The Cell 
Cell Membrane 
Every cell is covered by a thin and flexible layer called the cell membrane. The function for the membrane (also called the plasma membrane) is to let mater pass in and out, like a passageway. 

Cell Wall 
Is a non- living layer that protects the inner cells and attaches to neighboring cells. The wall is found in plant cells , which also provides a structural support. 

Chloroplast 
Chloroplast are organelles that are clearly identified  by their green color. This is also found in plant cells. It uses energy from the sun to remove photosynthesis. They contain chlorophyll and are made up of two membranes. 

Cytoskeleton
Is a system of fiber like structures, which maintain the shape of the cell. Cytoskeletons also provide a pathway to transport cell materials. 

Endoplasmic Reticulum 
A complex system tubules, vesicles and sacs which are interconnected. The provided protein synthesis, sequestration of calcium, both storage and production of glycogen, and insertion of membrane proteins. 

Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)
This is the folded stacks of membrane , which are found in eukaryotic cells.  This is responsible for modifying, storing and transporting newly synthesized materials. Which include material that creates the cell wall.  

Lysosome (suicide sac) 
Helps brake down cellular materials by using membrane bound sacs containing enzymes. It destroys material that disrupts the original order of the cell. 

Mitochondrion 
Made of two membranes.  Its distributed through the cytosol of most eukaryotic cells. There main function is to convert the potential energy of food molecules into ATP(universal energy currency)

Nucleoid Region 
There is no true membrane bound nucleus. This is a genetic material thats concentrates an area of cytoplasm. 

Nucleolus 
Is a knot of chromatin which creates ribosome, in the eukaryotic. 

Nucleus 
One of the most easily seen part of the cells structure. It appears as a large mass and is slightly darker than its surroundings. Its sometimes located at the cells center. It contains the genetic information (DNA) which is need for the cell to function/reproduce. 

Ribosome
Constructed in the nucleolus, it is a cellular organelle that is the site of protein synthesis.  

Vacuole
Its a organelle surrounded by membrane. Its used to store food, cell products, or excess fluids in animals cells. The Vacuole is mainly used to maintain the shape of a plant cell. It contains enzymes that break down cellular materials in plant cells. 

Cell Cycle 
     These are the stages a cell completes in its entire life cycle. There are two major phases a cell goes through : Interphase and the cell division. These phases take only one twentieth of the cycle. This cycle includes active dividing, and consists of three subdivisions of Interphase (G1, S and G2). Completions of the cycle vary between cells. 

First Growth Stage (G1) : is when the growth and preparation of the chromosomes for replication begins. 

Synthesis Stage (S) : The DNA replication and synthesis of histone occurs. as DNA replication occurs, one of the cyclins shared by G1 and S-phase CDKs (cyclin E) is destroyed and the level of mitotic cyclins begins to escalate (in G2)

Second Growth Stage (G1) : DNA completed of hitones , preparation for mitosis. 

Mitotic Stage (M) includes : Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase. 
A complex process the cell deals with is called Mitosis. Biologists made this complex stage more defined by dividing the process into four different stages.
•	1st stage (Prophase) - invisible chromosomes start to coil and become visible threads. These threads progressively become more visible. Each chromosome consists of two chromatids (one of the two identical longitudinal) joined together at the centromere(point on a chromosome). The set of chromatids are spread more/less evenly throughout the nucleus. A spindle is created as a system of tiny fibers form the centriole pairs. The nuclear membrane finally brakes down and disappears.
•	2nd stage (Metaphase) - The center of the cell attract the set of chromatids. In the middle of the spindle they form a line. 
•	3rd stage (Anaphase) - Each pair start to split at the centromere. Then each chromatid become an independent chromosome. This makes the membrane filled with twice as much chromosomes. The stage continues by creating two new chromosomes from each pair of chromatids, which move to the opposite ends of the cell. They receive aid by spindle fibers. At the end, two distinct groups of chromosomes contain the same genes.    
•	Last stage (Telophase) - around the two new sets of chromosomes the Nuclear membranes form. The spindle then disappears and the chromosomes start to uncoil and they eventually become invisible. This stage ends when the chromosomes return to the interphase state.