ENV 103 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZZES #1 AND #2
2. The following organisms are prokaryotes:
3. Indicate which of the following sequences is the correct order for decreasing size:
4. Which of the following entities is not considered a living organism:
5. T or F: The number 106 equals 1,000,000
6. Which of the following methods are ways to study microorganisms?
7. Three shapes or forms of bacteria are:
8. Cyanobacteria and green algae appear green due to:
9. Which of the following combinations of gases surrounded the Earth 5 billion years ago?
10. Life on Earth began as:
11. T or F: An organic compound must contain carbon and oxygen.
12. Which of the following lists of events occurred during the "Golden Age of Microbiology" (1857-1914):
13. T or F: Your body does not contain any biofilms.
14. Which of the following relationships best exemplifies an antagonistic relationship:
15. "Normal flora" organisms of humans:
16. T or F: An communicable disease is always infectious, but an infectious disease is not always communicable.
17. Direct transmission of a disease:
18. Which of the following items is considered a fomite:
19. Which of the following insects is a vector for hantavirus?
20. Invasiveness of a microorganism is its:
21. Which of the following is the least likely portal of entry into the body for microorganisms:
22. Which of the following bacterial cell products can aid the microorganism to cause disease and/or evade a host's defenses?
23. T or F: In order for the disease process to begin, a bacterium must first attach itself to an epithelial cell in or on the body.
24. Which of the following lists of characteristics best identifies an exotoxin?
25. Which of the following sequences is the correct order for the cycles of a disease?
26. Which of the following groups includes "new" diseases from the last 30 years:
27. A virus:
28. Which of the following would be considered the newer vehicles of foodborne disease?
29. Which of the following represent breeches in proper food handling procedures that may be responsible for outbreaks of foodborne disease?
30. Why is the presence of oxygen one of the factors that determines whether or not foodborne disease may occur?
31. The portion of the digestive tract in which digestion begins is called the:
32. Which of the following organisms does not participate directly in digestion (i.e., food does not pass through it) but produces enzymes that aid in digestion?
33. Which of the following represent mechanisms by which you could control the water activity of food?
34. Acetic acid is used as a food preservative to lower the pH to a level at which organisms will not grow. What foods would acetic acid work best in?
35. Pasteurization is used to control the growth of microorganisms in which of the following foods?
36. Which of the following methods represents a way to control the growth of microorganisms by heat?
37. What role does the stomach play in the digestion of food?
38. When does the final breakdown of food occur? This is also the place from which food is absorbed into the bloodstream.
39. How do normal flora play a role in preventing gastrointestinal disease?
40. How are the organisms that cause foodborne disease able to overcome host defenses?
41. Which of the following controls all voluntary movements of the body?
42. The neurotransmitter that is disrupted in botulism is:
43. What is the result of the disruption in the question above (#42)?
44. What does the term food poisoning refer to?
45. Which of the following organisms are responsible for food poisoning?
46. Does all food that is contaminated with Cl. botulinum spores cause disease?
47. Is this a true statement: Organisms grow at various pH concentrations and various concentrations of oxygen; so, by controlling these, we can limit the growth of various microorganisms in food.
48. Where do the organisms that contaminate food come from?
a) Food reaches consumers through long chains of industrial production in which many opportunities for contamination exist.
50. What is the source of contamination of foods by Cl. Botulinum ?
1. A prokaryote and a eukaryote both containa) A cell wall, a cytoplasmic membrane, and cytoplasm
b) A cell wall, a nucleus, and ribosomes
c) A cell wall, a cytoplasmic membrane, nucleus, and organelles
d) A cell wall, nucleus, and mitochondriaa) Bacteria, viruses, and molds
b) Viruses, yeasts, and protozoa
c) Bacteria protozoa, and spores
d) Bacteria and cyanobacteriaa) Virus --- hydrogen atom --- frog egg --- ribosome --- bacterium ---
virus --- bread mold spore --- mushroom --- chicken egg
b) Chicken egg --- mushroom --- frog egg --- bread mold spore --- bacterium ---
virus --- ribosome --- hydrogen atom
c) Chicken egg --- mushroom --- frog egg --- bread mold spore --- virus ---
--- ribosome --- bacterium --- hydrogen atom
d) Chicken egg --- mushroom --- bacterium --- bread mold spore --- frog egg ---
virus --- ribosome --- hydrogen atoma) bacterium
b) fungus
c) virus
d) protozoaa) True
b) Falsea) Growing them on artificial media or in tissue cultures
b) Using a microscope to study stained specimens
c) DNA analysis
d) All of the above
e) (a) and (b) onlya) cocci (rod-like); bacilli (round or spherical); and spirilla (like a corkscrew)
b) cocci (corkscrew-like); bacilli (round and spherical); and spirilla (rod-like)
c) cocci (round or spherical); bacilli (snake-like); and spirilla (rod-like)
d) cocci (round or spherical); bacilli (rod-like); and spirilla (corkscrew-like)
e) cocci (rod-like); bacilli (corkscrew-like); and spirilla (snake-like) a) The greenish color of their cell walls
b) Chlorophyll inclusions in the cytoplasm
c) Chlorophyll inclusions in the nucleus
d) Ingested particlesa) oxygen and carbon dioxide
b) nitrogen and oxygen
c) carbon dioxide and nitrogen
d) nitrogen and heliuma) stromatolites on the ocean floor
b) cyanobacteria in the oceans
c) bacteria in the atmosphere
d) bacteria around hydrothermal ventsa) True
b) Falsea) Hans Gram developed the Gram stain; Louis Pasteur saved the wine industry; the germ theory of disease was defined
b) Louis Pasteur described the fermentation process; Lister developed aseptic surgery; protein synthesis was described
c) The causative agent fro tuberculosis was discovered; DNA structure was described; the first vaccine (for smallpox) was discovered by Jennera) True
b) Falsea) Both organisms benefit from each other
b) One organism benefits; the other one is harmed
c) Neither organism benefits nor is it harmeda) Are always changing
b) Are found only on the outside of the body
c) Can become pathogenic under certain conditions
d) Are resistant to antibioticsa) True
b) Falsea) is spread by the handling of fomites
b) is spread from one host to another through association of the host and potential host with one another
c) can be transmitted through droplets of sneezes
d) (b) and (c)
e) (a) and (b) a) A cutting board
b) A mosquito
c) A doorknob
d) All of the above
e) (a) and (c) onlya) Mosquito
b) Deer tick
c) Flea
d) Cockroacha) ability to establish residency within a host
b) degree or intensity of pathogenicity
c) ability to harm the host by causing diseasea) The respiratory tract
b) The gastrointestinal tract
c) Unbroken skin
d) Needle stick
e) Sexual intercoursea) capsular material, enzymes, and toxins
b) enzymes, toxins, and pigments
c) toxins, cytoplasmic inclusions, and DNA
d) enzymes, ribosomes, and capsular material (cell wall) a) True
b) Falsea) Is almost always produced by a Gram negative bacterium; is affected by heat; is a carbohydrate
b) Is a protein by-product of the bacterium; is not affected by heat; disease-causing dose is produced by only a few bacteria
c) Is produced only when many bacteria are present; produced mainly by Gram positive bacteria; produces "mild" diseases a) Prodromal period; incubation; decline; illness; convalescence
b) Incubation; prodromal; decline; illness; convalescence
c) Incubation; prodromal; illness; decline; convalescence
d) Decline; incubation; illness; prodromal; convalescencea) polio; tuberculosis; monkeypox; hantavirus
b) toxic shock syndrome; Lyme disease; smallpox; influenza
c) Lyme disease; Legionnaire's disease; hantavirus; ebola virus
d) AIDS; syphilis; drug-resistant tuberculosis; cryptosporidiosisa) Must be inside a cell in order to reproduce
b) Does not respond to antibiotics
c) Is made up of either DNA or RNA
d) Is smaller than a bacterium
e) All of the abovea) Produce, eggs, apple cider
b) Eggs, unpasteurized milk, undercooked hamburger
c) Undercooked poultry and produce
d) None of the abovea) Improper refrigeration
b) Poor personal hygiene
c) Inadequate cooking
d) Contaminated equipment
e) All of the abovea) Because all organisms must have oxygen to grow
b) Because all organisms die in the presence of oxygen
c) Because some organisms require oxygen for growth and others do not
d) The presence or absence of oxygen has no bearing on whether or not organisms will grow therea) mouth
b) stomach
c) small intestine
d) livera) mouth
b) stomach
c) small intestine
d) pancreasa) use of citric acid
b) adding nitrite to the food
c) freeze drying the food
d) filtering the fooda) milk
b) baking products
c) fruits
d) pickles, salad dressings, saucesa) milk
b) baking products
c) fruits
d) hamburgera) citric acid
b) removal of water
c) irradiation
d) pasteurizationa) It secretes hydrochloric acid which is important in digesting proteins
b) The final products of food digestion are absorbed across the stomach
c) It produces bile
d) It stores glycogena) pancreas
b) liver
c) small intestine
d) stomacha) They produce hydrochloric acid
b) They produce bacteriocins which prevent the growth of pathogens
c) They play no role
d) Normal flora are the organisms which cause gastrointestinal disease; they do not prevent ita) By being ingested in such large doses that the body cannot contain them
b) By being highly virulent
c) By forming protective cysts
d) All of the abovea) Parasympathetic nervous system
b) Sympathetic nervous system
c) Somatic nervous system
d) Synaptic nervous systema) acetylcholine
b) serotonin
c) gamma-butyric acid
d) epinephrinea) paralysis because acetylcholine is not released
b) paralysis because too much acetylcholine is released
c) blindness
d) loss of the sense of smella) The presence of preformed toxin in food that is consumed
b) The invasion of epithelial cells by microorganisms
c) The production of toxin in the body by organisms which are multiplying there
d) The production of bloody diarrheaa) Salmonella typhi
b) Staphylococcus aureus
c) Clostridium botulinum
d) Shigella
e) Two of the abovea) Yes
b) Noa) Yes
b) Noa) digestive tracts of animals that are consumed
b) sewage
c) humans
d) equipment
e) all except (b) 49. Which of the following reasons help explain why foodborne disease is a problem?
b) Most foodborne diseases are acquired from animals and these animals appear healthy
c) We have very little information on how these healthy animals acquire the organisms and transmit them to man.
d) All of the above
e) (a) is the only correct answera) air
b) soil
c) water
d) gastrointestinal tract of cows
2. Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which gas exchange occurs in the lungs?
3. Which of the following factors most determines what inhaled particles are able to enter the alveoli?
4. Which of the following substances is the primary culprit in formation of ozone?
5. What does ozone do to the respiratory tract?
6-9. Match the following pollutants with their primary sources.
Sources:
6. Lead
10. Spices have been used throughout the ages for:
11. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the yeast used for making bread. Rhizopus stolonifer is known as common bread mold. If you are a baker, which chemical preservative would be best to add to your product?
Match the following terms with their correct definitions.
A. Regulates the immune response
16. During phagocytosis, microorganisms are digested and killed in which of the following structures:
17. Which of the following is the precise order of steps in wastewater treatment at Blue Plains?
B. Nitrification
C. Grit/debris removed
D. Filtration and Chlorination (the most significant chlorination step)
18. Why is chorine used in wastewater treatment?
19. Which of the following has been most effective in reducing auto emissions?
A. Reformulated gasoline
20. What is the primary source of lead ingestion by children?
21. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of benzene?
22. Which of the following best defines the action of lead?
23. Which of the following is present at present on our campus but is not a problem if left undisturbed. If disturbed and fibers enter the lungs over a long period of time, the following can occur:
24. Which of the following best describes emphysema?
25. Which of the following air pollutants have been associated with emphysema?
26. Which of the following best describes the action of carbon monoxide?
27. What is EPCRA?
28. Which of the following are parts of EPCRA?
29. What is the biggest problem in using animals in environmental studies?
30. What are hazardous air pollutants?
31. Which of the following is a hazardous air pollutant?
32. What have been reported sources of outbreaks of disease due to E. coliO157:H7? What is the severe disease that this organism may cause?
33. What are the most common foods associated with Salmonella?
1. What part of the respiratory system is primarily responsible for gas exchange?A. Bronchi
B. Nasopharynx
C. Terminal bronchioles
D. AlveoliA. Because the concentration of oxygen in the blood entering the lungs is high and the concentration of CO2 in the alveolar sacs is high, CO2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood in the lungs.
B. Because the concentration of oxygen in the blood entering the lungs is low and the concentration of oxygen in the alveolar sacs is high, oxygen diffuses from the alveolar sacs into the blood.
C. Because the concentration of CO2 in the alveolar sacs is high and the concentration of CO2 in the blood entering the alveolar sacs is high, CO2 diffuses from the lungs into the blood.
D. Because the concentration of CO2 in the alveolar sacs is high and the concentration of CO2 in the blood entering the lungs is high, no exchange of CO2 is necessary.A. Their toxicity
B. Their lipid solubility
C. Their size
D. Whether they are bacteria or virusesA. Nitrogen dioxide
B. Sunlight
C. Nitric oxide
D. Volatile organic compounds A. It destroys macrophages
B. It produces aplastic anemia
C. It causes cancer
D. It produces toxic metabolites
A. Old pipes
B. Smoking
C. Transportation
D. Industry/Utilities
7. Benzene
8. Volatile organic compounds
9. Sulfur Dioxide A. Masking the bad smell and taste of food contaminated with microbes
B. Preventing decomposition of food and preserving certain food products
C. Medicinal purposes
D. All of the above
E. A and B only A. Sodium benzoate: Inhibits the growth of S. cerecervicae; somewhat inhibits the growth of Rhizopus.
B. Sorbic acid: Inhibits growth of both S. cerecervicae and Rhizopus.
C. Propionic acid: Allows growth of S. cerecervicae but inhibits the growth of Rhizopus12. Cytotoxic T cell
13. B lymphocyte
14. Helper T cell
15. Antibody
B. Destroys cells infected with viruses
C. Neutralizes bacterial toxins
D. Produces antibody
E. Secretes lymphokinesA. Chemotaxis
B. Engulfment
C. Phagosome
D. Phagolysosome
E. None of the aboveA. Grit/debris removed
Reduction of suspended and dissolved solids by sedimentation and bacteria
Nitrification
Denitrifation
Filtration and Chlorination (the most significant chlorination step)
Denitrification
Grit/debris removed
Reduction of suspended and dissolved solids by sedimentation and bacteria
Filtration and Chlorination (the most significant chlorination step)
Reduction of suspended and dissolved solids by sedimentation and bacteria
Filtration and chlorination (the most significant chlorination step)
Denitrification
Nitrification
Reduction of suspended and dissolved solids by sedimentation and bacteria
Grit/debris removed
Nitrification
DenitrificationA. It breaks down heavy metals
B. It removes debris
C. It kills pathogens
D. It destroys nitrogen and phosphorus so they will not reach the Bay
B. Catalytic converters
C. Covering gasoline hoses with covers
D. Fuel injectors
E. Develop of cars that are battery-operated A. Paint
B. Contaminated drinking water
C. Contaminated air from automobile emissions
D. Lead solder A. It destroys the myelin sheaths of the peripheral nervous system.
B. It interferes with the blood-brain barrier.
C. It interferes with hemopoiesis
D. It interferes with macrophage functionA. It destroys the myelin sheaths of the peripheral nervous system.
B. It destroys the normal nerve-to-nerve connections in the brain
C. It causes reproductive problems
D. All of the above
E. None of the above A. Radioactive isotopes: cancer
B. Asbestos: cancer
C. Gasoline vapors and their fibrous material: cancer
D. Benzene: leukemiaA. Closing of the bronchi, swelling of the respiratory membranes, increased mucous production
B. Constriction of the respiratory muscles, episodal constriction of the respiratory airways resulting in difficulty in expiration
C. Narrowing of airways of lungs and loss of elasticity of lungs
D. None of the aboveA. Particulate matter
B. Sulfur dioxide
C. Nitrous oxides
D. BenzeneA. It interferes with hemopoiesis
B. It interferes with oxygen carriage by hemoglobin
C. It causes an overproduction of iron in the body
D. It destroys macrophagesA. A part of the Clean Water Act that stipulates that people must be informed of the safety of their water
B. A part of the Clean Air Act that stipulates that people must be informed of the safety of their water
C. Legislation passed in response to the release of chemicals that stipulated that individuals must be aware of the toxic materials in their communities
D. Legislation that stipulates acceptable levels of Cryptosporidium in waterA. SERC, LERC, TRI, TPQ
B. TPQ, SPC, TRI, ECA
C. SERC, SPCA, CAA, CWA
D. SERC, LERC, MCL, MPIA. There are restrictions on the endpoints we use
B. It is difficult to control variables such as health status and habits
C. We are unable to address chronic exposures
D. We must extrapolate results to humans and animals may differ in their sensitivitiesA. Pollutants which if accumulate in high concentrations in heavy populated areas are unhealthful
B. Chemicals that, when released in the air, may cause death or incapacitating illness
C. Pollutants released from cars only
D. Pollutants that cause any type of respiratory diseaseA. Carbon monoxide
B. Particulate matter
C. Nitrous oxide
D. Sulfur dioxideA. eggs, poultry: botulism
B. raw hamburger, unpasteurized apple cider, swimming pools: hemolytic uremic syndrome
C. raw hamburger, unpasteurized apple cider: hemolytic uremic syndrome
D. raw hamburger, raw eggs: methylglobulemiaA. raw eggs, poultry
B. raw hamburger, apple cider
C. raw hamburger, poultry
D. improperly home canned foods, poultry
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