cornstarch 1 tablespoon = 2 T. flour or 2 tsp. quick-cooking tapioca

baking powder 1 teaspoon = ¼ tsp. baking soda plus ½tsp. cream of tartar

powdered sugar 1 cup = 1 c. granulated sugar plus 1 tsp. cornstarch

brown sugar ½ cup = 2 T. molasses in ½ c. granulated sugar

sour milk 1 cup = 1 T. lemon juice or vinegar plus sweet milk to make 1 c. (let stand 5 min).

whole milk 1 cup = ½ c. evaporated milk plus ½ c. water

cracker crumbs 3/4 cup = 1 c. bread crumbs

*chocolate 1 square (1oz.) = 3 or 4 T. cocoa plus 1 T. butter

fresh herbs 1 tablespoon = 1 tsp. dried herbs

fresh onion 1 small = 1 T. instant minced onion, rehydrated

dry mustard 1 teaspoon = 1 T. prepared mustard

tomato juice 1 cup = ½ c. tomato sauce pluse ½ c. water

catsup or chili sauce 1 cup = 1 c. tomato sauce plus ½ c. sugar and 2 T. vinegar (for use in cooking).

dates 1 lb = 1 ½ c. dates, pitted and cut

bananas 3 medium = 1 c. mashed

min. marshmallows 10 = 1 lg. marshmallow

*In substituting cocoa for chocolate in cakes, the amount of flour must be reduced.

Brown and White Sugars: Usually may be used interchangeably.