862 - 1945 THE END OF BRITISH IRELAND On dec 23 1920, in an attempt to resolve the Irish Question the British Government issued the Government of Ireland Act whereby Ireland was divided into two separate selfgoverning states, each with its own parliament and government (4) : - Northern Ireland, encompasing the north eastern counties of the island (Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry and Tyrone) and the cities of Belfast and Londonderry. - Southern Ireland, encompasing the rest of the island. (4) The U.K. was only to remain in charge of such matters as foreign affairs, defence, coinage, wireless communications and postal affairs. The British Crown was to be represented by a Lord Lieutenant common to both parts and a Coucnil of Ireland - never really functioning - was to handle common matters.
NORTHERN IRELAND
The system described above went into effect in Northern Ireland after the local elections of may 1921. __________________________________________________________________________________ROYAL REPRESENTATIVES
1921 - 1922 The last Lieutenant Governor of Ireland s.a. Governor 1922 - 1945 James Albert Edward Hamilton, Duke of Abercorn 1869 - 1953 __________________________________________________________________________________MINISTERS
Prime Ministers 1921 - 1940 Sir James Craig, Viscount Craigavon (1927) 1871 - 1940 1940 - 1946 John Miller Andrews 1871 - 1956 1943 - 1963 Sir Basil Stanlake Brooke 1888 - 1973 Ministers of Home Affairs 1921 - 1943 Sir Richard Dawson Bates 1876 - 1949 1943 - 1944 William Lowry 1884 - 1949 1944 - 1946 John Edmond Warnock 1887 - 1972 Ministers of Public Security (a temporary ministry for the duration of WWII) 1940 - 1941 John Clarke MacDermott 1896 - 1979 1941 - 1943 William Grant 1877 - 1949 1943 - 1944 Henry Cassidy Midgley 1893 - 1957 Ministers of Finance 1921 - 1937 Hugh MacDowell Pollock 1852 - 1937 1937 - 1941 John Miller Andrews s.a. 1941 - 1943 John Milne Barbour 1868 - 1951 1943 - 1953 Maj. John Maynard Sinclair 1896 - 1953 LAW OFFICERS Attorneys General (no members of the cabinet) 1921 - 1925 Richard Best 1872 - 1939 1925 - 1937 Anthony Brutus Babington 1877 - 1972 1937 - 1939 Edward Sullivan Murphy 1880 - 1945 1939 - 1941 Arthur Black 1888 - 1968 1941 - 1944 John Clarke MacDermott s.a. 1944 - 1947 William Lowry s.a. __________________________________________________________________________________PARTY LEADERS
The Unionist Movement was born in the 19th century out of a reaction of the English and Scottish - mainly Anglican or Protestant - inhabitants of the northern counties against the possible granting of home rule to Ireland, an evolution which would have reduced them to a minority in mainly Catholic Ireland. The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) was formally founded in 1805 and became the leading party of the province after 1920. Leaders 1885 - 1906 Col. Edward James Saunderson 1837 - 1906 1906 - 1910 Walter Hume Long s.a. 1910 - 1921 Sir Edward Carson 1854 - 1935 1921 - 1940 Sir James Craig, Viscount Craigavon (1927) s.a. 1940 - 1946 John Miller Andrews s.a.
SOUTHERN IRELAND
SOUTHERN IRELAND IN 1922
Unlike in Nortern Ireland the system forseen in the Government of Ireland Act was never fully implemented in the southern part of the island. Instead it was replaced by the provisions of an Anglo-Irish Treaty of dec 06 1921, whereby the concerned part of Ireland was to become a self governing dominion of the British Commonwealth. Until the coming into effect of these provisions the country was to be governed by a provisional government. (1) (1) The signature of the Treaty was contested by hard-liners of the republican movement (in Sinn Féin, in the IRB and in the IRA). On apr 13 1922 they seized several buildings in Dublin, hereby initiating a Civil War that would last until may 24 1923, when they surrendered. Although a Republican Government was proclaimed in oct 1922, the movement was mainly a military affair until apr 1923. It was only after the death of Lynch that civilian authorities really assumed power, actually only to negociate surrender. Chiefs-of-Staff of the Anti-Treaty IRA 1922 - 1923 Gen. Liam Lynch 1893 - 1923 1923 Gen. Frank Aiken 1898 - 1983 President of the Republic 1922 - 1923 Eamon de Valera s.a. __________________________________________________________________________________ROYAL REPRESENTATIVE
1922 The last Lieutenant Governor of Ireland s.a. __________________________________________________________________________________MINISTERS
There actually were three separate administrations in Southern Ireland for most of 1922 : - the formal Irish Provisional Government established after the ratification of the Anglo Irish Treaty, - the British administration gradually transferring its tasks to the Provisional Government, - the ongoing "rebel" Dáil Éireann government. Note The provisional government and the Dáil Éireann government partly overlapped : Michael Collins was at the same time Minister of Finance in the Dáil Governemnt and Chairman and Minister of Finance in the Provisional Government, etc. PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENTS (jan - sep 1922) Chairmen of the Provisional Government and Ministers of Finance 1922 Gen. Michael Collins s.a. 1922 William Thomas Cosgrave s.a. Minister of External Affairs 1922 none 1922 Desmond Fitzgerald 1889 - 1947 Minister of Defence 1922 none 1922 Gen. Richard James Mulcahy s.a. Ministers of Home Affairs 1922 Eamon (Edmund) John Duggan 1874 - 1936 1922 Kevin Christopher O'Higgins 1892 - 1927 Ministers of Local Government 1922 William Thomas Cosgrave s.a. 1922 Ernest Blythe (Eárnan de Blaghd) 1889 - 1975 Law officer (not a member of the Cabinet) 1922 Hugh Boyle Kennedy 1879 - 1936 DÁIL ÉIREANN GOVERNMENTS (jan - sep 1922) President of the Dáil Éireann 1922 Arthur Griffith s.a. 1922 none Ministers of External Affairs 1922 George Gavan Duffy 1882 - 1951 1922 Arthur Griffith s.a. 1922 Michael Hayes 1889 - 1976 Minister of Defence 1922 Gen. Richard James Mulcahy s.a. de facto after his appointment as Commander in Chief (in jul - aug 1922) 1922 Gen. Michael Collins s.a. Minister of Home Affairs 1922 Eamon (Edmund) John Duggan s.a. Minister of Local Government 1922 William Thomas Cosgrave s.a. Ministers of Finance 1922 Gen. Michael Collins s.a. 1922 none PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT AND DÁIL ÉIREANN GOVERNMENT COMBINED (sep - dec 1922) Chairman of the Provisional Government, President of the Dáil and Minister of Finance 1922 William Thomas Cosgrave s.a. Minister of External Affairs 1922 Desmond Fitzgerald s.a. Minister of Defence 1922 Gen. Richard James Mulcahy s.a. Minister of Home Affairs 1922 Kevin Christopher O'Higgins s.a. Minister of Local Government 1922 Ernest Blythe s.a. Law officer (not a member of the Cabinet) 1922 Hugh Boyle Kennedy s.a.
IRISH FREE STATE
The Irish Free State was proclaimed on dec 06 1922 __________________________________________________________________________________HEADS OF STATE
Kings 1922 - 1937 The Kings of the United Kingdom (2) Governors General 1922 - 1928 Timothy "Tim" Michael Healy 1855 - 1931 1928 - 1932 James McNeill 1869 - 1938 1932 none 1932 - 1936 Domhnall Ua Buachalla (3) 1865 - 1963 1936 - 1937 none (2) (2) After the abdication of King Edward VIII (1894 - 1972, r. in Ireland 1936) the powers of his successor George VI (1895 - 1952, r. formally in Ireland 1936 - 1949) were restricted to some symbolic functions in foreign affairs (signing international treaties on Ireland's behalf, accepting credentials of foreign ambassadors to Ireland, etc.) His domestic powers were taken over by : - Francis "Frank" Patrick Fahy (Próinsias Pádraig O'Fáthaigh), Chairman of the Dáil Éireann 1880 - 1953 and - Eamon de Valera, President of the Executive Council s.a. (3) Although the style of Governor General was not formally dropped and still continued to be used in documents, Ua Buachalla commonly used the ancient Irish title of Seanascal __________________________________________________________________________________MINISTERS
Prime Ministers Presidents of the Executive Council 1922 - 1932 William Thomas Cosgrave s.a. 1932 - 1937 Eamon de Valera s.a. Ministers of External Affairs 1922 - 1927 Desmond Fitzgerald 1889 - 1947 1927 Kevin Christopher O'Higgins 1892 - 1927 1927 William Thomas Cosgrave* s.a. 1927 - 1932 Patrick McGilligan 1889 - 1979 1932 - 1937 Eamon de Valera s.a. Ministers of Defence 1922 - 1924 Gen. Richard James Mulcahy s.a. 1924 William Thomas Cosgrave s.a. 1924 - 1927 Peter Hughes 1927 - 1932 Desmond Fitzgerald s.a. 1932 - 1937 Frank Aiken s.a. Ministers of Home Affairs and of Justice The Ministry of Home Affairs was renamed Ministry of Justice in 1924. Minister of Home Affairs 1922 - 1924 Kevin Christopher O'Higgins s.a. Ministers of Justice 1924 - 1927 Kevin Christopher O'Higgins s.a. 1927 William Thomas Cosgrave* s.a. 1927 - 1932 James Fitzgerald-Kenney 1878 - 1956 1932 - 1933 James Geoghegan 1886 - 1951 1933 - 1937 Patrick Joseph Ruttledge 1892 - 1952 Ministers of Local Government The Ministry of Local Government was renamed Ministry of Local Government and Public Health in 1924. Ministers of Local Government 1922 - 1923 Ernest Blythe 1889 - 1975 1923 - 1924 James Aloysius Burke (not a member of the Executive Council) 1893 - Ministers of Local Government and Public Health 1924 - 1927 James Aloysius Burke (not a member of the Executive Council) s.a. 1927 - 1932 Gen. Richard James Mulcahy s.a. 1932 - 1937 Seán Thomas O'Kelly 1883 - 1966 Ministers of Finance 1922 - 1923 William Thomas Cosgrave s.a. 1923 - 1932 Ernest Blythe s.a. 1932 - 1937 John Francis "Seán" MacEntee 1899 - 1984 LAW OFFICERS Attorneys General (no members of the Executive Council) 1922 - 1924 Hugh Boyle Kennedy s.a. 1924 - 1926 John O'Byrne 1884 - 1954 1926 - 1932 John Aloysius Costello 1891 - 1976 1932 - 1936 Conor Alexander Maguire 1889 - 1971 1936 James Geoghegan s.a. 1936 - 1937 Patrick Lynch 1... - 1947
ÉIRE (IRELAND)
In 1937 the name of the Free State was changed to Éire (= Ireland) as an indication that the state still claimed the whole island. At the same time a new constitution was proclaimed, turning the country into a republic in all but in name. (4) (4) The only link with the British Crown that remained was the right of the British monarchs to represent the country in its foreign relations like they did since dec 1936. __________________________________________________________________________________HEADS OF STATE
Presidents 1937 - 1938 none Presidential Commission 1937 - 1938 -Timothy Sullivan, Chief Justice 1874 - 1949 -Frank Fahy, Chairman of the Dáil Éireann s.a. -Conor Alexander Maguire, Judge of the High Court s.a. 1938 - 1945 Douglas Hyde 1860 - 1949 __________________________________________________________________________________MINISTERS
Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs 1937 - 1948 Eamon de Valera s.a. Ministers of Defence Ministers of Defence 1937 - 1939 Frank Aiken s.a. 1939 - 1948 Oscar Traynor 1886 - 1963 Minister for the Coordination of Defence Measures (a temporary office created for the duration of WWII) 1939 - 1945 Frank Aiken s.a. Ministers of Justice 1937 - 1939 Patrick Joseph Ruttledge s.a. 1939 - 1948 Gerald Boland 1885 - 1973 Ministers of Local Government and Public Health 1937 - 1939 Seán Thomas O'Kelly s.a. 1939 - 1941 Patrick Jospeh Ruttledge s.a. 1941 Eamon de Valera s.a. 1941 - 1947 John Francis "Seán" MacEntee s.a. Ministers of Finance 1937 - 1939 John Francis "Seán" MacEntee s.a. 1939 - 1945 Seán Thomas O'Kelly s.a. LAW OFFICERS Attorneys General (no members of the Cabinet) 1937 - 1940 Patrick Lynch s.a. 1940 - 1942 Kevin O'Hanrahan Haugh 1901 - 1959 1942 - 1946 Kevin Dixon 1902 - 1959
CITY OF DUBLIN
The ancient Irish settlement of Dublin - first known as Eblana, later as Dubh-linn and Baile Átha Cliath - was occupied by the English in 1171. It then became the centre of English/British rule over the island and in 1922 it became the capital of independent Ireland. __________________________________________________________________________________CHIEF EXECUTIVES
Lord Mayors 1871 Patrick Bulfin 1814 - 1871 1871 John Campbell (2x) 1872 Robert Garde Durdin 1818 - 1878 1873 Sir James William Mackey (2x) 1816 - 1892 1874 Maurice Brooks 1875 Peter Paul McSwiney (2x) 18.. - 1884 1876 Sir George Bolster Owens 1809 - 1896 1877 - 1878 Hugh Tarpey 1821 - 1898 1879 Sir John Barrington (2x) 1824 - 1887 1880 Edmund Dwyer Gray 1845 - 1888 1881 Sir George Moyers 1836 - 1916 1882 - 1883 Charles Dawson 1842 - 1884 William Meagher 1885 John O'Connor 1837 - 1891 1886 - 1887 Timothy Daniel Sullivan 1827 - 1914 1888 - 1889 Thomas Sexton 1848 - 1932 1890 Edward Joseph Kennedy 1891 - 1892 Joseph Michael Meade 1839 - 1900 1893 James Shanks 1894 - 1895 Valentine Blake Dillon 1845 - 1896 - 1897 Richard F. McCoy 1897 - 1900 Daniel Tallon 1900 - 1901 Sir Thomas Devereux Pile 1856 - 1931 1901 - 1904 Timothy Charles Harrington 1851 - 1910 1904 - 1906 Joseph Hutchinson 1852 - 1928 1906 - 1908 Joseph Patrick Nannetti 1851 - 1915 1908 - 1909 Gerald O'Reilly 1909 - 1910 William Coffey 1910 - 1911 Michael Doyle 1911 - 1912 John J. Farrell 1912 - 1915 Lorcan G. Sherlock 1915 - 1917 James Mitchell Gallagher 1917 - 1924 Laurence O'Neill Commissioners In 1924 municipal government was replaced by a direct state administration under the supervision of the Ministry of Local Government (until 1930). 1924 - 1930 -Seamus O Murchadha -Patrick J. Hernon -William C. Dwyer Lord Mayors 1930 - 1939 Alfred "Alfie" Byrne 1882 - 1956 1939 - 1941 Caitlín Bean Ui Chléirigh° 1941 - 1943 Peadar Seán Ua Dubhghaill 1943 - 1945 Martin O'Sullivan 1945 - 1946 Peadar Seán Ua Dubhghaill (2x)
CHURCH OF IRELAND
Anglicanism was introduced in Ireland in the 16th century and a regular hierarchy - co existing with the Roman Catholic one - was established. Originally encompasing four provinces, it was reduced to two (Armagh and Dublin) in 1839. The hierarchy remained unchanged after the political division of 1920 - 1922. __________________________________________________________________________________ARMAGH
The original Catholic Diocese of Armagh was erected in 445. A separate Anglican Archdiocese was created in 1536. Archbishops of Armagh and Primates of all Ireland 1862 - 1885 Marcus Gervais Beresford 1801 - 1885 1886 - 1893 Robert Bent Knox 1808 - 1893 1893 - 1896 Robert Samuel Gregg 1834 - 1896 1896 - 1911 William Alexander 1824 - 1911 1911 - 1920 John Baptist Crozier 1858 - 1920 1920 - 1938 Charles Frederick D'Arcy 1859 - 1938 1938 Charles Godfrey Fitzmaurice Day 18.. - 1938 1939 - 1959 John Allen Fitzgerald Gregg 1873 - 1961 After the division of 1920 - 1922 Armagh covered Northern Ireland : - Armagh itself, the suffragan dioceses of Clogher and of Derry and Raphoe were partly in Northern Ireland and partly in Southern Ireland. - the suffragan dioceses of Connor and of Down and Dromore were completely in Northern Ireland. __________________________________________________________________________________DUBLIN
The original Catholic Diocese of Dublin was erected in 633. A separate Anglican Archdiocese was created in 1536. Archbishops of Dublin and Primates of Ireland 1864 - 1884 Richard Chenevix Trench 1807 - 1886 1884 - 1897 William Conyngham Plunket, Baron Plunket 1828 - 1897 1897 - 1915 Joseph Ferguson Peacocke 1835 - 1916 1915 - 1919 John Henry Bernard 1860 - 1927 1919 - 1920 Charles Fredrick D’Arcy s.a. 1920 - 1939 John Allen Fitzgerald Gregg s.a. 1939 - 1956 Arthur William Barton 1881 - 1962
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