Liao-Fan's Four Lessons Audio Book

   1.The First Lesson:   Learning To Create Destiny
   2.The Second Lesson:  Ways to Reform
   3.The Third Lesson:   The Way to Cultivate Kindness
   4.The Fourth Lesson:  The Benefit of the Virtue of Humility
 
Back to welcom/index homepage.

        Liao-Fan's Four Lessons was originally written in the Ming Dynasty of
     China by Mr. Liao-Fan Yuan.  The book was intended to teach his son,
     Tien-Chi Yuan, how to recognize the true face of destiny, how to tell
     good from evil, and the method for correcting one's faults and
     practicing kind deeds.  It also provided living proof of the rewards
     and outcomes of people who practiced kind deeds and cultivated virtue
     and humility.  Relating from his own experience at changing destiny,
     Mr. Yuan himself was a living embodiment of his teachings.  After
     hearing this wonderful book, one may feel more open and confident
     towards life, and at the same time, courageously compelled to follow
     the example of Liao-Fan in changing one's original destiny.  Liao-
     Fan's Four Lessons is truly a rare book which is not only precious to
     an individual's spiritual needs, but is also capable of transforming
     unhealthy attitudes in today's society.

        While listening through the lessons, one may wonder why the Chinese
     placed so much emphasis on examinations.  In the olden days of Chinese
     civilization, studying was held in highest regard whilst all other
     occupations were considered low-class.  The Chinese government
     selected its officials through a system of meritocracy; many levels
     of imperial examinations were given to all who wished to take them.
     It was very difficult to pass these tests, and one had to be very
     learned and talented in writing essays.  Those who did pass had the
     chance to advance to high government positions and live a life of
     wealth and prominence.  People who couldn't pass the examinations
     were not recognized, no matter how smart or able they were otherwise.
     That was the reason why many youths of that time turned to studying
     for the exams in hopes for a prosperous future.

        Since the original work of Liao-Fan was written in classical Chinese,
     it tended to be poetic and terse, making the book hard to read and
     understand for modern-day people.  In early 1900, Mr. Zhi-Hai Huang
     added a detailed commentary to the book using modern Chinese.  This
     edition of Liao-Fan's Four Lessons became very popular and benefited
     many people of his time.  However, as time went on, even Mr. Huang's
     edition became too tedious for today's readers, so the influence of
     this beneficial book was greatly reduced.  In view of this sad
     situation, police officer Wang devoted himself to the reorganization,
     editing, and reprinting of the book, allowing better access and
     understanding to these wonderful teachings.  Today, with the
     sponsorship of kind people, officer Wang's edition of The Brief
     Explanation of Liao-Fan's Four Lessons has been produced into Liao-
     Fan's Four Lessons Audio Book.  After listening through it, we hope
     that everyone will learn the spirit of Liao-Fan in changing one's
     destiny and create a brighter future for oneself, the society, the
     nation, and all people of the world.
 
 

        1.The First Lesson:   Learning To Create Destiny

          You are destined to become a government official. ... Why aren't you studying for the exam?
          I have not observed the slightest wandering thought arise in you - why is this so?
          Is it true that one can change one's fate?
          Every time I performed a kind deed, I would record it in a book
 

   2.The Second Lesson:  Ways to Reform

          If you really want to have good fortune, ...,  it is necessary to first reform your faults before practicing kind deeds

               First, one must feel shame
               Second, one must know fear
               Third, one must have determination and courage

          There are also three methods of practice in helping one reform

               Changing through action
               Changing through reasoning
               Changing from the heart
 
 

   3.The Third Lesson:   The Way to Cultivate Kindness

          Now I will prove to you in these true stories
          If we were to examine goodness closely, we would find that there are many different kinds

               What is real goodness and false goodness?
               What is honest goodness and crooked goodness?
               What is hidden goodness and visible goodness?
               What seems to be goodness but is actually not, and what does not appear to be goodness but actually is
               What is improper goodness and proper goodness?
               What is half goodness and full goodness?
               What is big goodness and small goodness?
               What is difficult goodness and easy goodness?
 

          Helping others is not such an easy task, and that there are many ways to do it

               What is meant by "supporting the practice of kindness"?
               What is meant by "harboring love and respect for others"?
               What is meant by "helping others to succeed"?
               What is meant by "persuading others to practice kindness"?
               What is meant by "helping those in desperate need"?
               What is meant by "developing public projects for the greater benefit of the people"?
               What is meant by "giving through donation"?
               What is meant by "protecting the proper teachings"?
               What is meant by "respecting our elders"?
               What is meant by "loving and cherishing all living things"?
 
 

   4.The Fourth Lesson:  The Benefit of the Virtue of Humility

          A person's arrogance will bring him harm; and his humbleness will bring him benefit
          If you can reach this level of humility, ..., you are the creator of your own prosperity
 
 
 

[Narrator]:  "Creating Destiny" is about forming one's fate rather than be
     bound by it.  The Lesson of Learning to Create Destiny herein
     discusses the principle behind fate and the knowledge necessary to
     change it.  By relating his own experience and trials at changing
     destiny, Mr. Liao-Fan Yuan taught his son, Tien-Chi not to be bound
     by fate, but rather to put forth his best effort in practicing
     kindness and cutting off evil.  One should not reject doing a kind
     act simply because it seems to be a minute goodness, or commit an
     evil deed simply because it appears to be a small evil.  If one
     practices in a proper manner, it is assured that one's destiny can be
     changed.  It is often said, "Refraining from all evil and practicing
     all forms of kindness brings about the dispersion of disasters and
     the coming of fortune".  This is the principle behind creating one's
     destiny.

[Liao-Fan]:  My father passed away when I was young, and mother persuaded
     me to learn medicine instead of becoming a scholar.  Mother said to me:

[Mother]:  Learning medicine will be a good way to support yourself and
     also to help others.  Besides, having a skill on hand, you will never
     have to worry about making a living, and you can even become famous
     through your medical skills.  This has always been an ambition your
     father had for you.

[Liao-Fan]:  One day, at the Compassionate Cloud Temple, I met an elderly
     but distinguished looking man who had a long beard and had such a
     look of a sage that I immediately paid my respects to him.  The old
     man told me:
 

[Old Man]:  You are destined to become a government official.  You can
     attain the rank of Erudite First Level Scholar next year, why aren't
     you studying for the exam?

[Liao-Fan]:  So I told him of my mother's instructions to give up
     scholarly study for learning medicine.  Then I asked for his name,
     birthplace, and residence.  He replied:

[Old Man]:  My last name is Kong.  I came from Yunnan Province.  I have
     inherited the knowledge of Mr. Shao, who developed the art of
     prediction very well.  By calculations, I'm supposed to pass it on to
     you.

[Liao-Fan]:  Therefore, I led Mr. Kong to my home and told my mother about
     him.  Mother told me to treat him well and said:

[Mother]:  Since Mr. Kong is so good at predicting the future, he must
     also know our past.  Let's ask him and test his authenticity.

[Liao-Fan]:  As a result, I found Mr. Kong's calculations to be very
     accurate, even in very small cases.  After hearing his words of
     advice, I once again thought about studying.  I then consulted with
     my cousin Shen-chen.  He recommended thus:

[Cousin]:  "My friend, Mr. Hai-gu Yu is teaching at the home of Yo-fu
     Sheng.  It would be very convenient for me to take you there for
     boarding and studying.

[Liao-Fan]:  This was how I became Mr. Yu's student.  Once again Mr. Kong
     made a prediction for me.  He said:

[Mr. Kong]:  As a student, you will place fourteenth in the county
     examination, seventy-first at the regional exam, and ninth at the
     provincial examination.

[Liao-Fan]:  The following year, at the three places of examination, I
     placed exactly as he had predicted.  Then Mr. Kong calculated the
     predictions for my entire life.  He said:

[Mr. Kong]:  You will pass such and such a test in such and such a year,
     you will become a civil servant in such a year, and in such a year
     you will get a promotion.  Finally, you will be appointed as a
     magistrate in Szechuan Province.  After holding that office for three
     and a half years, you will resign and return home.  At the age of
     fifty- three, you will die around one o'clock in the morning on
     August 14th.  It's a pity that you will not have a son.

[Liao-Fan]:  I recorded and remembered all that he said.  From then on,
     the outcome of every examination I took turned out exactly as Mr.
     Kong predicted.  Mr. Kong also predicted that I would be promoted
     only after receiving a salary in the weight of ninety-one dans and
     five dous of rice.  However, I had received only seventy-one dans of
     rice when the senior educational official Mr. Tu recommended me for a
     promotion.  I secretly began to doubt Mr. Kong's predictions.

[Liao-Fan]:  Nevertheless, the prediction turned out to be correct after
     all, because the recommendation was turned down by Mr. Tu's superior,
     Mr. Yang.  It was not until several years later when Mr. Chiu-min
     Ying saw my old exam papers and exclaimed:

[Mr. Ying]:  These five essays are as well written as reports to the
     Emperor! How can we bury the talents of such a great scholar?

[Liao-Fan]:  Mr. Ying wanted the magistrate to issue an official order for
     me to become a candidate for 'imperial student' under his authority.
     After undergoing this eventful promotion, my calculations showed that
     I had received exactly ninety-one dans and five dous of rice.  From
     then on, whether it was promotion, rank, or wealth, I deeply believed
     that all came in due time.  Even the length of one's life is
     predestined.  I began to view everything in a more detached manner
     and ceased to seek gain and profit.

[Liao-Fan]:  After being selected as an imperial student, I was to attend
     the university at Beijing.  During my year-long stay at the capital,
     my interest in meditation grew and I often sat silently without
     giving rise to a single thought.  I lost interest in books and did
     not study at all.  Before I was to enter the national university at
     Nanking, I paid a visit to the enlightened Zen master Yun Gu at Chi-
     shia Mountain.  We sat face to face in the Zen Hall for three days
     and nights without ever falling asleep.  Master Yun Gu questioned me
     saying:
 

[Master Yun Gu]:  The reason why mundane people are unable to attain
     sagehood is because they have too many wandering and false thoughts
     running through their minds.  In our three-day meditation, I have not
     observed the slightest wandering thought arise in you - why is this so?

[Liao-Fan]:  I replied, "Mr. Kong has clearly predicted the entire outcome
     of my life.  I have seen that the time of life, death, promotion, and
     failure are all predestined.  There is no use or need for me to think
     about it or to desire anything.  That's why you have not seen me give
     rise to a single wandering thought." Master Yun Gu laughed and said:

[Master Yun Gu]:  I thought you were someone of remarkable capabilities!
     Now I realize you are nothing but a common mundane person!

[Liao-Fan]:  Feeling confused by what he said, I asked the Master to
     explain.  He answered:

[Master Yun Gu]:  An average person's mind is forever occupied by his
     wandering and imaginary thoughts, so naturally their lives are bound
     by the chi of ying-yang and fate.  We cannot deny the fact that fate
     exists, but only ordinary people are bound by it.  Fate cannot bind
     those who cultivate great kindness, because their virtues accrued
     from kind acts are so great that these acts will alter their
     'original' destiny for the better.  The merits accrued can actually
     change their destiny from suffering to happiness, poverty to
     prosperity, and short lives to longevity.  Similarly, fate cannot
     bind those who commit great evils.  When a person's evil deeds are so
     great and powerful, they will cancel out the fortune and prosperity
     predetermined in his original fate, and his life can be transformed
     from good to bad.  For the past twenty years, you have lived your
     life according to Mr. Kong's predictions and did not do a thing to
     change it.  Instead, you became bound by your own fate.  If you're
     not considered as a mundane mortal, then who is?
 

[Liao-Fan]:  Taken aback, I proceeded to ask Master Yun Gu, "According to
     you then, is it true that one can change one's fate, that one can
     escape from it?" The Master answered:

[Master Yun Gu]:  Fate is created by ourselves.  Good fortune or bad
     fortune are also determined by ourselves.  When I commit evil,
     disasters are bound to strike.  When I cultivate kindness, good
     fortune will naturally come my way.  It says so in all the great
     ancient books of wisdom.  In the Buddhist teachings, it is written
     that if one wishes and seeks wealth, position, a son, a daughter, or
     longevity, one can attain them.  One only has to cultivate kind deeds
     in order to escape the control of fate.  Since untruthful speech is
     one of the greatest offenses in Buddhist teachings, we can be assured
     that these are not lies.  Buddhas and Bodhisattvas certainly have no
     reasons to deceive us.

[Liao-Fan]:  I did not quite understand what he meant by 'attaining all
     that one wished for', and so I asked him, "Mencius once said,
     'Whatever is sought for can be attained.  The seeking is in oneself.'
     This refers to inner qualities such as virtue, kindness, and morality.
     These are all qualities one can work towards.  However, when it comes
     to outside factors such as wealth, fame, and prestige, how can we
     seek and attain them? Don't these have to be granted by others in
     order to be achieved?  The Master replied:

[Master Yun Gu]:  Mencius was correct, but you misinterpreted his meaning.
     Hui- Neng, the Sixth Patriarch of the Zen school has taught that all
     the fields of merit are within one's own heart.  If one seeks from
     within, one can be in touch with all fortunes and disasters.  The
     outside is merely a reflection of the inside.  By seeking within
     ourselves, we can not only attain the inner qualities of virtue,
     kindness, and morality, but we can also attain wealth, fame, and
     prestige.

[Narrator]:  If wealth, fame, and prestige are embodied in one's fate,
     then one will attain them even without having to seek.  If they are
     not, then one cannot attain them even through plotting and scheming.

[Master Yun Gu]:  Therefore, if one cannot reflect within his own heart
     but instead blindly seeks fame, fortune, and longevity from external
     sources, then this seeking will be in vain.  Just as Mencius once
     said:  'In seeking, one should follow the right path.  In attaining,
     one attains what one's destiny entitles him to.' Whatever is attained
     in the end is still part of one's own fate.  If one tries to seek
     these qualities from the outside, and even goes to the extent of
     committing evil deeds for them, then one will not only lose one's
     inner qualities of virtue and kindness, but predetermined fortune as
     well.  Furthermore, evils committed in one's greedy mind to obtain
     more will often reduce the fortune of one's original fate.  From this
     we can see that no benefit is derived from blind seeking.

[Liao-Fan]:  Master Yun Gu continued to ask:

[Master Yun Gu]:  What were Mr. Kung's predictions regarding your entire life?

[Liao-Fan]:  I told him in great detail, from the placement positions in
     the examinations, to my appointment as an official, and finally, the
     date of my death.

[Master Yun Gu]:  Do you feel you deserve imperial appointments or a son?

[Liao-Fan]:  I reflected upon my previous deeds and attitudes in the past
     for a long time.  Then I answered him saying, "No, I do not feel I
     deserve an imperial appointment or a son.  Those who receive imperial
     appointments all have the appearance of good fortune, and I do not.
     I do not work towards accumulating virtues to build up my fortune,
     either.  I am very impatient, intolerant, undisciplined, and speak
     without any restraint.  I also have a strong sense of pride and
     arrogance.  These are all signs of scant fortune and non-virtue.  How
     is it possible for me to receive an imperial appointment?

[Narrator]:  Next we will see why Liao-Fan has no children.  Liking
     cleanliness is a good thing, but it can become a personality problem
     if one gets too immaculate.  There is an old saying, 'life springs
     from the dirt of the earth, and water too clean often harbors no fish.'

[Liao-Fan]:  The first reason why I feel I do not deserve a son is because
     I am addicted to cleanliness, resulting in the lack of thoughtfulness
     for others.  The second reason is that 'harmony is the cultivator of
     all life', but I have a quick temper and easily become angry.  The
     third reason is based on the principle that 'Loving kindness is the
     basis of reproduction, and harshness is the root of sterility', I
     overly guard my own reputation and cannot sacrifice anything for the
     sake of others.  The fourth reason is that I talk too much which
     wastes a lot of chi, or energy.  The fifth reason is that I also
     delight in drinking alcohol, and that depletes my spirit.  To remain
     healthy, one must not sleep during the daytime and stay up through
     the nights.  The sixth reason I do not have a son is my habit of
     staying up nights, not knowing how to conserve my energy.  Aside from
     these, I have many, many, other faults which are too numerous to
     mention.  Master Yun Gu then said:

[Master Yun Gu]:  According to you then, there are too many things in life
     you do not deserve, not only fame and a son! We should know that both
     good and bad fortune are all formed from one's heart; a wise person
     knows that everything one achieves or fails at in life are only
     consequences of their own actions and thoughts.  Only a fool assumes
     that all is the work of fate and destiny! We must understand that
     those who have thousands of dollars in this life must have cultivated
     the fortune worthy of that amount in the past.  Those who have
     hundreds of dollars must also have fortune which is worthy of
     containing that sum.  Those whose fate is to die of starvation, in
     fact were meant to die in that manner.  We must understand that the
     fate of these people was created by their own past thoughts and
     actions; the retribution today is simply the fruit of their deeds.
     Heaven does nothing more than punish evil beings with the suffering
     they deserve, and reward kind ones with the fortune they deserve.

[Narrator]:  The following section is Master Yun Gu's advice to Liao-Fan,
     using the views of worldly folk, persuading him to cultivate virtue.

[Master Yun Gu]:  Bearing children is similar to bearing fruit from seeds;
     if the seeds are planted well, so will the fruits they bear.  If the
     seeds are not planted well, then the fruits will become malnourished.
     For example, if a person has accumulated enough merit and virtue for
     a hundred generations, then he or she will have descendants to last a
     hundred generations.  One who accumulates enough merit and virtue to
     last ten generations will then have ten generations of descendants to
     live out that fortune.  The same goes for three generations or two
     generations.  For those who have no descendants at all, it is because
     they have not accumulated enough good merit and virtue - they may
     have amassed sins instead!

[Master Yun Gu]:  Now that you recognize your own shortcomings, you can
     work to change and reform the misdeeds which cause you to not have a
     son or become an imperial official.  You must cultivate virtue,
     tolerance, and treat others with compassion and harmony.  You must
     also care for your health and conserve your energy and spirit.  Live
     as though everything of the past dissolved yesterday, and all of the
     future begins today.  If you can accomplish this, then you are a
     person born anew.  If even our physical body is governed by the law
     of fate, then how can a mind of virtue and discipline not evoke a
     response from heaven?  As said in the Tai Ja Chapter in the Chinese
     Book of History,

[Narrator]:  'One may run from the decrees of heaven, but one can never
     escape the retribution for one's own evil deeds'.  In other words,
     one can alter the retribution due from past deeds, but if one
     continues to behave immorally, then there is no chance of avoiding
     disaster.

[Master Yun Gu]:  It is also said in the Book of Poems,

[Narrator]:  'A person should often reflect upon his own thoughts and
     actions, to see if they accord with the ways of heaven.  If one
     practices such, then fortune will come without being sought.  The
     choice to seek either good fortune or to bring about adversity is all
     up to you.'

[Master Yun Gu]:  Mr. Kong had predicted that you will not receive an
     imperial appointment or have a son.  We can think of these as the
     decrees of heaven, but even that can still be changed.  You only need
     to reform your ill ways, practice kind deeds and work to accumulate
     merit and virtue.  These are your own transactions to create fortune,
     no one can take it away.  How is it then possible that you will not
     get to enjoy it?  The I Ching, Book of Change, was written to help
     kind people bring about good fortune and avoid adversity.  If
     everything is predestined with no room for change, how can we improve
     upon our fortune and avoid adversity?  The very first chapter of I
     Ching also said,

[Narrator]:  'families who often perform kind deeds will have an excess of
     good fortune to pass onto the next generations.' Do you believe in this?

[Liao-Fan]:  I understood and believed in the Master, and paid my respects
     to him in gratitude.  Then I began to repent of all my past
     wrongdoings, whether large or small, in front of the Buddha image.  I
     wrote down my wish to pass the imperial examinations, and vowed to
     complete three thousand meritorious deeds to show my gratitude
     towards heaven, earth, and ancestors.  Upon hearing my vow, Master
     Yun Gu showed me a chart, and taught me how to keep a daily record of
     the kind and evil acts I committed .  He told me that bad deeds could
     neutralize the merits I accrue from good deeds.  The Master also
     taught me how to recite the Jwun Ti Mantra; it is a way to train my
     mind for single- minded concentration.  Only with a pure and
     unscattered mind could what I seek for come true.  Master Yun Gu then
     said:

[Master Yun Gu]:  You can also learn the proper way to practice the art of
     written mantras.  It is said, "Those who practice the art but do not
     know the right way to do it will be laughed at by gods and spirits."
     The secret behind writing mantras is the absence of thought from
     start to finish.  In the process of drawing, one must not give rise
     to a single improper thought; even kind thoughts have to be let go of.
     Only under these circumstances can a mantra be successful.  When one
     prays or seeks something in terms of changing fate, it is important
     that one does it when the mind is still.  In this way, wishes will be
     easily fulfilled.

[Master Yun Gu]:  Mencius stated in his Principle of Forming Destiny that
     there is no difference between longevity and short life.  At first
     glance, one would find this hard to understand - how can longevity
     and short life be the same?  In actuality, when we look within our
     hearts, we will find no duality, no difference.  We should see
     everything with eyes of equality and live morally regardless of good
     or bad times.  If one can practice accordingly, then one can master
     the fate of wealth and poverty.

[Master Yun Gu]:  Therefore, when we are able to create and form our own
     destiny, it does not matter whether we are presently rich or poor.
     Just as a wealthy man should not become careless in his thoughts and
     actions because he is rich, a poor man should not resort to
     committing evil deeds due to his poverty.  In either case, one should
     keep to one's place in society and be a virtuous person.  If one can
     practice morality regardless of conditions, then he or she will
     surely change a poor life into a prosperous one, and a prosperous
     life into an even longer lasting prosperity.

[Master Yun Gu]:  One should also look upon long life and short life
     equally.  A person who knows he is short-lived should not think, 'I'm
     going to die soon anyway, so there's no point in being virtuous, I
     should steal and kill for my benefit while I can.' Instead, one who
     already knows he has a short life to live should be even more
     diligent in cultivating kindness, hoping to gain a longer life next
     time, and perhaps his or her merits from practicing kindness can even
     elongate the present life.  One who is long-lived should not think,
     'I have all the time in the world, it doesn't matter if I do some
     evil once in while.' We should know that longevity does not come
     easily, and should be cherished and used to cultivate even more
     kindness and virtue.  Otherwise, you may very well use up your
     longevity all too soon.  If you understand this principle, then you
     will be able to change a short life into a long life through virtuous
     behavior.

[Master Yun Gu]:  The issue of life and death is the most critical issue
     of one's life.  Therefore, long life and short life is also the most
     important issue to us.  The same applies to wealth and poverty, low
     and high prestige.  These are all encompassed by the issue of long
     life and short life.  That is why Mencius did not need to mention the
     latter in his principle of creating destiny, since he had already
     spoken about long and short life.

[Liao-Fan]:  Master Yun Gu then told me about Mencius's teaching on
     cultivating the self.  He said that one who wishes to cultivate
     himself must do so day by day, and be mindful of his conduct every
     moment, ensuring that no transgressions are made.  As for changing
     one's destiny, that depends on the accumulation of merit, seeking for
     a response from the heavens.  When cultivating the self, one should
     be aware of one's own faults, and resolve to correct them just as in
     curing a sickness.  Perseverance is required, and attainment comes
     when one's practice matures and ripens.  In that case, one's destiny
     will most definitely change for the better.  We should work toward
     severing all bad habits and thoughts.  It would be quite an
     accomplishment for the true benefits of these teachings to be felt
     once you reach the state of 'no thought'.

[Master Yun Gu]:  The actions of worldly people usually follow their
     thoughts.  Whatever has to be 'thought' is not considered natural.  I
     know that you are still unable to accomplish the state of 'no
     thought', but if you practice reciting the Jwun Ti Mantra
     continuously, it will help you to overcome scattered thoughts in the
     mind.  When you recite, you must not think of reciting, but recite
     consciously and diligently without any attachment.  When the reciting
     becomes second nature to you, it will be efficacious.

[Narrator]:  But the essence of this practice can only be understood after
     you practice it.

[Liao-Fan]:  My name used to be Shuei Hai, which meant 'broad learning',
     but after receiving these teachings from Master Yun Gu, I changed it
     to Liao Fan, which means 'transcending the mundane'.  It signified my
     understanding of the fact that destiny is created by ourselves, and I
     did not wish to be like worldly people, who allowed destiny to
     control them.

[Liao-Fan]:  From then on, I began to be constantly aware of my thoughts
     and actions, and I was very cautious and careful in whatever I did.
     Soon I felt quite different from before.  In the past, I used to be
     careless and lived my days in distraction, and had no self-discipline
     at all.  Now, I found myself being naturally respectful, careful and
     conservative in my thoughts, speech, and actions.  I maintain this
     attitude even when I'm alone, for I know that there are spirits and
     gods everywhere who can see my every action and thought.  Even when I
     encounter people who dislike or slander me, I can take their insults
     with a patient and peaceful mind, and not feel compelled to quarrel
     with them.

[Liao-Fan]:  The year after I met Master Yun Gu, I took the preliminary
     imperial exam in which Mr. Kong had predicted I would come in third
     place.  Amazingly, I came in first! Mr. Kong's predictions were
     beginning to lose their accuracy.  He had not predicted I would pass
     the imperial exam at all, but that autumn, I did! None of these were
     part of my original destiny.  Master Yun Gu had said that destiny
     could be changed, and now I believe it more than ever!

[Liao-Fan]:  Although I had corrected a lot of my faults, I found that I
     could not wholeheartedly do the things I ought to do.  Even if I did
     do them, it was forced and unnatural.  I reflected within and found
     that there were still many wrongs in my being, such as seeing an
     opportunity to practice kindness and not being eager enough to do it;
     or, harboring doubts when helping others in need.  Sometimes I forced
     myself to act kindly, but my speech was still untamed and offensive.
     I found I could contain myself when sober, but after a few drinks, I
     would lose self-discipline and act without restraint.  Although I
     often practiced kind deeds and accumulated merits, my faults and
     offenses were so numerous, they seemed to outnumber my good deeds.  A
     lot of my time was spent vainly and without value.  It took me more
     than ten years to complete the three thousand meritorious deeds I had
     vowed to do.

[Liao-Fan]:  I was not able to dedicate the merits from these three
     thousand kind deeds at a temple until I returned to my hometown in
     the south a few years later.  Then I made my second wish, and that
     was for a son.  I vowed to complete another three thousand good deeds.
     A few years later, your mother gave birth to you, and named you Tien-chi.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  Every time I performed a kind deed, I would record it in a
     book.  Your mother, who could not read or write, would use a goose
     feather dipped in ink and make a red circle on the calendar for every
     kind deed she did.  Sometimes she gave food to the poor, or bought
     living creatures from the marketplace to free in the wild.  She
     recorded all of these with her circles on the calendar.  At times she
     could accumulate more than ten red circles in one day!

[Narrator]:  That means she performed more than ten kind deeds in a single
     day.

[Liao-Fan]:  Everyday we practiced like this, and in four years, the three
     thousand deeds were completed.  Once again I made the dedications,
     this time in our home.  On September 13th of that same year, I made
     my third wish, and that was to pass the next level in the imperial
     exam, the jin-shr level.  I also vowed to complete ten thousand
     meritorious deeds.  After three years, I attained my wish and passed
     the jin-shr level.  I was also made the mayor of Bao-di prefecture.
     While in that office, I prepared a small booklet to record my merits
     and faults, and called it the Book of Disciplining the Mind.

[Narrator]:  The book was called Disciplining the Mind in hopes of helping
     him avoid selfish and improper thoughts.

[Liao-Fan]:  From that day, I recorded all my good and bad deeds in that
     booklet, and kept it on my desk.  Every evening, I would burn incense
     and make a report of my deeds to the heavens at the little altar in
     the garden.  Once, your mother was concerned when she saw that I had
     not accumulated many merits and asked:

[Mother]:  In the past, I was able to help you in your accumulation of
     kind deeds, and we were able to complete the three thousand
     meritorious deeds.  Now, you have made a vow to complete ten thousand
     kind deeds, and there are fewer opportunities to practice them here
     at the government residence; how long will it be before your vow can
     be fulfilled?

[Liao-Fan]:  That night, after your mother spoke these words, I dreamed of
     a heavenly being, and told him of my difficulty in completing the ten
     thousand kind deeds.  The heavenly being said to me:

[Heavenly being]:  When you became mayor, you reduced the taxes on the
     rice fields; that was a great kind deed, and that deed itself was
     worth ten thousand merits.  Your vow is already fulfilled!

[Liao-Fan]:  As it turned out, the farmers in Bao-di prefecture had to pay
     a very high tax, and when I came to office, I reduced the taxes on
     the rice fields by nearly half.  But still, I felt strange...

[Narrator]:  How did the heavenly being know about the tax deduction?
     Liao-Fan still held doubts and wondered how a single deed could be
     worth ten thousand merits.

[Liao-Fan]:  Coincidentally, the Zen Master Huan-yu was traveling from the
     Five- Plateau Mountains and stopped in Bao-di.  I invited him over
     and told him of my dream, and asked whether it was believable.
     Master Huan-yu said:

[Master Huan-Yu]:  When doing kind deeds, one must be true and sincere,
     and not seek any rewards, or act with falsity.  If one does a kind
     deed with such a true and sincere heart, then one deed can indeed be
     worth the merit from ten thousand kind deeds.  Besides, your act of
     reducing the taxes in this prefecture benefits more than ten thousand
     people; you have relieved the suffering of heavy taxes on all these
     farmers.  The fortune you will gain from this act will surely be great!

[Liao-Fan]:  Upon hearing his words, I was overwhelmed with gratitude and
     immediately gave a month's salary for him to take back to the Five-
     Plateau Mountains as donation.  I asked the Master to use the money
     to offer food for ten thousand monks and dedicate the merits for me.

[Liao-Fan]:  Mr. Kong had predicted that I would die at the age of fifty-
     three.  However, I survived that year with no illnesses though I did
     not ask the heavens for a longer life.  Now I am sixty-nine, and I
     have lived sixteen more years than what was destined!

[Liao-Fan]:  The Chinese Book of History had said:

[Narrator]:  'The way of the Heavens is undetermined, and neither is one's
     destiny.  It is also said that, 'Destiny is not set, but is only
     created and determined by oneself.'

[Liao-Fan]:  These are all true, and I have come to understand that both
     fortune and adversity are all results of one's own doings.  These are
     truly the words of sages and saints! If one is to say that fortune
     and adversity are all determined by the heavens, then I would
     consider that person to be mundane and common.

[Liao-Fan]:  Tien-Chi, my son, I wonder how your life will be?  In any
     case of destiny, we should always prepare for the worst; therefore,
     even in times of prosperity, you must act as if you were not, and
     when things are going your way, you must be mindful of adversity.
     When you are wealthy, be mindful of poverty, and when loved and
     respected by all, you must remain careful and conservative.  When the
     family is greatly respected and revered, you must carry yourself
     humbly, and when your learning is broad and deep, you must not
     display it, but keep it humbly within.

[Narrator]:  The six ways of contemplation mentioned above are a means to
     tackle the problem from its opposite side.  If one can thus cultivate
     the mind, then virtue and morality will grow and fortune will
     increase on its own.

[Liao-Fan]:  When mindful of the past, we should spread the virtues of our
     ancestors, and when mindful of the present, we should conceal the
     faults of our own parents.  This is what Mencius said as 'Parents
     caring for children and children caring for parents'.  When mindful
     of the nation, we should think of how we can repay its kindness to us,
     and when mindful of the family, we should think of how to bring about
     good fortune.  When mindful of the outside, we should think of how to
     help those in need around us, and when mindful of within, we should
     prevent wicked thoughts and improper actions from arising.

[Narrator]:  These six contemplations are all positive ways to cultivate
     good character.  If one can practice accordingly, one will surely
     become a true gentleman.

[Liao-Fan]:  A person must be able to detect his faults everyday in order
     to correct them everyday.  If you are unable to detect any faults in
     yourself, then improvement of character is out of the question.
     There are many intelligent people in the world who refuse to
     cultivate morality and virtue, and cannot put forth diligent effort
     in their work.  Their failures later in life are owed to a single
     word:  Laziness.

[Liao-Fan]:  The teachings which Master Yun Gu taught are truly the most
     worthy, deep, real, and proper teachings, and I hope you will study
     them closely and practice them with all your effort.  You must use
     your time wisely and not let it slip by in vain.
 
 

The Second Lesson:  Ways to Reform

[Narrator]:  How can we be free from faults when we were not born as
     saints or sages? Confucius once said, "One with faults should not
     fear to correct them." After Liao-fan spoke of the ways to create
     destiny, he proceeded to tell his son about the three ways to reform.
     First, one must feel shame, second one must know fear, and third, one
     must have determination and courage.  If we are mindful of correcting
     even the tiniest mistake, then large wrongdoings would naturally be
     avoided.

[Narrator]:  The Spring-Autumn Period mentioned throughout this book
     refers to a period in China's history over 2,000 years ago when the
     country was undergoing great change and turmoil.

[Liao-Fan]:  During the Spring-Autumn Period, China was divided into
     several small nations.  Many prestigious advisors and counselors of
     these nations were able to accurately predict whether a person's
     future would be good, bad, disastrous or fortunate, based on their
     observation of that person's speech and behavior.  These can all be
     seen recorded in several history books.

[Liao-Fan]:  Usually, there are signs which signal impending danger or of
     coming good fortune.  These signs are a reflection of one's heart;
     though it is the heart from which thoughts arise, the body and its
     limbs can fully portray a person's character.  For instance, if a
     person is kind-hearted, then his every gesture would indicate
     steadiness and solidity.  If a person is evil and mean, then his body
     and limbs would naturally portray a petty and small character.  Often
     a person is more fortunate when he tends toward kindness and invites
     trouble when he tends toward meanness.  Worldly people often do not
     see what is actually going on, as if their vision was blurred.  Since
     they cannot see reality, they claim that fortune and disasters are
     unpredictable.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  When a person is absolutely honest and truthful, his heart is
     in agreement with the heart of heaven.  Therefore, when one can use
     this sincere attitude in treating people and dealing with everyday
     matters, good fortune will naturally follow.  This means that in
     observing someone, we only need to pay attention to his behavior.  If
     his behavior portrays kindness, then you will know for sure in
     advance that his good fortune is not far behind.  On the contrary,
     when we see unkind behavior from a person, we will know that troubles
     await him.  If you really want to have good fortune, and stay away
     from adversity, it is necessary to first reform your faults before
     practicing kind deeds.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  There are three ways to reform one's faults:  First, one must
     feel shame.  Think of all the ancient saints and sages whose names
     and teachings have lasted through hundreds of generations.  They were
     people just like us, but why is my name tarnished and my reputation
     ruined in just one lifetime?  I find that it is because I over-
     indulge myself in material pleasures and have been badly influenced
     by the polluted environment.  I also secretly do many things I'm not
     supposed to do, and think others won't know about it.  Sometimes I
     disregard the nation's laws and am not ashamed of it.  Without
     realizing it, I stoop lower each day until I'm no different from an
     animal.  There is nothing else in the world which calls for more
     shame and remorse than these behaviors.  Mencius once said,

[Mencius]:  "Shame" is the greatest and most important word in a person's
     lifetime.  Why?  Because one who knows shame, will put forth his best
     effort in reforming faults and will eventually attain sagehood or
     become a saint.  One who cannot comprehend the word 'shame' will be
     unrestrained and immoral.  This person would then be just like an animal.

[Liao-Fan]:  These are really key words to reforming your faults.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  The second way to reform is that one must know fear.  What
     are we to fear? We must know that the heaven, earth, spirits, and
     gods all hover over our heads in observation.  They are different
     from man in that they can see everything without obstruction.
     Therefore, it is not easy to deceive them.  Even when my wrongdoings
     are done in a place where nobody is around to witness it, the heaven,
     earth, spirits and gods are just like a mirror, clearly reflecting
     all my faults.  If my offense is serious, then all kinds of disasters
     will befall me; if the fault is minor, it will still deduct from my
     current fortune.  How can I not feel fear?

[Liao-Fan]:  Every moment, even when I'm in an empty room, the spirits and
     gods watch over me very carefully and records everything.  We can try
     covering up our evil doings from others, but the spirits and gods can
     see through to our hearts and know our every action.  Ultimately, we
     cannot deceive ourselves.  We would feel embarrassed and dishonored
     if others happened to see our misdeeds.  Therefore, how can we not be
     constantly cautious of our every actions and be fearful of the
     consequences they might evoke?

[Liao-Fan]:  But there's more to it! As long as a person still has one
     breath left, then he has the chance to repent of the most serious
     mistakes and offenses.

[Narrator]:  Once, a person who behaved badly during his entire lifetime
     felt remorse just when he was about to die.  He had realized his past
     mistakes and regretted all the bad things he had done.  His heart
     came to a very kind thought, and immediately afterwards, he passed
     away peacefully.

[Liao-Fan]:  This is to say, if a person can have an overwhelming and
     courageous kind thought at the most important moment, then it can
     cleanse away hundreds of years of accumulated sins.  This is just
     like how only one lamp is necessary to bring light into a valley that
     has been dark for a thousand years.  Therefore, it does not matter
     how long one has been sinful, or if the offenses were newly made; he
     or she is a surpassing person as long as they are able to change!

[Narrator]:  Though we make mistakes, it is good to correct them.  But
     don't think it is all right for you to do bad things now because you
     can always repent later.  This is definitely not allowed.  If one
     commits a wrongdoing purposely, then the sin is even greater than before.

[Liao-Fan]:  Besides, we are living in a tumultuous and constantly
     changing world.  Our body, being made of flesh and blood is extremely
     perishable.  If our next breath does not come, then this body will no
     longer be part of us.  By then, even if we did want to reform, we
     would not have the chance to do so.

[Narrator]:  Also, when a person dies, he cannot take any worldly
     possessions with him; for only his karma stays with his spirit.

[Liao-Fan]:  Therefore, when you commit evil, your retribution in the
     physical world is a bad reputation and name which will last for
     hundreds and thousands of years.  Even filial children and loving
     grandchildren cannot cleanse your name for you.  Whereas in your
     afterlife, you might end up in hell suffering immeasurable pain.
     Even the saints, sages, Buddhas, and Bodhisattvas you may meet cannot
     save or help you from your consequences.  So how can one not be fearful?
 

[Liao-Fan]:  The third way to reform is:  one must have determination and
     courage.  A person who hesitates to reform his faults is one who
     really does not want to change, but is content with what he can get
     away with.  His willpower may not be strong enough, making him afraid
     to change his wrongdoings.  For a reform to take place, one must use
     all his efforts and resolve to change immediately.  One should not
     doubt or wait to reform one's faults.  We should not postpone our
     resolve to change until tomorrow or the day after.  A minor fault is
     like a thorn sticking into our flesh, and should be quickly removed.
     A big fault is like a finger bitten by a poisonous snake.  We must
     cut off that finger without hesitation to prevent the poison from
     spreading and taking our life.

[Liao-Fan]:  If a person can follow the three ways of shame, fear, and
     determination to reform, then his personality will surely be
     transformed.  Just as a thin layer of ice is melted by the sun's rays
     in springtime, one's faults will also disappear when dealt with
     through these three ways.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  There are also three methods of practice in helping one
     reform.  First is changing through action; second is changing through
     reasoning, and third is changing from the heart.  Since the methods
     vary, so do the results of change.
 

[Narrator]:  First let us talk about changing through action.

[Liao-Fan]:  For example, if I killed living beings in the past, I now vow
     not to kill again starting today.  If I was angry and yelled at
     others in the past, I vow not to get angry starting today.  This is
     how a person changes through action, and refrains from repeating a
     wrongdoing by vowing not to do it again.  However, it is a hundred
     times harder if you force yourself not to do something than if you
     just stopped doing it naturally.  If you do not uproot your faults,
     but merely suppress them, the faults will eventually resurface even
     if you have temporarily stopped doing them.  Therefore, the method of
     changing through action cannot help you get rid of your faults
     permanently.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  Second, let me explain changing through reasoning.  A person
     who tries to reform can refrain from wrongdoings by understanding the
     reason and principle behind why he should not do it.  In the instance
     of killing, one can reform through contemplating:

[Narrator]:  Loving all living things is the virtue of heaven.  All living
     beings love life and are afraid to die.  How can I be at peace with
     myself by taking another's life to nurture my own?  At times, animals
     were even cooked alive, such as fish or crabs.  They may not have
     been completely slaughtered before going into the cooking pot.  Such
     pain and suffering reach down into the bones, how can we be so cruel
     to these animals? When we eat, we use all kinds of expensive and
     tasty things to nourish our bodies, enough to fill the whole dinner
     table! But once the meal is done, even the delicacies become body
     waste and are excreted.  The result of our killing accomplishes
     nothing.  We can be nourished just as well by consuming vegetarian
     foods.  Why let your stomach become a graveyard and reduce your
     fortune through the sin of killing?

[Liao-Fan]:  Think again of all the living beings with flesh and blood.
     Like us, they have a consciousness.  We should cultivate virtue and
     allow these living beings to feel safe around us.  How can we
     continue to harm their lives and make them hate us?  If you think
     about it, you will naturally feel sorrow for these animals and be
     unable to swallow their flesh.

[Liao-Fan]:  Here's another example of change through reasoning.  One who
     often gets angry should stop and think of the fact that everyone has
     their individual strengths and weaknesses.  According to my reasoning,
     if I touched on someone else's weakness, I should pity him for his
     weaknesses and forgive his shortcomings.  If someone offends me for
     no reason at all, then it is their problem, and that has nothing to
     do with me.  There is no reason for me to get angry.  I can also think:

[Narrator]:  There isn't a right minded person who thinks he is always
     right, for anyone who thinks he is perfect must be a fool.  There
     isn't a learned person who blames another for being knowledgeable,
     because a truly learned person would be humble, and he will only
     criticize himself and treat others with tolerance.  Therefore, one
     who complains about others is not a genuine learned person.

[Liao-Fan]:  Therefore, when things do not go the way we wish, it is
     because we haven't cultivated our virtues and morals, and have not
     accumulated enough merits to move others! We should always reflect
     upon ourselves first and see whether we have mistreated others.  If
     we practice thus and diligently cultivate this virtue, then adversity
     and slander can actually become our training ground to refine our
     character and to fulfill our goals.  Therefore, we should be very
     glad to accept someone else's criticism and teachings.  What is there
     to be angry and complain about?

[Liao-Fan]:  Additionally, to remain unmoved by slander is like letting a
     torch burn itself out in space.  If we hear others slandering us and
     try to defend ourselves, it would be like the spring silkworm
     spinning its own cocoon.  There was an old saying which stated 'one
     who ties himself in a cocoon is looking for suffering'.  Therefore,
     no benefit but harm is derived from getting angry.  There are other
     faults and offenses we can change along the same lines.  If we can
     understand the reasoning behind the need for reform, we will not make
     the same mistakes twice.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  Lastly, what is meant by changing from the heart?  Though a
     person's faults can amount to thousands of different types, they all
     stem from thoughts of the mind.  If my heart is still of thoughts,
     then actions will not arise and faults can be avoided.  If your heart
     is rooted in vices such as desire, fame, profits, or anger, you don't
     have to find ways to get rid of each fault.  All you need is a
     sincere, kind heart and the willingness to practice kind deeds.  As
     long as your heart is virtuous and kind, then naturally your mind
     will not generate any improper thoughts.

[Liao-Fan]:  All mistakes stem from the heart; therefore, one should
     change from the heart.  It is like getting rid of a poisonous tree.
     If you want to put an end to it, you must uproot it altogether so it
     cannot grow again.  Why exert yourself to no avail by pulling out its
     leaves one by one and cutting it twig by twig?

[Liao-Fan]:  The best way to reform our faults is through cultivating our
     hearts.  If we are willing to cultivate our hearts, then it is
     possible to purify our faults right away.

[Narrator]:  This is because wrongdoings originate from the heart.
     Purifying the heart can erase all improper and bad thoughts before
     they are carried out in action.

[Liao-Fan]:  If my heart is pure, I can recognize and stop an evil thought
     as soon as it arises.  The immoral idea will disappear the moment I
     lay my conscious on it.  If I am unable to succeed at reforming a
     fault through changing the heart, then I will try at the level of
     understanding, knowing the reasons why I need to make the change.  If
     I cannot succeed with this, then I will try to reform by changing
     through action and force the thought to dissipate.  The best way is
     by cultivating the heart and understanding the reason behind the need
     to change.  The alternative way is forcing ourselves not to commit
     the wrongdoing again.  Sometimes all three methods have to be used to
     succeed at reforming a fault.  Don't be a fool by dismissing the best
     way and preferring the alternative way.

[Liao-Fan]:  But even when one vows to change, assistance is needed to
     truly reform.  We will need constant reminders from true friends who
     are witnesses to our actions in everyday life.  As for our good and
     bad thoughts, we can ask the spirits and gods to be our witness.  I
     practice this by writing down all my faults and reporting them to the
     heavens, earth, spirits, and gods.  You also need to repent sincerely
     and wholeheartedly from morning to evening without laxity.  If one
     can sincerely repent from one to two weeks, then one to three months,
     continuing this way, then one will definitely attain results and
     benefits.

[Narrator]:  What are the benefits of repentance?  For one, you may feel
     very much at ease, and your heart will feel light and generous.  A
     dumb person may suddenly become wise, and one can maintain a clear
     and relaxed mind even in a disturbing and confusing environment.  One
     would also feel a great knowledge for everything.  One would be able
     to drive out all hatred upon seeing an enemy and keep a happy
     attitude.  One may dream of spitting out black things; a sign of
     expelling improper thoughts and negative energy, leaving the heart
     much cleaner and purified.  One may also dream of the ancient saints
     or sages who have come to promote and help them, or dream of flying
     in space without a care in the world.  One may also dream of all
     kinds of colorful flags and ornately decorated canopies.  These
     unusual phenomena are all indications of a successful reform and
     dissolving of past offenses.

[Liao-Fan]:  However, one must not consider seeing these phenomena as a
     sign of perfection.  Instead, one must resolve to further improve the
     self and put forth greater effort to reform.

[Liao-Fan]:  During the Spring-Autumn period of China's history, there was
     a high senior government official in Wei, named Bwo-yu Chu.  When he
     was twenty, he was already mindful of his past faults.  He studied
     his mistakes and tried to correct them thoroughly.  At the age of
     twenty-one, he felt he still had not completely corrected all his
     faults.  When he was twenty-two, he felt as if twenty-one was spent
     dreamily, without practical improvement.  Thus, year after year, he
     continued to correct his faults.  When he reached fifty, Bwo-yu still
     felt that the past forty nine years were full of wrongdoings.  This
     was how particular our ancestors were regarding the correction of faults!

[Liao-Fan]:  We are all just common people and our mistakes are as
     numerous as the spines on a porcupine.  Oftentimes when we look back,
     we do not even see our own faults.  This is because we are careless,
     and do not know how to reflect on our own actions.  It is as if a
     cataract is growing in our eye, we become so blind we cannot even see
     that we're making mistakes everyday!

[Liao-Fan]:  There are also indications when people have accumulated too
     many offenses and sins.

[Narrator]:  For instance, one's heart may feel confused and oppressed,
     lacking energy and spirit.  One becomes extremely forgetful, full of
     worries and feels embarrassed and depressed upon meeting a virtuous
     gentleman.  One becomes displeased at hearing righteous reasoning and
     when showing kindness to others, is in turn treated with hostility.
     One will constantly have nightmares where everything is upside-down,
     and will talk incoherently and behave abnormally.  These are the
     symptoms of those who have accumulated too many sins and offenses!

[Liao-Fan]:  If you have any of the above symptoms, you should immediately
     gather your willpower and reform all faults.  It is necessary to form
     a new life for yourself.  I hope you will not delay!
 
 

The Third Lesson:  The Way to Cultivate Kindness

[Narrator]:  The previous chapter spoke about the many ways to correct
     one's faults in this present life, naturally assuring that a good
     life will not become a bad one.  However, we are still unable to
     transform a bad life into a good one.  Though we may be good and
     virtuous in this life, we do not know if we committed offenses in
     past lives.  The retribution for past deeds still has to be undergone.
     Therefore, in order to change a bad life into a good life, we not
     only have to reform our faults, but also have to practice all forms
     of kindness and build upon our virtue.  Only in this way can we rid
     ourselves of the karma created in the past.  Once the number of our
     kind practices accumulate, our bad life will naturally turn into a
     good life; thus, the practice of changing destiny can be proven!

[Liao-Fan]:  The I Ching/Book of Change stated:

[Narrator]:  "Families who perform kind deeds will accumulate fortune
     which can outlast many generations".

[Liao-Fan]:  Let me give you an example.  Once there was a family by the
     name of Yen.  Before they agreed to give their daughter in marriage
     to the man who later became Confucius' father, they looked into the
     past deeds of the family.  After finding the family to be one that
     practiced kindness and accumulated virtues, the Yen family felt
     assured that their daughter would be marrying into a family that
     would be prosperous with outstanding descendants.  Sure enough, their
     daughter later gave birth to Confucius.

[Liao-Fan]:  Confucius had once praised Shwun, an emperor of early China,
     on his filial piety, saying:

[Confucius]:  Due to his great filial piety, Shwun and his ancestors will
     be known and respected by others.  His offspring will be prominent
     for many, many generations.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  These sayings were later proven true through history.  Now I
     will prove to you in these true stories that merits can be attained
     through performing kind deeds.

[Liao-Fan]:  In Fukien province, there was a prominent man named Rong Yang
     who held a position in the imperial court as the Emperor's teacher.
     His ancestors were boat people who made a living by helping people
     cross the river.  Once, there was a storm which lasted so long that
     fierce flooding washed away all the people's houses.  People, animals,
     and goods were carried down river by the current.  Other boaters took
     advantage of the situation and strove to collect the floating goods.
     Only Rong Yang's grandfather and great grandfather took interest in
     rescuing the drowning people.  They did not take any of the goods
     that floated by.  The other boaters all laughed and thought them to
     be very stupid.  Later on, when Rong Yang's father was born, the Yang
     family gradually became wealthy.  One day a saint disguised as a
     Taoist monk came to the Yang family and said:

[Taoist]:  Your ancestors have accumulated a lot of merit; your offspring
     should enjoy wealth and prominence.  There is a special place where
     you can build your ancestral tomb.

[Liao-Fan]:  So they followed the Taoist's suggestion and shortly after,
     Rong Yang was born.  Rong Yang passed the imperial examination when
     he was only twenty years old and later received imperial appointments.
     The emperor had even bestowed his grandfather and great grandfather
     with the same imperial honors.  His descendants are still very
     prominent today.

[Liao-Fan]:  Zi-cheng Yang from the prefecture of Ninpo, Chehkiang
     province is another example.  Zi-cheng worked as a member in the
     staff of the prefectural courthouse.  He was a kind, humane, and law-
     abiding man.  Once, the prefectural magistrate punished a criminal by
     beating him until his blood spilled out onto the ground.  The
     magistrate's anger did not subside and as he was about to continue,
     Zi- cheng knelt and pleaded with him to stop beating the prisoner.
     The magistrate said:

[Magistrate]:  It's all right for you to plead, but how can I not be angry
     when this person has broken the law!

[Liao-Fan]:  Zi-cheng replied:

[Zi-cheng]:  When even those in government positions of prestige and power
     are corrupted and do not follow the Righteous Path, how can one
     expect the common people to abide by laws and orders?  Also, extreme
     beating can force an innocent suspect to plead guilty.  Thus in a
     case like this we should be more understanding.

[Liao-Fan]:  The magistrate was quite touched by Zi-cheng's speech and
     ceased the beating.  Although Zi-cheng came from a very poor family,
     he never took any bribes.  If the prisoners were short of food, he
     would always take food from his own home even if it meant going
     hungry himself.  This practice of compassion never ceased and
     eventually Zi-cheng had two sons.  The elder's name was Shou-chen and
     the younger was named Shou-zi.  Both sons became very prominent, and
     held important government positions.  Even the descendants of the
     Yang family remained prominent for a long time as well.

[Liao-Fan]:  Here is another true story that happened during the Ming
     Dynasty.  Once, an organization of bandits appeared in Fukien
     Province.  The Emperor appointed General Hsieh to lead the imperial
     army to pacify them.  General Hsieh wanted to make sure that the
     innocent were not accidentally killed in the hunt for bandits.  So,
     he managed to attain a list of those who belonged to the organization
     and commanded that a white flag be given secretly to those who did
     not belong with the bandits.  They were told to place the flag on
     their door when the imperial army came to town and the soldiers were
     ordered not to harm the innocent.  With this one thought of kindness,
     General Hsieh saved tens of thousands of people from being killed.
     Later, his son Chian Hsieh placed first on the imperial exams and
     later became an advisor to the emperor.  His grandson Pei Hsieh also
     placed highly on the exams.

[Liao-Fan]:  Another example is the Lin family from Fukien.  Among their
     ancestors was an old lady who was very generous.  Everyday she made
     rice balls to give to the poor, and always gave as many as they asked
     for.  There was a Taoist monk who came everyday for three years and
     each time would ask for six or seven rice balls.  The old lady always
     granted his request and never expressed any displeasure.  The Taoist
     monk, who was actually a heavenly being who came to test the depth of
     her kind heart, realized the deep sincerity of this woman's kindness
     and said:

[Taoist]:  I have eaten your rice balls for three years with nothing to
     show my gratitude in return.  Perhaps I can help you in this way:  On
     the land behind your house there is a good place where you can build
     the ancestral grave.  If you are placed there in the future, the
     number of your descendants who will have imperial appointments will
     be equivalent to the number of seeds in a pound of sesame seeds.

[Liao-Fan]:  When the old lady passed away, the Lin family followed the
     Taoist's suggestion and buried her at the designated place.  The
     first generation after that, nine men passed the imperial exams, and
     it continued that way for every succeeding generation.

[Liao-Fan]:  Another example comes from the father of an imperial
     historian whose name was Chi Feng.  One winter many years ago, Chi
     Feng's father was on his way to school when he encountered a person
     frozen in the snow.  Finding the man still breathing, he quickly took
     off his coat to wrap around the frozen man.  He carried him back home
     and revived him.  That night he dreamed of a heavenly being who told him:

[Heavenly being]:  You helped the dying man out of utter sincerity, this
     is a great virtue.  I will bring the famous General Han-chi of the
     Sung Dynasty to be reborn as your son.

[Liao-Fan]:  Later the child was born and his nickname was Chi.

[Liao-Fan]:  Another example is of Ta-jo Ying, the imperial secretary who
     lived in Tai-chou.  When he was young, he used to study in remote
     mountain areas.  At night he often heard the sounds of ghost and
     spirits but he never feared them.  One day he heard a ghost say
     happily to another ghost:

[Ghost 1]:  There's a village woman whose husband left home a long time
     ago and has not returned.  Her in-laws think that their son is dead
     and are forcing her to remarry.  Tomorrow night she is going to
     commit suicide here, and will replace me so that I can be reborn.

[Narrator]:  The souls of those who commit suicide have to wait for
     another to die at the same place they did in order to leave the ghost
     realm and attain rebirth at a higher level.

[Liao-Fan]:  Mr. Ying heard this and immediately set out to sell his
     parcel of land.  He attained four lians of silver and made up a
     letter from the daughter-in-law's husband and sent it to her home
     along with the silver.  The father-in-law noticed that the letter was
     not in his son's handwriting, but examined the silver and said:

[Father-in-law]:  The letter may be a fake, but the silver's not.  Besides,
     who would send us this much money?  Perhaps our son is truly alive
     and well, and we should not force our daughter-in-law to remarry.

[Liao-Fan]:  Therefore the daughter-in-law did not commit suicide and her
     husband returned home after all.  Mr. Ying heard the ghosts converse
     again:

[Ghost 1]:  Humph! Originally I was able to leave this place for rebirth,
     but my chance got messed up by Mr. Ying!

[Ghost 2]:  Why don't you inflict some harm on him?

[Ghost 1]:  No, I can't.  His goodness and virtue has been recognized by
     the gods and he's going to receive a prominent position in the future.
     How can I harm him?

[Liao-Fan]:  Mr. Ying heard this and became even more diligent in
     practicing kindness and accumulating merit.  Whenever there was a
     famine, he would use his own money to buy food for the poor and needy
     and was always eager to help those in emergencies.  When things did
     not go his way, he always reflected within himself rather than
     complain of the outside conditions.  Even today, his descendants are
     still very prominent.

[Liao-Fan]:  There was another person, Feng-chu Hsu, who lived in Changso,
     Chiangsu province, whose father was very wealthy.  Whenever there was
     a famine, his father would donate his own grain and all the rent on
     the rice fields to the poor.  One night he heard ghosts singing
     outside his home:

[Ghosts]:  No kidding! No kidding! A person of the Hsu family is going to
     pass the imperial exam!

[Liao-Fan]:  This went on for several days and sure enough, that year his
     son Feng-chu passed the imperial exam.  From then on, he was even
     more diligent in doing good deeds and accumulating merit.  He often
     fixed bridges and took care of travelers and monks.  One day he heard
     the ghosts sing again:

[Ghosts]:  No kidding! No kidding! A person in the Hsu family is going to
     pass an even higher level on the imperial exam!

[Liao-Fan]:  And sure enough, Feng-chu passed the higher exam and became
     the governor of two provinces.

[Liao-Fan]:  Another example is Kung-hsi Tu who lived in Chia-shing,
     Chehkiang Province.  Mr. Tu used to work in the courthouse and would
     spend nights in the prison cells, talking with the inmates.  Whenever
     he found anyone to be innocent, he would write a classified report to
     the judge, informing him of innocent cases.  The judge would then
     question the prisoners accordingly and clear the case.  Through Mr.
     Tu's effort, ten innocent people were released, and all of them were
     extremely grateful to him.  Soon after, Mr. Tu also made a report to
     the Imperial Judge saying:

[Mr. Tu]:  If even in the Imperial City there are so many innocent
     imprisoned, there must be many more throughout the nation.  I
     recommend that the Imperial Judge send investigators to check the
     prisons for innocent people every five years.  The sentences can be
     reduced or canceled in order to prevent the innocent from remaining
     in prison.

[Liao-Fan]:  The Imperial Judge took his request to the Emperor, who
     agreed to Mr. Tu's suggestion.  Mr. Tu was chosen as one of the
     special agents in charge of reducing sentences for those who may be
     innocent.  One night he dreamed of a heavenly being who came to him
     and said:

[Heavenly being]:  You were not supposed to deserve a son in this life,
     but this act of reducing prison sentences for innocent people is in
     line with the wishes of the heavens.  You will be bestowed with three
     sons and they will all attain high positions.

[Liao-Fan]:  Soon after that, his wife gave birth to three sons who all
     became prominent men in society.

[Liao-Fan]:  Another example of attaining good outcomes from practicing
     kindness is Ping Bao who lived in Chia-shing.  Ping was the youngest
     of the seven sons of the magistrate of Chih-chou, An-hui Province.
     He was sought into marriage by the Yuan family at Ping-hu Prefecture
     and was a good friend of my father.  Ping Bao was very knowledgeable
     and talented, but he was never able to pass the exams.  He put his
     time into studying the teachings of Buddhism and Taoism instead.
     Once, while traveling to Lake Liu, he came to a village and saw a
     temple in desperate need of repairs.  He saw that the statue of Kuan
     Yin Bodhisattva stood wet from the rain which leaked through the roof.
     Ping took out all his money and gave it to the abbot of the temple,
     asking him to please use it to restore the temple.  The abbot replied:

[Abbot]:  It will be a very big project, I'm afraid this amount is not
     enough to complete your wish.

[Liao-Fan]:  Ping Bao then took out all his luxurious belongings and
     handed them to the abbot.  His servant tried to persuade him into
     keeping his best outfit, but he refused, saying:

[Ping Bao]:  It does not matter to me.  As long as the statue of Kuan Yin
     Bodhisattva remains undamaged, I do not care if I have to go without
     clothes.

[Liao-Fan]:  The abbot, with tears in his eyes, exclaimed:

[Abbot]:  To give up money and clothing is not a difficult deed to
     accomplish, but your deep sincerity is truly rare and precious to
     encounter!

[Liao-Fan]:  After the temple was repaired, Ping Bao led his father over
     to visit and spent the night there as well.  That night, Ping dreamed
     of the Dharma Protector of the temple, Chie-lan, coming to thank him
     saying:

[Chie-Lan]:  Since you have accumulated these merits and virtues, your
     children and descendants will enjoy having imperial appointments for
     a long time.

[Liao-Fan]:  Later on, his son and grandson both passed high exams and
     were appointed as imperial officials.

[Liao-Fan]:  Another example is a person named Li Zhi from Jia-shan
     prefecture.  His father used to be a clerk in the prefectural
     courthouse.  Once, Li's father came to know about an innocent man who
     was given the death penalty.  He attempted to plead this case with
     his superior.  When the prisoner heard about this, he told his wife:

[Prisoner]:  I am so indebted to this man who has spoken on my behalf, and
     I have no way of showing my gratitude.  Will you invite him over to
     our house and offer yourself in marriage?  Perhaps this will please
     him and increase my chances to live.

[Liao-Fan]:  The wife cried as she listened to his request, for she really
     did not want to do it.  But it was the only way she could help her
     husband in this time of need.  So, the next day when the clerk came
     to visit, she offered him wine and told him of her husband's wishes.
     The clerk refused the offer of marriage, but continued with great
     effort to clear the case.  When at last the prisoner was released, he
     and his wife both went to his house to thank him.  The man said:

[Man]:  One with such virtue as yours is truly rare to encounter these
     days, how can I show my gratitude?  You do not have a son, please
     allow me to offer my daughter in marriage to you, this is the only
     way I can repay you.  Please accept.

[Liao-Fan]:  So the clerk accepted, and soon afterwards, she bore him his
     son, Li Zhi.  Li passed the higher level imperial exam when he was
     just twenty years old.  Li's son Gao, and grandson, Lu, and great
     grandson Da-lwun all passed high examinations and received imperial
     appointments.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  The ten examples above all tell of the different deeds
     cultivated by different people.  Although their actions differ, their
     intent was the same:  to do good.  If we were to examine goodness
     closely, we would find that there are many different kinds.
 

[Narrator]:  There is real goodness and false goodness, honest goodness
     and crooked goodness, hidden goodness and visible goodness, seeming
     goodness and unseeming goodness, improper goodness and proper
     goodness, half goodness and full goodness, big goodness and small
     goodness, and finally, difficult goodness and easy goodness.

[Liao-Fan]:  These different types of goodness each have their own reason,
     which should be carefully learned and understood.  If we practice
     kind deeds but do not learn the way to differentiate between right
     and wrong, we may end up doing harm instead of good.  Now I will
     explain the different types of goodness one by one.

[Liao-Fan]:  What is real goodness and false goodness?  Once upon a time
     in the Yuan Dynasty, a group of scholars went to pay homage to Master
     Jung Feng on Tian-mu Mountain.  They asked:

[Scholar 1]:  Buddhist teachings often speak of the retributions for good
     and evil; they say it's like the shadow, following the body wherever
     it goes.  This is saying that doing good will always have its reward,
     and doing evil will always have its punishments.  Then why is it,
     that there are people who practice kind deeds, but their family and
     descendants are not prosperous and successful?  On the other hand,
     there are evil and wicked people who do bad things, but their family
     and descendants do quite well.  Where has the law of cause and effect
     gone to?  Is there no standard in the Buddha's teaching?

[Liao-Fan]:  Master Jung Feng answered him, saying:

[Master J.F.]:  Common people are blinded by worldly views, they have not
     cleansed their minds of impurities, and cannot see with true
     perception.  Therefore, they look upon true goodness as evil and
     mistaken true evil as goodness.  This is very common nowadays!
     Furthermore, these people do not blame themselves for bad perception
     on their part, but instead blame the heavens for their misfortunes!

[Scholar 2]:  Goodness is goodness, and evil is evil; how can they be
     mistaken for each other?

[Liao-Fan]:  Hearing this, Master Jung Feng asked each of them to express
     their thoughts on what was good and what was evil.  One of them said:

[Scholar 3]:  To yell at and beat others is evil, to respect and treat
     others in a mannerly way is good.

[Liao-Fan]:  Master Jung Feng answered:

[Master J.F.]:  Not necessarily.

[Liao-Fan]:  Another scholar said:

[Scholar 4]:  Being greedy for wealth and taking another's money is evil,
     not being greedy and abiding by proper ways is good.

[Liao-Fan]:  Master Jung Feng said:

[Master J.F.]:  Not necessarily.

[Liao-Fan]:  The remaining scholars all expressed their own views on what
     was good and what was evil, but Master Jung Feng still replied:

[Master J.F.]:  Not necessarily.

[Liao-Fan]:  Since Master Jung Feng disagreed with all of their views on
     good and evil, they decided to ask the Master himself.  They questioned:

[Scholar 1]:  So what is really considered good, and what is really
     considered evil?

[Liao-Fan]:  Master Jung Feng told them:

[Master J.F.]:  To do things with the intention of bringing benefit to
     others is good, to do things for the sake of oneself is evil.  If
     what you do is for the sake of benefiting another, then it does not
     matter if you yell at or beat him, that is still considered good.  If
     your intention is for self-benefit, then regardless of your
     appearance of respect and courtesy, it is still considered evil.
     Therefore, when one practices kind deeds with the sole intention of
     benefiting others, this is considered as benefiting the public, and
     if it's public, then it is real goodness.  If you only think for
     yourself while doing kind acts, then that is considered private
     benefit, and that, is false goodness.  When kindness springs from
     within the heart, it is real goodness.  When one does good just for
     the sake of doing a good deed, then it is false.  Also, when one does
     good without expecting anything in return, it is considered real
     goodness.  When one practices kind deeds for some other purpose than
     to benefit others, it is false.  These differences should all be
     scrutinized by those who wish to practice true kindness.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is honest goodness and crooked goodness?  People
     nowadays often look upon a conservative and nice person as a good and
     kind person.  However, the ancient sages and saints have shown that
     they prefer those who are courageous and hold high goals for themselves.

[Narrator]:  This is because those with courage and high goals are easier
     to teach and guide, and will someday reach accomplishment in life,
     while those who are overly careful and conservative will never amount
     to anything.

[Liao-Fan]:  As for those who appear to be conservative and careful in
     their everyday actions, they may be liked by all, but because of
     their weak personality, they easily go along with everything, unable
     to think for themselves.  Sages often speak of them as thieves of
     virtue.  From this we can see that the viewpoint of common folk
     greatly differs from that of the saints and sages.

[Narrator]:  What common people may view as goodness, the saint in fact
     proclaims to be evil.  What appears to be evil to the common people,
     the saint perceives as true kindness.

[Liao-Fan]:  This applies to other matters as well.  Heaven, earth, gods
     and spirits all look upon good and evil from the same viewpoint as
     the sages.  The kind man finds himself rewarded for his kind deeds,
     and the wicked man suffers for his evil-doings.  Whatever the sages
     perceive as right, they too see the same way.  They do not view
     things from the same perspective as do commoners.  Therefore, those
     who wish to accumulate merit must not be deceived and affected by the
     sights and sounds of the world, and should practice with a true and
     humble heart, not for the purpose of pleasing others and acquiring
     respect.  One must protect one's heart from deviant and impure thoughts.

[Narrator]:  Honest goodness comes from the thought to help all others,
     and crooked goodness arises from the thought of greed in wishing only
     to please people.  In harboring love for others, this is being honest,
     and in harboring thoughts of hatred and jealousy, this is being
     crooked.  Honest goodness is when one is respectful, and crookedness
     is when one acts without sincerity.

[Liao-Fan]:  These should all be carefully differentiated.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is hidden goodness and visible goodness?

[Narrator]:  When one does something good and people know about it, it is
     called visible goodness.  When one does something good and no one
     knows about it, it is called hidden virtue.

[Liao-Fan]:  Those with hidden virtues will naturally be known by the
     heavens and will be rewarded.  Those who practice visible goodness
     are known by people, and they enjoy fame.  Fame itself is a fortune,
     but fame is not favored by heaven and earth, for heaven and earth do
     not like those who seek fame.  We can see that those who have great
     fame but lack the virtues supporting it will eventually encounter
     some kind of unthinkable adversity.  A person who truly has not done
     any wrong but continues to be falsely accused by others will have
     descendants who will suddenly become prosperous and successful.  From
     this, we can see how important it is to know the minute differences
     between hidden and visible goodness.  We cannot afford to mistake them!
 

[Liao-Fan]:  In performing good deeds, there is also what seems to be
     goodness but is actually not, and what does not appear to be goodness
     but actually is.  For example, in the Spring-Autumn Period, there was
     a country named Lu.  Because there were other countries which took
     their citizens as slaves or servants, the country of Lu made a law
     which rewarded those who paid the ransom to regain the freedom of
     their fellow citizens.  At that time, Confucius had a very rich
     student named Dz-gong.  Although Dz-gong paid for the ransom to free
     his people, he did not accept the reward for doing such a deed.  He
     did it out of good intention, seeking only to help others and not for
     the reward money.  But when Confucius heard this, he was very unhappy
     and scolded him saying:

[Confucius]:  You acted wrongly in this matter.  When saints and sages
     undertake anything, they strive to improve the social demeanor,
     teaching the common folk to be good and decent people.  One should
     not do something just because one feels like it.  In the country of
     Lu, the poor outnumber the wealthy.  By refusing the reward, you lead
     others to think that accepting the reward money is being greedy, thus,
     all the poor people and others who do not wish to appear greedy will
     hesitate to pay for ransom in the future.  Only very rich people will
     have a chance to practice this deed.  If this happens, no one will
     pay the ransom to free our people again.

[Liao-Fan]:  Another student of Confucius, Dz-lu, once saw a man drowning
     in the river, and went forth to rescue him.  Later, the man thanked
     him by giving him a cow as a token of gratitude.  Dz-lu accepted his
     gift.  Confucius was happy when he heard this, and said:

[Confucius]:  In the future, people will be willing and eager to help
     those who are drowning in deep waters or lakes.

[Liao-Fan]:  If we look from the view of common people, Dz-gong, who did
     not accept the reward money, was good; and Dz-lu, who accepted the
     cow was not as good.  Who would have known that Confucius praised Dz-
     lu instead and scolded Dz-gong?  From this we can see that those who
     practice kind deeds must not only look at the present outcome, but
     should also consider the act's effect in the long run.  One should
     not only consider one's own gain and loss, but should look to see the
     impact made on the public.  What we do right now may be good, but
     with passing years it may inflict harm upon others.  Therefore, what
     seems like goodness may in fact be the opposite, and what appears to
     be the opposite of goodness, may someday turn out to be goodness done
     after all.

[Liao-Fan]:  There are other examples of what appears to be goodness but
     actually is not.  For example:

[Narrator]:  There are many things that people ought to do, but sometimes
     these things prove to be better left undone.  Forgiveness is a virtue,
     but it cannot be used without reason and wisdom.  If we easily
     forgive and release a criminal when he has not repented and reformed,
     we may be letting loose a threat to society, causing more harm than
     good.  In this case, forgiveness would be improper, and the man would
     be best left in his cell.

[Liao-Fan]:  Everyone ought to have manners, but they should be carried
     out with good measure.  Overdoing your courtesy to others can result
     in making them proud and arrogant.  In this case, it would not be a
     good thing.  Keeping to one's word is a virtue, but if one causes
     bigger trouble through keeping a small promise, then that would be
     considered improper also.  Being loving and compassionate is a
     wonderful trait, but if compassion is carried out by allowing
     anything to be done, then the spoiled person would be daring and
     unrestrained, causing greater harm and trouble in the future.  This
     would be most unmerciful.  These are all examples of what appears to
     be goodness but actually is not, and should be thoroughly contemplated.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is improper goodness and proper goodness?  In the Ming
     Dynasty, there once was a prime minister named Wen-yi Lyu, who was a
     just and lawful man.  When he grew old, he retired to his hometown
     where he was loved and respected by all the people.  Once, a drunken
     villager went to his home and proceeded to insult him.  Mr. Lyu was
     not angered by his words but instead told his servant:

[Mr. Lyu]:  This man is drunk; let's not give him a hard time.

[Liao-Fan]:  With this, he closed the door and ignored the onslaught of
     insults.  A year later, the same man committed a grave crime and was
     sent to jail with the death sentence.  Upon hearing this, Mr. Lyu
     said with great remorse:

[Mr. Lyu]:  If I had taken him to the authorities for punishment that day
     when he came to insult me, perhaps this would not have happened.  A
     little discipline then could have prevented the great harm done now,
     and might have saved him from certain death.  At that time, I was
     only thinking of being kind, and unknowingly nurtured a daring and
     outrageous character.  Since nothing came from his deed of insulting
     a prime minister, he grew bold and went on committing the crimes
     which later brought him the death penalty.

[Liao-Fan]:  This is an example of doing something bad while having good
     intentions.

[Liao-Fan]:  There is also an example of those who did good when they in
     fact intended otherwise.  Once, a famine ravished the land, and
     people stole food from others in broad daylight.  A rich family
     reported their stolen losses from the marketplace to the authorities,
     but the government did not want to get involved, and did nothing to
     stop the people.  Eventually, the people grew more daring and chaos
     was imminent.  So, the rich family took the law into their own hands
     and proceeded to catch and punish those who stole from them.  In this
     way, peace returned to the land and the people stole no more from one
     another.  It was with selfish intentions that the rich family acted,
     but the result of their deeds actually did everyone a great benefit.
     Therefore, we all know that goodness is proper, and evil is improper;
     but remember that there are cases where deeds done out of good
     intention resulted in evil, and deeds done with evil intentions
     resulted in good.

[Narrator]:  This is saying that although the intention was proper, it
     resulted in the improper, and can only be said as the 'improper
     within the proper'.  However, there is also the case when the
     improper was intended but resulted in the proper.  This is called the
     'proper within the improper'.

[Liao-Fan]:  Everyone ought to know and understand this.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is half goodness and full goodness?  In the I Ching,
     Book of Change it is said:

[Narrator]:  When a person does not accumulate kind deeds, he or she will
     not attain good fortune.  When one does not accumulate evil deeds, he
     or she will not bring about great adversity.

[Liao-Fan]:  The accumulation of kind and evil deeds greatly determines
     our future.  If we are diligent in doing kind deeds, it is like
     collecting things in a container, and with diligence, it will soon be
     full, and we will have our reward of good fortune.  If we are eager
     in the accumulation of evil deeds and gather that with great
     diligence, then the container of evil will soon be full and disasters
     will surely befall.  If we are somewhat lazy in our collecting,
     either in kindness or evil, then the container will be left half
     filled, and neither good fortune nor adversity will come swiftly.
     This is one explanation of half goodness and full goodness.

[Liao-Fan]:  Once there was a poor lady who went to visit a Buddhist
     temple, and wished to make a donation.  However, she was so poor that
     she had only two cents, so she gave these to a monk.  To her surprise,
     the temple's abbot himself came forth to help her repent for past
     offenses and dedicate her merits in front of the Buddha.  Later on,
     the same lady was chosen to enter the imperial palace and became a
     concubine to the emperor.  Clad in her riches, the lady once again
     went to the temple to donate, this time bringing thousands of silver
     pieces to give.  To her dismay, the abbot only sent his disciple to
     help her dedicate her merits.  The lady did not understand, and so
     questioned the abbot:

[Lady]:  In the past, I only gave two cents in donation, and the Abbot
     personally helped me repent; today I come with great wealth to give,
     and the Abbot will not help me perform my dedication, why is it so?

[Liao-Fan]:  The abbot answered her saying:

[Abbot]:  Though the money you gave in the past was scant, it came from a
     true and sincere heart, and it was necessary for me to repay your
     sincerity by personally performing your dedications.  Today, although
     your donation is manifolds more, the heart of giving is not quite as
     true and sincere as before.  Therefore, it is fitting and enough that
     my disciple perform your dedications for you.

[Liao-Fan]:  This is the example of how thousands of silver pieces are
     only considered as half goodness, and two cents as full.

[Liao-Fan]:  Another example is of Li Jung, an immortal of the Han Dynasty.
     He was teaching his student, Dong-bing Lyu, the art of transforming
     steel into gold.  They would use this gold to help the poor.  Dong-
     bing asked his teacher:

[Dong-bing]:  Will the gold ever change back to steel again?

[Liao-Fan]:  Li Jung answered him saying:

[Li Jung]:  After five hundred years, it will return to its original form.

[Liao-Fan]:  Dong-bing then said:

[Mr. Lyu]:  In this case, I don't want to learn this art, it will harm
     those who possess the gold five hundred years from now.

[Liao-Fan]:  In actuality, Li Jung was only testing the goodness of his
     student's heart, and happy with the results, he said:

[Li Jung]:  To become an immortal, one must complete three thousand
     virtuous deeds.  What you have just said came from a truly kind heart:
     your three thousand deeds are fulfilled!

[Liao-Fan]:  This was another example of half goodness and whole goodness.

[Liao-Fan]:  When we perform a kind deed, it is best if we can do it out
     of our innermost sincerity, not seeking rewards or noting in our
     minds how much we have done.  If we practice thus, then all our good
     deeds will reach fulfillment and success.  If, instead, we always
     think of the deeds we have performed, looking for a reward of some
     kind, then no matter how diligently we practice in an entire lifetime,
     the deeds will still be considered as half goodness.

[Narrator]:  For example, when we donate money to the poor, we can
     practice what is called 'pure donation'.  In this type of giving, we
     do not linger on the thought of 'I', who is giving; or dwell on the
     importance of the object I am giving away; or think of who the
     receiver is.  We are simply giving, and it is out of true sincerity
     and respect.  When we give with 'pure donation', then one dou of rice
     can bring boundless fortune, and the merit from giving one cent can
     wipe away the sins from a thousand kalpas.

[Liao-Fan]:  If we always keep in mind the good we have done, and expect
     rewards for our actions, then even a donation of two hundred thousand
     gold pieces would still not bear us the reward of a fully good
     fortune.  This is another way of explaining half goodness and full
     goodness.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is big goodness and small goodness?  Once there was a
     high ranking official named Jung-da Wei, who was led into the spirit
     world to be judged for his good and bad deeds.  The judge there
     ordered for his records of good and evil to be brought out.  When the
     records arrived, Jung-da was astounded at the courtyard full of his
     bad records, and at the single scroll which contained his good deeds.
     The official then ordered for the two to be weighed on the scale.
     Surprisingly, the bad records which had filled the courtyard were
     lighter than the single scroll of good deeds, which was only as thin
     as a chopstick.  Jung-da asked the judge:

[Jung-da]:  I'm barely forty years old, how could I have committed so many
     wrongdoings?

[Liao-Fan]:  The judge answered him, saying:

[Judge]:  When you give rise to a single thought that is improper, it is
     considered a bad offense there and then, it does not have to be
     carried out through action to be counted as a wrong.  For example,
     when you see a pretty lady and give rise to improper thoughts, that
     is considered an offense.

[Liao-Fan]:  Jung-da then asked him what was recorded in the single scroll
     of good deeds which outweighed the evil deeds.  The judge replied:

[Judge]:  Once the Emperor planned to build a great stone bridge, and you
     proposed against the project due to the hardship and toil it would
     cause the tens and thousands of people needed for the work.  This is
     a copy of your proposal to the Emperor.

[Liao-Fan]:  Jung-da said:

[Jung-da]:  I did make the proposal, but the Emperor dismissed it and
     began the project anyway.  My proposal had no effect on the matter at
     all, how can it bear so much weight against my numerous offenses?

[Liao-Fan]:  The judge replied:

[Judge]:  Although the Emperor did not take your suggestion, that one
     thought of kindness you bore for the tens and thousands of people was
     very great.  If the Emperor had listened to you, then the good
     performed would be even greater.

[Liao-Fan]:  Therefore, when one is determined to do good for the benefit
     of all people, then a small deed can reap great merits.  If one
     thinks only about benefiting oneself, then even if many deeds of
     kindness are performed, the merit would still be small.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is difficult goodness and easy goodness?  The
     knowledgeable scholars of the past used to say:

[Scholar]:  When one wishes to conquer one's greed and desires, one should
     start with the most difficult to overcome.

[Liao-Fan]:  Fan-chr, a student of Confucius, once asked his teacher how
     to cultivate one's humanity to its fullest.  Confucius replied,
     "Start with what's most difficult to practice".  What Confucius meant
     by the most difficult, was to sever the selfish mind, and one should
     practice that by conquering what is most difficult for oneself to
     conquer.  We should practice like the old teacher, Mr. Su of
     Chiangshi, who gave two years worth of salary to a poor family who
     owed money to the government.  Thus he saved them from being torn
     apart should the husband be taken to prison.

[Liao-Fan]:  Another example is Mr. Jang from Her-bei:

[Narrator]:  Mr. Jang saw an extremely poor man who had to mortgage his
     wife and child, and had no money for their redemption.  If he was
     unable to pay for their return, the mother and child could both lose
     their lives.

[Liao-Fan]:  Therefore, Mr. Jang gave his ten years of savings to the poor
     man so the family could be reunited.

[Narrator]:  Such examples as Mr. Su and Mr. Jang are rare, for they have
     given what is most difficult to give, and what others could not
     sacrifice, they did so willingly.

[Liao-Fan]:  Another example is Mr. Jin from Chiangsu Province.  He was
     old and without any sons, so his neighbor offered their young
     daughter in marriage to him, to give him descendants to carry on his
     lineage.  But Mr. Jin could not bear to ruin the otherwise bright and
     long future of this young girl, and so refused the offer and sent her
     back home.

[Narrator]:  This is another example of being able to overcome what is
     most difficult to conquer in oneself.  Therefore, the heavens
     showered down fortune which was especially good for these three old men.

[Liao-Fan]:  It is easier to accumulate merit and virtue for those who
     have money and power than for those who are poor.  But if one refuses
     to cultivate kindness even when it's easy and when one has the chance
     to do so, then it would truly be a shame.  For those who are poor and
     without prestige, doing kind things for others is a great difficulty;
     but if in this difficulty one can still manage to help others, then
     it is a great virtue, and the merits gained would be boundless.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  In being a moral person and dealing with affairs, we should
     help others whenever the opportunity presents itself.  You should
     know that helping others is not such an easy task, and that there are
     many ways to do it.  In short, the ways of helping others can be
     simplified into ten important categories.  The first is 'supporting
     the practice of kindness':

[Narrator]:  When we see people trying to do a little kindness, we should
     assist them in their deeds and help their kindness grow.  When we see
     others who wish to do good but cannot accomplish it on their own, we
     should lend a hand and help them succeed.  This is the way we can
     cultivate 'supporting the practice of kindness'.

[Liao-Fan]:  The second category is 'harboring love and respect':

[Narrator]:  We should harbor respect towards those who are more
     knowledgeable, older, or of higher status than we are.  For those who
     are younger, less fortunate, or of lower status, we should harbor a
     mind of loving care.

[Liao-Fan]:  The third category is 'helping others succeed':

[Narrator]:  When we see a person who is considering whether or not to do
     a good deed, we should persuade him to put all his effort into doing
     it.  When others meet with difficulties in practicing kindness, we
     should help think of ways to overcome the difficulty and guide them
     to success.  We must not be jealous at the accomplishments of others,
     nor try to sabotage their good acts.

[Liao-Fan]:  The fourth category is 'persuading others to practice kindness':

[Narrator]:  When we meet a person who is doing evil, we should tell him
     that doing evil will only result in great suffering and painful
     retribution, and that he should avoid doing so at all costs.  We
     should tell people who refuse to practice kindness or are only
     willing to practice a little kindness, that doing kind deeds will
     definitely have its rewards, and that kindness not only has to be
     cultivated, but must be cultivated constantly and on a large scale.

[Liao-Fan]:  The fifth category is 'helping those in desperate need':

[Narrator]:  Most people tend to give when there is no need to give and
     refuse to give when there really is a need.  When we meet people who
     are in great difficulties, emergencies, or dangers, we should lend
     them a hand and help in whatever way we can to bring them out of
     their difficult times.  The merits accrued from helping others in
     times of desperate need are boundless indeed.  However, one should
     not become proud and conceited for doing such deeds.

[Liao-Fan]:  The sixth category is 'developing public projects for the
     greater benefit of the people':

[Narrator]:  Projects which will bring great benefit to the public usually
     have to be performed by those with great influence and power.  If a
     person has this capacity, such as rebuilding the water system or
     assisting a disaster area, then he ought to do it for the benefit of
     the general public.  Those without such influence and power can do
     great deeds, too.  For example, when one sees a small leak in the dam,
     one can use pebbles and dirt to stop the water and prevent disastrous
     flooding.  Though this act may be small, the effect will not go
     unnoticed.

[Liao-Fan]:  The seventh category is 'giving through donation':

[Narrator]:  People of this world love, seek, and even die for money.  Who
     is actually willing to help others by giving their own money away?
     When we recognize the difficulty involved in donation, we can come to
     appreciate the rarity of the man who is willing to give for the
     purpose of helping others in need.  He is an even greater man in the
     eyes of the poor.  According to the law of cause and effect, 'those
     who give will in turn receive', and 'those who refuse to give will
     not receive'.  When we cultivate one share of kindness, we will
     receive one share of fortune, there is no need to worry about having
     nothing left when we give to help others.

[Liao-Fan]:  The eighth category is 'protecting the proper teachings':

[Narrator]:  This is referring to the teachings of different religions.
     We must be able to differentiate between proper religions and deviant
     religions, and between proper teachings and deviant teachings.  The
     teachings of deviant religions do great harm to people's minds and
     hearts, and naturally should be abolished.  On the other hand,
     teachings with proper wisdom and views, such as that of Buddhism,
     which promotes kindness and goodness in society, should be supported.
     If one happens to see others in the act of destroying such proper
     teachings, one must put forth a complete effort to protect and uphold
     these teachings.

[Liao-Fan]:  The ninth category is 'respecting our elders':

[Narrator]:  Anyone who is deeply learned, knowledgeable, has high
     prestige, or is older than us is considered to be an elder, and
     should be highly regarded and respected.

[Liao-Fan]:  The tenth category is 'loving and cherishing all living things':

[Narrator]:  We should feel sympathy for all living creatures, even the
     tiny ants, who know of suffering and are afraid to die.  How can we
     kill and eat living beings and not feel the least sorry?  Some people
     even say that these things were meant for human consumption, but
     there is no logic in this argument, and it is only an excuse for
     those who desire meat.

[Liao-Fan]:  I have only explained the above ten categories in summary,
     now I will explain each in detail and example:
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is meant by "supporting the practice of kindness"?  In
     the Yu Dynasty, there once was an emperor by the name of Shwun.  One
     day, before he became emperor, Shwun was watching some fishermen on
     Lake Lei-ze.  He noticed that all the younger and stronger fishermen
     took the spots where the water was deep and the fish were abundant,
     while the older and weaker fishermen were left with the rapids and
     shallow water, where there were very few fish.  When Shwun saw this
     situation, he felt sympathy for the older and weaker fishermen, and
     thought of a way turn the situation around.  He decided to join in
     the fishing party to set an example for the others.  Whenever he saw
     fishermen plunder good fishing spots, he would conceal their faults
     and never even spoke of that their selfishness.  When he saw those
     who were humble and yielding, he praised them everywhere he went and
     even followed their humble and polite ways.  Shwun stayed and fished
     like this for a whole year until the other fishermen got into the
     habit of yielding good fishing spots to others.

[Narrator]:  This story of Shwun is only an example to show how a person
     influences others through his actions, and not through his speech.
     It is not meant to encourage people to fish, because fishing is an
     act of killing.  Please refrain from sports which take the lives of
     others.

[Liao-Fan]:  A wise and intelligent man such as Shwun could have easily
     influenced others with a few words of advice.  Why didn't he just say
     something instead of personally joining the gathering?  You should
     understand that Shwun didn't want to use words, but preferred to set
     an example for others through his own actions.  Shwun wanted those
     fishermen to feel ashamed of their own selfish behavior and change on
     their own accord.  This really shows how deep and sincere Shwun's
     wish was for others to practice kindness.

[Liao-Fan]:  In today's era of low morality, social breakdown, and loss of
     proper thinking, it is most difficult to find a good standard of
     behavior.  Therefore, when those around us have shortcomings, we
     should not use our good points to highlight their deficiencies.  When
     the other person is unkind, we should not use our kindness to measure
     or compare ourselves to them.  When others are not as capable as we
     are, we should not purposely surpass them with our abilities.  Even
     when we are intelligent and competent, these skills should be kept
     hidden and not boasted of.  Instead, we should behave even more
     humbly than ever.  We should look upon our skills and abilities as
     unimportant, false, and unreal.  When someone makes a mistake, we
     should tolerate it and conceal it, giving them a chance to reform
     without losing their self-respect.  When we let the person keep his
     dignity, he will be even more careful of his actions in the future.
     When we see strengths and kindness in others, we should learn from
     them, praise them, and make their goodness known to others.  In daily
     life, we should refrain from speaking and acting with selfish
     intentions, but instead seek to benefit society and the public.  We
     can make beneficial laws and regulations for the public to follow.
     These are the qualities of a great man, since he thinks of the public
     welfare as more important than his own.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is meant by "harboring love and respect for others"?
     Sometimes it is hard to tell from appearance whether a person is a
     gentleman or a scoundrel, since scoundrels can pretend to be
     gentlemen.  The difference lies in their intentions:  A gentleman's
     intentions are good, and a scoundrel's intentions are wicked.  There
     is a great distance between the two, and they are as different as
     black and white.  Mencius has said,

[Mencius]:  The difference between gentlemen and common people lies in
     their intentions.

[Liao-Fan]:  A gentleman's heart is only filled with love and respect for
     others.  There are thousands of different types of people in this
     world, some close to us, some strangers, some in high class and some
     in low, some smart while others are not, and some virtuous and some
     sinful, but nevertheless, they are our fellow mankind.  They are like
     us, alive in flesh and blood, and they have feelings.  There isn't a
     single person whom I should hate and disrespect.  When your hearts
     are full of love and respect for others, it is the same as if your
     heart is full of love and respect for the saints and sages.  When you
     understand others, it is the same as if you understand the saints and
     sages.  Why?

[Narrator]:  Because all the saints and sages want the people on this
     earth to lead happy, productive lives.

[Liao-Fan]:  Therefore, if we can love and respect people and make them
     peaceful and happy, we are doing the job of a saint or sage.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is meant by "helping others to succeed"?  If we cast away
     raw jade, then this stone would be like any other worthless stone.
     But if we were to carve and polish it, it could be transformed into a
     priceless jewel.  It is the same with people.  A person needs to be
     taught and guided, just as a jade needs to be carved and polished.
     When we see someone whom we feel has good potentials doing a good
     deed or working towards a proper goal, we should guide, support,
     praise, and encourage him, helping him succeed in his endeavors.  If
     he is ever wrongly accused by another, you should try to clear his
     name and share his burden of slander.  Only when you have helped him
     stand on his feet and be a part of good society would you have
     fulfilled your share of responsibility in helping others to succeed.

[Liao-Fan]:  Most people dislike those who are different from them, such
     as a scoundrel versus a gentleman, and a bad person versus a good
     person.  In villages, there are usually more bad people than virtuous
     ones.  Since there are always more bad people around, a good person
     is often being taken advantage of; therefore a good person often has
     a hard time standing on his own.  Frankness and modesty are the usual
     characteristics of good people, they do not care much for their
     appearance.  On the other hand, an average uneducated person often
     only pays attention to another's outer appearance.  They like to
     gossip and make accusations; so, striving to do good turns out to be
     quite a challenge.  A good person can easily be wrongly accused.
     When this happens, it is entirely up to the goodness and virtue of an
     elder to correct the actions of those who are bad and guide them back
     to the right track.  It is also up to these elders to protect and
     help those who are good and need to stand on their own.  The highest
     merit is achieved by those who can preserve good and rid evil.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is meant by "persuading others to practice kindness"?
     As humans, we all have a conscience, but chasing after wealth and
     fame has kept us constantly busy and forgetful of our good conscience.
     We have become willing to stoop very low as long there is something
     to be gained from it.  When a friend is about to ignore his good
     conscience to do something unworthy, we must remind and warn him,
     hoping to wake him from his muddled state of mind.  It is like waking
     up someone when they're having a nightmare, it is up to us shake them
     into reality.  When a person is undergoing a long spell of depression,
     we have to pull him out of it and help him clear his mind.  You are
     most virtuous if you can treat your friends with such kindness.  A
     scholar named Han once said:

[Scholar Han]:  By word of mouth, one can only persuade and influence
     another momentarily.  It is easily forgotten with the passing of time
     and events.  No one else would have heard what you have said.  If you
     can persuade and influence others through written works, your words
     can be passed on for hundreds of generations around the world.
     Therefore, writing to promote virtue is an act of great speech, and
     is a most virtuous deed.

[Liao-Fan]:  Here we talked about how we can persuade others by word of
     mouth and by writing books to promote virtue.  Compared with the
     previous category of helping others to succeed, this is much more
     direct and obvious.  However, the treatment of an illness with the
     right medicine sometimes proves to have special effects; therefore,
     we should not give up.  It is also important how we do it.  For
     instance, if a person is too stubborn, you should not persuade him
     with words.  If you do, then you are wasting both your words and
     energy.  If a person is gentle and willing to listen, but you fail to
     persuade him, then you have just missed a golden opportunity to do
     good.  Either way is because you are not wise enough to tell the
     difference.  You should then reflect to see what you did wrong so
     next time you will do it right and won't waste any more words or lose
     another opportunity.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is meant by "helping those in desperate need"?  During
     one's lifetime, a person often will suffer from serious problems,
     financial troubles, or separation from loved ones.  If we meet
     someone like that, we should help that person as if we are the one
     who is experiencing the suffering.  We should immediately come to his
     aid.  If a person has been wrongly accused or convicted, we should
     plead for this person's innocence as well as aid him in any way we
     can.  Scholar Suai once said,

[Scholar Suai]:  It does not matter whether a favor is big or small; what
     counts is that it's done at a time when others need it most.

[Liao-Fan]:  What humane words!
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is meant by "developing public projects for the greater
     benefit of the people"?  Small construction works are needed for
     villages and big construction jobs are needed for cities.  Public
     projects are anything that needs to be constructed for the public
     welfare, such as:  irrigation systems for farm lands, dams, bridges,
     or giving food and water to those who are hungry or thirsty.
     Whenever you have the opportunity, you need to persuade others to put
     out their share of effort as well.  Even when others slander or talk
     behind your back, you should not be deterred.  Don't be afraid of
     what others might say about you, and don't get scared when the job
     gets tough.  You should not let people's jealousy and hatred shake
     your resolve to do kind deeds.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is meant by "giving through donation"?  In Buddhism,
     giving is considered foremost in all practices of kindness.  When one
     truly understands the meaning of giving and is willing to give away
     all his worldly belongings, even to the point of donating parts from
     his own body, then he is walking the way of the Buddha.  A person who
     understands this principle would be willing to give away anything,
     even to the point of donating his eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and
     mind.  For instance, in a past life, Shakyamuni Buddha offered his
     own body as food for a hungry tiger.  One can also give away the
     sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, and dharma.  There is nothing a
     person cannot give away if he or she's willing.  If a person can do
     this, then he is on his way to gaining purity of mind and body.  He
     will have no worries or afflictions, just like the Buddha.  When we
     find ourselves unable to give away everything, we can start by
     donating money.  Worldly people treat their clothing and food as
     dearly as their lives.  Therefore, monetary donation is most
     important for them.  When we practice giving without hesitation, we
     can cure miserliness and at the same time help others in need.
     However, it is not an easy thing to do.  It's a difficult task at
     first, but will become natural the more we give.  From cultivating
     giving, peace of mind can be attained, and then there is nothing you
     cannot give away.  This is the best way to cure a bad case of
     selfishness and an opportunity to change our attitudes toward money
     and worldly possessions.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is meant by "protecting the proper teachings"?  For
     millions of years, the proper teachings of religion has been a
     standard of truth and a spiritual guide for all living beings.  If we
     don't have good doctrines, how can we join in and support the
     interplay of heaven and earth?  How can people of all walks of life
     succeed in their endeavors without a standard to live by?  How would
     we be able to escape from delusion and life's bondages?  How would we
     create and arrange worldly affairs and transcend the cycle of birth
     and death?  These all depend on good and proper teachings as the
     lighted path.  Therefore, whenever you see temples, memorials of past
     saints or sages, pictures of sages, or Buddhist texts, you should be
     respectful.  If they are in need of repair, you should repair and put
     them back in order.  We should especially tell people about the
     teachings of Buddha and widely spread the proper teachings.  We
     should let others know of its value, in this way we are also showing
     our gratitude towards the Buddhas and sages.  We need to do all we
     can to make this goal come true.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is meant by "respecting our elders"?  We should make an
     extra effort in showing our attention and respect towards parents,
     elder siblings, the governor, our superiors, or any elders of high
     virtue, prestige, and learning.  When taking care of parents at home,
     we should do it with love in our hearts and a gentle, accommodating
     appearance.  We should not raise our voice but maintain a peaceful
     bearing.  As we cultivate these virtues, they will become a part of
     us, and we will change into a mild- mannered person.  This is the way
     we can touch the hearts of heaven and evoke a response.  When
     carrying out deeds for our superiors or the government, we should
     follow the rules even when we aren't obliged to.  We shouldn't try to
     slack off just because our superiors don't know what we are doing.
     Before we convict someone of a crime, regardless of whether the crime
     is serious or not, we should investigate carefully and handle the
     case with justice.  We should not abuse the power and rights given to
     us by our superiors.

[Narrator]:  When you face the emperor, you should respect him with the
     same respect as if you were facing the heavens.  This is the correct
     behavior handed down from our ancestors.  It has a direct and
     important effect on your hidden goodness.

[Liao-Fan]:  Look at all the families who practiced loyalty and filial
     piety.  Their descendants prosper for a long time and have bright
     futures.  Therefore, we should follow their example and practice with
     caution.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  What is meant by "loving and cherishing all living things"?
     We should know that a heart of compassion is what makes a man.
     Mencius once said:

[Mencius]:  A man is not human if he does not feel compassion.

[Liao-Fan]:  A person in search of the virtue of mercy and kindness looks
     out for his heart of compassion.  A person who wants to accumulate
     merits also cultivates a compassionate heart.  A person with
     compassion is a kind, virtuous, and merciful person, while one
     without compassion for others is unkind and without morals.  It
     stated in The Ethical Code of the Chu Dynasty :

[Narrator]:  In January, when most animals are bearing young, female
     species are not to be used for sacrificial purposes.

[Liao-Fan]:  Mencius once said:

[Narrator]:  A gentleman will not live near the kitchen.

[Liao-Fan]:  This is to protect a compassionate heart, since a lot of
     slaughtering is done in the kitchen.  Therefore, our forefathers did
     not eat meat under four circumstances: First is if they heard the
     killing, second is if they saw the killing, third is if the animal
     was raised by them, and fourth is if the animal was killed for their
     sake.  If you are not vegetarian but wish to cultivate compassion,
     then you can learn from our ancestors by eating less meat.

[Narrator]:  According to the Buddha's teachings, living beings are born
     as animals as a result of having accumulated bad karma in their
     previous lives.  After they pay their dues in retribution, they can
     be born as humans again.  If they are willing to cultivate as a man,
     they can even become Buddhas.  The meat I eat today may be the flesh
     of a future Buddha.  The animal we see today may have been a man in
     previous lives.  It is then possible that this animal was my parent,
     wife, son, relatives or friends.  Presently, I am human and they are
     animals.  To kill and eat them would be making enemies of those I
     used to love.  If I eat them today, perhaps in the future they will
     become human again while I become an animal due to my sins of killing.
     In their revenge, I will have to undergo the same suffering of being
     killed and eaten.  When we think thus, how dare we kill?  How can we
     swallow a morsel of that flesh?  Besides, even if the meat does taste
     good, the taste only lasts from the mouth to the throat.  After we
     swallow, there is nothing left to taste.  There is no difference
     between eating meat and vegetables, why would you want to kill when
     there's no good behind it?

[Liao-Fan]:  Even if you cannot quit eating meat altogether, you should
     still try to gradually reduce your meat intake until vegetarianism is
     accomplished.  In this way, you can reach a higher state of
     compassion within your heart.  We should refrain from killing any
     living creature, even insects.  Man makes silk from the cocoons of
     silkworms.  The cocoons have to be boiled in water first, with the
     silkworms inside.  Think about it, how many silkworms lose their
     lives in the process?  When we cultivate the land for farming, how
     many insects have to be killed?  Are you aware of the cost of lives
     involved in our everyday food and clothing?  We kill to support
     ourselves.  Therefore, we should be conservative and cherish the food
     and clothing we have.  To waste them would create the same sin as
     killing.  How often have we unknowingly harmed or stepped on a living
     creature?  With a little awareness, we can prevent this from
     happening.  Tung-pwo Su, a great poet from the Sung Dynasty once wrote:

[Narrator]:  'In love of the mice, we often leave him some rice; In
     pitying the moth, we won't light the lamp.'

[Liao-Fan]:  What a kind and compassionate statement!

[Liao-Fan]:  There are infinite types of goodness, I cannot mention them
     all.  As long as you can expand on the ten previous categories, you
     can make them into a multitude of good deeds and virtues.
 
 

The Fourth Lesson:  The Benefit of the Virtue of Humility
 

[Narrator]:  The third lesson taught us the ways to accumulate kind deeds.
     Naturally, it would be best if people would practice kindness, but as
     humans, we are social beings.  It is impossible to not come in
     contact with others in society; therefore, it is important to know
     the ways to improve our persons in dealing with others.  The best way
     to do this is to follow the virtue of humility.  A humble person in
     society receives support and trust from the general public.  If a
     person understands the virtue of humility, he is the person who also
     understands the importance of constant self improvement.  This
     constant self improvement not only includes the search for higher
     knowledge, but also encompasses the need to be more humane, better
     performance in daily duties, and improved communication with friends.
     Many benefits and rewards result from behaving with an understanding
     of humility.  This lesson focuses on the benefits of virtue and
     humility, proven by Liao-Fan's own experiences.  You will be greatly
     benefited if you can thoroughly contemplate and understand these
     teachings.

[Liao-Fan]:  In the I Ching/Book of Change, the hexagram of Humility stated,

[Narrator]:  The law of heaven takes from those who are arrogant and
     benefits those who are humble.  The law of earth will not allow those
     who are conceited or self-content to always remain that way, but will
     bring change upon them.  The humble will not wither, but shall be
     replenished, just as flowing water fills up lower places on the
     ground as it passes by, making up the differences.  The law of
     spirits and gods bring harm to those who are arrogant and fortune to
     those who are humble.  Even the laws of men despise the arrogant and
     like the humble.

[Liao-Fan]:  Therefore, heaven, earth, spirits, gods, and people all
     prefer humility over arrogance.  In the I Ching/Book of Change, the
     sixty four hexagrams talk about the constant changes and interactions
     of heaven and earth, ying and yang.  The book teaches a person how to
     become more humane.  Every hexagram contains both good and bad
     outcomes.  The bad outcomes of a hexagram warn people to stop doing
     evil and to practice kind deeds.  The good outcomes of a hexagram
     encourages people to diligently improve themselves and strive to be
     better.  Only the Humility hexagram contains all good outcomes and no
     bad outcomes.  The Chinese Book of History has also said,

[Narrator]:  A person's arrogance will bring him harm; and his humbleness
     will bring him benefit.

[Liao-Fan]:  I often went to take the exams accompanied by others, and
     every time I would meet scholars who were very poor.  I noticed that
     before they succeeded in passing the exams and became prosperous,
     their faces showed such humility, peace, and harmony that I felt I
     could almost hold that quality in my hands.

[Liao-Fan]:  Several years ago, I took my imperial exam in Beijing.  Among
     the ten applicants from my village, Ching-Yu Ding was the youngest
     and extremely humble.  I told one of the applicants, Jin-Po Fay; that
     this young man would definitely pass the exam this year.  Jin-Po Fay
     asked,

[Jin-Po]:  How can you tell?

[Liao-Fan]:  I said, 'Only those who are humble are qualified to receive
     fortune.  My friend, look at the ten of us; is there anyone as honest,
     generous, and never tries to come in first, as Ching-Yu?  Do you see
     anyone who is always respectful, tolerant, careful and humble like
     Ching-Yu?  Do you see anyone like Ching-Yu, who, when he is insulted,
     does not talk back, or who, when he is slandered, does not argue?
     Any person who can achieve such a level of humility will receive
     protection from the heaven, earth, and spirits.  There is no reason
     he will not become prosperous.' Sure enough, when the test results
     came out, Ching-Yu Ding passed.

[Liao-Fan]:  One year in Beijing, I was staying with my childhood friend,
     Kai-Zhi Fung.  I noticed that he always carried himself in a humble
     way, and had a kind and accommodating appearance.  He was not a bit
     arrogant, which was an immense change from his childhood ways.  Kai-
     Zhi had a friend named Ji-Yen Li who was straightforward and honest.
     Ji-Yen often scolded him on his mistakes, but Kai-Zhi always accepted
     the accusations calmly without talking back.  I told him, 'Just as
     there are signs which warn of coming misfortune, we can see that
     prosperity comes to those who have cultivated the cause for it.
     Heaven will help those whose hearts are humble.  You, my friend, will
     definitely pass the imperial examination this year!".  Later on, he
     indeed passed the exam.

[Liao-Fan]:  There was a young man from San-tong Province named Yu-Fong
     Zhou who passed the first level of imperial examinations before he
     was even twenty.  Unfortunately, try as he might, he could not pass
     the succeeding exams.  When his father was moved to another post in
     the government, Yu-Fong went with him, and came to greatly admire a
     well-known scholar in that village named Min-Wu Chian.  Yu-Fong
     brought his own essays to see this man.  He had no idea that Mr.
     Chian would pick up his calligraphy brush and blot out his entire
     essay.  Not only was Yu-Fong not angry, he sincerely accepted all of
     Mr. Chian's corrections and immediately changed his paper accordingly.
     A young man who could be that humble and showed such willingness to
     improve himself was very rare indeed.  The following year, Yu-Fong
     passed the imperial examination.

[Liao-Fan]:  One year, I went to the Capital to pay my respects to the
     Emperor.  I met a scholar named Jian-Suo Hsia who had all the
     qualities of a great man without a trace of arrogance.  I felt the
     intense aura of his virtue and humility all about him.  When I
     returned home, I told my friend, "When heaven wants a person to
     prosper, it will first bestow him with wisdom.  Wisdom can make a
     person honest and well-disciplined.  Heaven has already bestowed Jian-
     Suo with wisdom, or he couldn't be that gentle, kind and good.
     Surely, heaven will now make him prosperous." Sure enough, when the
     test results came out, Jian-Suo passed the exam.

[Liao-Fan]:  There was a scholar named Wei-Yan Chang from Jiang-ying who
     was very learned and wrote good essays.  He was also very well-known
     among many scholars.  One year he took his exam at Nanking and stayed
     at a Taoist temple.  When the test results were posted, he found that
     he had not passed the exam.  He became furious and loudly accused the
     examiner of being blind for not recognizing his obvious talents.  At
     that time, a Taoist monk stood by smiling, and Wei-Yan immediately
     directed his anger towards the monk.  The monk said to him,

[Monk]:  Your essay must not be good!

[Liao-Fan]:  Wei-Yan got even angrier and said,

[Wei-Yan]:  How do you know it's not good when you haven't even read it?

[Liao-Fan]:  The monk said,

[Monk]:  I often hear people say that the most important element in
     writing good essays is a peaceful heart and harmonious temperament.
     Your loud and angry accusations just of now clearly shows that your
     mind is certainly not at peace and your temperament is violent.  How
     could you possibly write good essays?

[Liao-Fan]:  Wei-Yan obliviously submitted to the Taoist's words and in
     turn asked him for his advice.  The Taoist said,

[Monk]:  Whether you pass or not depends on your fate.  If you are
     destined not to pass, then no matter how good your paper is, you will
     still fail the exam.  You yourself will have to make a few changes!

[Liao-Fan]:  Wei-Yan asked,

[Wei-Yan]:  How can I change it if it is predestined?

[Liao-Fan]:  The monk replied,

[Monk]:  Though the power to form your destiny lies in the Heavens, the
     right to recreate it is in yourself.  As long as you are willing to
     do kind deeds and cultivate hidden virtues, there is nothing you ask
     that you will not receive.

[Liao-Fan]:  Wei-Yan said,

[Wei-Yan]:  I am only a poor scholar.  What good deeds can I possibly do?

[Liao-Fan]:  The monk said,

[Monk]:  Practicing kind deeds and accumulating hidden virtues all stem
     from the heart.  As long as you constantly harbor the intent to
     practice kindness and accumulate virtues, your merits are infinite
     and boundless! Take the virtue of humility for example, it does not
     cost anything; why can't you be humble and reflect on your own essay
     instead of blaming the examiner for being unfair?

[Liao-Fan]:  Wei-Yan Chang listened to the Taoist monk, and from then on,
     suppressed his arrogant ways.  He became very mindful of his own
     actions and tried not to make mistakes.  Everyday he put forth
     additional effort to do more good deeds and accumulate more merits.
     Three years later, he dreamed one night that he entered a very tall
     house, and saw a booklet that contained all the names of the
     applicants who passed the exam that year.  He saw many blank lines.
     Unable to understand what it meant, he asked the person next to him,

[Wei-Yan]:  What is this?

[Liao-Fan]:  The person replied,

[Person]:  This is the booklet that contains all the names of the
     applicants who passed the exam this year.

[Liao-Fan]:  Wei-Yan asked,

[Wei-Yan]:  Why does it have so many blank lines?

[Liao-Fan]:  The person answered,

[Person]:  The spirits of the underworld check on the applicants every
     three years.  Only the names of those who practice kind deeds and do
     not make mistakes are allowed to appear in this booklet.  The blank
     lines used to bear the names of those who were supposed to pass the
     exam, but due to their recent offenses, their names have been erased.

[Liao-Fan]:  Then, pointing to a line, the person said:

[Person]:  Ah-ha, for the past three years you have been very careful and
     have exerted such self-control that you haven't made any mistakes.
     Perhaps you should fill this blank.  I hope you will cherish this
     opportunity and take care not to make any mistakes!

[Liao-Fan]:  Sure enough, Wei-Yan passed the exam that year and placed 105th.

[Liao-Fan]:  From the examples given above, we know that spirits and gods
     are always watching our behaviors from above.  Therefore, we must
     immediately do whatever is beneficial to others and avoid doing
     whatever is violent, dangerous, and harmful to others.  These are all
     things I can decide for myself.  As long as I harbor good intentions;
     refrain from evil-doings; don't offend the heaven, earth, spirits,
     and gods; humble myself; be tolerant and not arrogant; then the
     heaven, earth, spirits and gods will constantly have pity on me; only
     then will I have a foundation for my future prosperity.  Those who
     are full of conceit are definitely not destined to be great men.
     Even if they do prosper, they will not be able to enjoy their fortune
     for long.  Intelligent people would definitely not make themselves
     small and narrow-minded and refuse the fortune they are entitled to.
     Besides, those who are humble always increase their opportunities to
     learn.  If a person is not humble, who would want to teach him?  Also,
     humble people are always willing to learn the strengths of others.
     When others perform good deeds, the humble person will learn and
     follow their examples.  In this way, the kind deeds humble people
     accomplish are boundless! For those who wish to cultivate and improve
     upon their virtues, they especially, cannot do without the virtue of
     humility.

[Liao-Fan]:  The ancients had an old saying,

[Narrator]:  Those who have their hearts set on attaining success and fame,
     will surely attain success and fame.  Those who have their hearts set
     on attaining wealth and position, will surely attain wealth and position.
 

[Liao-Fan]:  A person who has great and far reaching goals is like a tree
     having roots.  A tree with roots will eventually sprout into branches,
     flowers and, leaves.  A person who has set down great and far
     reaching goals must humble himself in every thought and try to
     relieve another's burden even if the occurrence is as insignificant
     as a speck of dust.  If you can reach this level of humility, you
     will naturally touch the hearts of heaven and earth.  Furthermore, I
     am the creator of my own prosperity; if I truly want to create it, I
     will certainly succeed.  Look at the applicants who sought for fame
     and wealth, in the beginning, they did not harbor a sincere heart; it
     was only a passing notion.  When they fancied it, they sought it.
     When their interest dropped, they stopped.  Mencius once told Emperor
     Shuan Chi,

[Mencius]:  Your Highness has a love for music.  But your love for music
     is only a personal pleasure.  If you can expand from the heart which
     seeks after personal happiness to that of sharing happiness with all
     your subjects, and make them just as happy as you are, then, surely
     the nation is bound to prosper!

[Liao-Fan]:  I think it is the same for those who are seeking to pass the
     imperial exams.  If a person can expand upon the heart which seeks to
     pass the exams to that of diligently doing kind deeds and
     accumulating merits, putting forth his best efforts to improve his
     character, then both destiny and prosperity are his to create.
 
 
 

 We hope you have benefited from listening to Liao-Fan's Four Lessons and
     will acquire the same spirit in creating your own destiny.  We
     encourage everyone to do their best in 'refraining from evil and
     practicing kindness'.  The teachings in Liao-Fan's Four Lessons can
     lift the morale of the public and transform our society into one of
     peace and harmony.  We welcome all interested parties to sponsor the
     distribution of this audio book as teaching material for schools and
     colleges.  Let us all be a part in the rebuilding of our children's
     morals and virtues.  We hereby announce that we do not reserve our
     copyrights, and welcome all to reproduce and distribute this audio
     book for the benefit of the general public.

 Here at The Education Foundation of Liao-Fan's Four Lessons, our goal is
     to promote the study and practice of these teachings worldwide.
     Therefore, we will have editions of this book in English, Japanese,
     German, French, and Spanish.  Through understanding and practicing
     these teachings, world peace is possible.  We welcome your comments,
     support, and sponsorship.  Thank you very much!
 
 

Liao-Fan's Four Lessons Audio Book

Original work by Mr. Liao-Fan Yuan of the Ming Dynasty Interpreted by Mr.
     Zhi-Hai Huang Re-edited by Police Officer Wang Sponsored and recorded
     by The Education Foundation of Liao-Fan's Four Lessons
 
 
 Back to welcom/index homepage.