In 1996, World Champion Garry Kasparov took on Deep Blue computer in a 6 game match. He lost game 1, won game 2, drew games 3 and 4, and won games 5 and 6 to win the match with a 4-2 score.
DEEP BLUE COMPUTER (2650) - Kasparov (2775), Philadelphia, Game 1, 10 Feb 96
1.e4 c5 2.c3 d5 3.exd5 Qxd5 4.d4 Nf6 5.Nf3 Bg4 6.Be2 e6 7.h3 Bh5
8.O-O Nc6 9.Be3 cxd4 10.cxd4 Bb4 11.a3 Ba5 12.Nc3 Qd6 13.Nb5 Qe7
14.Ne5 Bxe2 15.Qxe2 O-O 16.Rac1 Rac8 17.Bg5 Bb6 18.Bxf6 gxf6
19.Nc4 Rfd8 20.Nxb6 axb6 21.Rfd1 f5 22.Qe3 Qf6 23.d5 Rxd5
24.Rxd5 exd5 25.b3 Kh8 26.Qxb6 Rg8 27.Qc5 d4 28.Nd6 f4 29.Nxb7
Ne5 30.Qd5 f3 31.g3 Nd3 32.Rc7 Re8 33.Nd6 Re1 34.Kh2 Nxf2
35.Nxf7 Kg7 36.Ng5 Kh6 37.Rxh7 1-0
Kasparov - DEEP BLUE, Philadelphia, Game 2, 11 Feb 96
1. Nf3 d5 2. d4 e6 3. g3 c5 4. Bg2 Nc6 5. O-O Nf6 6. c4 dxc4
7. Ne5 Bd7 8. Na3 cxd4 9. Naxc4 Bc5 10. Qb3 O-O 11.Qxb7 Nxe5
12. Nxe5 Rb8 13. Qf3 Bd6 14. Nc6 Bxc6 15. Qxc6 e5 16. Rb1 Rb6
17. Qa4 Qb8 18. Bg5 Be7 19. b4 Bxb4 20.Bxf6 gxf6 21. Qd7 Qc8
22. Qxa7 Rb8 23. Qa4 Bc3 24. Rxb8 Qxb8 25. Be4 Qc7 26. Qa6 Kg7
27. Qd3 Rb8 28. Bxh7 Rb2 29. Be4 Rxa2 30. h4 Qc8 31. Qf3 Ra1
32. Rxa1 Bxa1 33. Qh5 Qh8 34. Qg4 Kf8 35. Qc8 Kg7 36. Qg4 Kf8
37. Bd5 Ke7 38. Bc6 Kf8 39. Bd5 Ke7 40. Qf3 Bc3 41. Bc4 Qc8
42. Qd5 Qe6 43. Qb5 Qd7 44. Qc5+ Qd6 45. Qa7 Qd7 46. Qa8 Qc7
47. Qa3+ Qd6 48. Qa2 f5 49. Bxf7 e4 50. Bh5 Qf6 51. Qa3+ Kd7
52. Qa7 Kd8 53. Qb8+ Kd7 54. Be8+ Ke7 55. Bb5 Bd2 56. Qc7+ Kf8
57. Bc4 Bc3 58. Kg2 Be1 59. Kf1 Bc3 60. f4 exf3 61. exf3 Bd2
62. f4 Ke8 63. Qc8+ Ke7 64. Qc5 Kd8 65. Bd3 Be3 66. Qxf5 Qc6
67.Qf8+ Kc7 68. Qe7+ Kc8 69. Bf5+ Kb8 70. Qd8+ Kb7 71. Qd7+ Qxd7
72. Bxd7 Kc7 73. Bb5 1-0
DEEP BLUE - Kasparov, Philadelphia, Game 3, 13 Feb 96
1.e4 c5 2.c3 d5 3.exd5 Qxd5 4.d4 Nf6 5.Nf3 Bg4 6.Be2 e6 7.O-O Nc6
8.Be3 cxd4 9.cxd4 Bb4 10.a3 Ba5 11.Nc3 Qd6 12.Ne5 Bxe2 13.Qxe2 Bxc3
14.bxc3 Nxe5 15.Bf4 Nf3 16.Qxf3 Qd5 17.Qd3 Rc8 18.Rfc1 Qc4
19.Qxc4 Rxc4 20.Rcb1 b6 21.Bb8 Ra4 22.Rb4 Ra5 23.Rc4 O-O
24.Bd6 Ra8 25.Rc6 b5 26.Kf1 Ra4 27.Rb1 a6 28.Ke2 h5 29.Kd3 Rd8
30.Be7 Rd7 31.Bxf6 gxf6 32.Rb3 Kg7 33.Ke3 e5 34.g3 exd4
35.cxd4 Re7 36.Kf3 Rd7 37.Rd3 Raxd4 38.Rxd4 Rxd4 39.Rxa6 1/2-1/2
Kasparov - DEEP BLUE, Philadelphia, Game 4, 14 Feb 96
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 c6 3.c4 e6 4.Nbd2 Nf6 5.e3 Nbd7 6.Bd3 Bd6 7.e4 dxe4
8.Nxe4 Nxe4 9.Bxe4 O-O 10.O-O h6 11.Bc2 e5 12.Re1 exd4
13.Qxd4 Bc5 14.Qc3 a5 15.a3 Nf6 16.Be3 Bxe3 17.Rxe3 Bg4
18.Ne5 Re8 19.Rae1 Be6 20.f4 Qc8 21.h3 b5 22.f5 Bxc4
23.Nxc4 bxc4 24.Rxe8 Nxe8 25.Re4 Nf6 26.Rxc4 Nd5 27.Qe5 Qd7
28.Rg4 f6 29.Qd4 Kh7 30.Re4 Rd8 31.Kh1 Qc7 32.Qf2 Qb8
33.Ba4 c5 34.Bc6 c4 35.Rxc4 Nb4 36.Bf3 Nd3 37.Qh4 Qxb2
38.Qg3 Qxa3 39.Rc7 Qf8 40.Ra7 Ne5 41.Rxa5 Qf7 42.Rxe5 fxe5
43.Qxe5 Re8 44.Qf4 Qf6 45.Bh5 Rf8 46.Bg6 Kh8 47.Qc7 Qd4
48.Kh2 Ra8 49.Bh5 Qf6 50.Bg6 Rg8 1-2-1/2
DEEP BLUE - Kasparov, Philadelphia, Game 5, 16 Feb 96
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nc3 Nc6 4.d4 exd4 5.Nxd4 Bb4 6.Nxc6 bxc6
7.Bd3 d5 8.exd5 cxd5 9.O-O O-O 10.Bg5 c6 11.Qf3 Be7 12.Rae1 Re8
13.Ne2 h6 14.Bf4 Bd6 15.Nd4 Bg4 16.Qg3 Bxf4 17.Qxf4 Qb6
18.c4 Bd7 19.cxd5 cxd5 20.Rxe8 Rxe8 21.Qd2 Ne4 22.Bxe4 dxe4
23.b3 Rd8 24.Qc3 f5 25.Rd1 Be6 26.Qe3 Bf7 27.Qc3 f4
28.Rd2 Qf6 29.g3 Rd5 30.a3 Kh7 31.Kg2 Qe5 32.f3 e3 33.Rd3 e2
34.gxf4 e1=Q 35.fxe5 Qxc3 36.Rxc3 Rxd4 37.b4 Bc4 38.Kf2 g5
39.Re3 Be6 40.Rc3 Bc4 41.Re3 Rd2 42.Ke1 Rd3 43.Kf2 Kg6
44.Rxd3 Bxd3 45.Ke3 Bc2 46.Kd4 Kf5 47.Kd5 h5 0-1
Kasparov - DEEP BLUE, Philadelphia, Game 6, 17 Feb 96
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 c6 3.c4 e6 4.Nbd2 Nf6 5.e3 c5 6.b3 Nc6 7.Bb2 cxd4
8.exd4 Be7 9.Rc1 O-O 10.Bd3 Bd7 11.O-O Nh5 12.Re1 Nf4 13.Bb1 Bd6
14.g3 Ng6 15.Ne5 Rc8 16.Nxd7 Qxd7 17.Nf3 Bb4 18.Re3 Rfd8
19.h4 Nge7 20.a3 Ba5 21.b4 Bc7 22.c5 Re8 23.Qd3 g6 24.Re2 Nf5
25.Bc3 h5 26.b5 Nce7 27.Bd2 Kg7 28.a4 Ra8 29.a5 a6 30.b6 Bb8
31.Bc2 Nc6 32.Ba4 Re7 33.Bc3 Ne5 34.dxe5 Qxa4 35.Nd4 Nxd4
36.Qxd4 Qd7 37.Bd2 Re8 38.Bg5 Rc8 39.Bf6 Kh7 40.c6 bxc6
41.Qc5 Kh6 42.Rb2 Qb7 43.Rb4 1-0
Garry Kasparov won the match and $400,000. DEEP BLUE won $100,000 (it is not known if DEEP BLUE will share any of its money with its programmers). DEEP BLUE analyzed 50 billion positions every 3 minutes. Kasparov analyzed 10 positions every 3 minutes. It is not true that Bobby Fischer was inside DEEP BLUE during this match. The scores would have been reversed if that were true and there would have been more complaints about lighting and LED displays for DEEP BLUE. Besides, the State Department would have captured Bobby and promptly arrested him for playing chess in the former Yugoslavia years ago.
DEEP BLUE is a 32-node networked RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Chip) System/6000 scalable PowerParallel systems (SP2) high-performace supercomputer that can look at 200,000 chess moves a second and plays a mean game of checkers. Each node of the SP2 employs a single microchannel card containing 8 dedicated VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) chess processors, for a total of 256 processors working in tandem. Windows 95 has not yet been installed on this system, making it unique in the world of computers that are not Macs. When not playing Grandmasters, it seems to like 1.g4, Grob's Opening, as its first and best move.
The programming code is developed in C and runs under the AIX operating system (sendmail was not installed). The net result is a scalable, highly parallel system capable of calculating 50 to 100 billion moves within 3 minutes, or, as Carl Sagan would say, billions and billions of moves a minute.
DEEP BLUE has an opening database which provides the system with grandmaster games played over the last 100 years (with the exception of Gata Kamsky's games, which IBM failed to negotiate a price for his scoresheets). Alongside the opening database is Ken Thompson's endgame database and other endgame databases which provides billions of endgame scenarios. It also has anything in print written by Fred Reinfeld, which eats up a lot of memory.
IBM Research's DEEP BLUE project began in 1989 as a way to explore how to use parallel processing to solve complex problems. The DEEP BLUE team is made up of Chung-Jen Tan, Feng-Hsuing Hsu, Fu Man Chu, Murray Campbell, Joseph Hoane, and Gershon Brody. None of these programmers play chess. However, there is a lot of Go and Shogi events going on at IBM.
The predecessor of DEEP BLUE is DEEP THOUGHT, created in 1988. It could only analyzed 750,000 positions a second. It had a FIDE rating of 2450. The DEEP THOUGHT team was made up of Feng-Hsuing Hsu and Murray Campbell. In June 1994, DEEP THOUGHT won the title of International Computer Chess Champion.
The predecessor of DEEP THOUGHT is DEEP THROAT, created in 1973. It could analyze 1 position a second. The DEEP THROAT team was made up of Linda Loveless and Harry Reams. IBM used the money that this project (the X-files) made to finance every computer project since. A young Billy Gates participated in this project and was affectionally given the nickname micro-soft by the ladies who knew him.
What's next for DEEP BLUE. Scrap metal. It can't be sold at IBM prices. Sanyo of Japan already has a PC clone for half the price. Garry Kasparov wants to market DEEP BLUE and call it KASPAROV'S TURBO BLUE available from USCF for just $999.99 (it was $1,000 even, but the price was calculated with a Pentium chip). The IBM team is already working on the next computer, DEEP SH*T. It should be ready by 2000, but it is not yet Y2K compliant. The Year 2000 bug is embedded in its thousands of microprocessors. One good thing about DEEP BLUE II or DEEP SH*T. It's big enough to almost hold Windows NT 5.0, also known as Windows 2000, also known as W2K, also known as the operating system formerly known as Windows NT 5.0.