Nichiren Shônin
passed away on the morning of October 13th at about 8 AM (in 1282, called
the fifth year of Koan in Japanese terminology ) at the residence of Ikegami
Munenaka at Ikegami, in the province of Musashi
(Tokyo). At that time, he was
61 calendar years old.
On October 8th, just before his death, the Shônin chose
the leading six
disciples who would take his place. They were thereafter
known as the Six
Senior Disciples (Rokurôs in Japanese). His intention
was to continue the
propagation of his teachings by his faithful followers, with
these six senior
disciples as their leaders, after his death. These six chief
disciples, according
to tradition, were:
1) Ben Ajari (Yamato-ajari) Nisshô (62 years old at
the time of Nichiren's
death)
2) Daikoku-ajari (Chikugo-k ) Nichirô (40 years old
at the time of Nichiren's
death)
3) Byakuren-ajari (Hoki-k ) Nikkô (37 years old at
the time of Nichiren's
death)
4) Sado-kô (Mimbu-ajari) Nikô (30 years old at
the time of Nichiren's death)
5) Iyo-k (Iyo-ajari) Nitchô (31 years old at the time
of Nichiren's death)
6) Renge-ajari (Kai-k ) Nichi-ji (33 years old at the time
of Nichiren's death)
This list is traditionally compiled in the order of when
each disciple became a
follower of Nichiren.
Nichiren's funeral was held at noon on the 14th of October,
according to the
"Shusô Gosenge Kiroku" written by Nikkô . In
this record, the official seals
of four of the six senior disciples, namely Nisshô
, Nichirô , Nikkô and Nichi-
ji, are affixed on the separations of the pages. These seals
give the document
a quasi-legal status.
At the head of the funeral procession was a torch bearer,
followed by bearers
of flowers, flags and incense. Nichiren's coffin was the
center of the
procession. Nichir led the front procession and Nissh led
the rear procession
in their capacity of the principal leaders, followed by other
disciples and lay
believers. Based on the record of Nikkô , the order
of the procession was
written as follows:
Jiju-kô <Picture>
Shimotsuke-kô
left Renge-ja (Nichi-j )
Front Procession Daikoku-ajari (Nichirô )
right Dewa-kô
Izumi-kô
Tajima-kô
Kyo-kô
Shinano-kô
Iza-kô
Settsu-kô
left Byakuren-ajari (Nikkô )
Rear procession Ben-ajari (Nisshô )
left Tamba-kô
Dayu-kô
Chikuzen-kô
Suke-kô
For some reason, Nikô and Nitch were not present at
Nichiren Shônin's death
or funeral. The probable reason for their absence was the
difficulty, in those
days, to easily and quickly communicate with outlying areas.
Nikô and Nitchô
were propagating in far away districts hence they could not
be notified in time
of Nichiren's death and funeral.
Nikko wrote about Nichiren's distribution of
mementos to his disciples.
They are quoted from Nikko's record as follows:
Distribution of the mementos:
The Lotus Sutra, (with notes in Nichiren's own hand), one
set to Ben-ajari
(Nisshô )
(This annotated Lotus Sutra is called the "Chô Hokekyô
).
Object of Worship, one figure, a statue of Shakyamuni, to
Daikoku-ajari
(Nichirô)
One horse and one cloak to Sado-kô (Nikô)
One horse, including saddle, a pair of tabi (socks), a hat
and a cloak to
Byakuren-ajari (Nikkô )
A waist sash (obi), money in the amount of three yen to Iyo-ajari
(Nitchô)
One horse, one cloak, one staff to Renge-ajari (Nichi-ji)
(Gifts to the remaining recipients are omitted here for sake
of brevity.)
The Shônin's mementos were given to the Six Senior
Disciples and other
believers, numbering about 35 people in all. According to
the "Ganso kedo-
ki" of Nitchô , Nichiren Shônin said before his
death, "After I die, put my
body in a cauldron and send it to Minobu." However, Nichirô
answered him,
"If we could make it to Minobu in a day or half a day, we
could do as you
say. But it's very far to Minobu. Please let us cremate you.
We'll place your
remains in Minobu without fail." To this, the Shônin
replied, "You're
absolutely right. Then, make it so, Nichirô ." Thus,
Nichiren Shônin was
cremated at Ikegami on the 21st of October. His ashes, guarded
and
transported by his disciples, left Ikegami and arrived at
Minobu on the 25th of
October.
According to the Shônin's last wishes, the disciples
were to serve at Kuonji
Temple on Mt. Minobu in a monthly rotation system. They decided
to take
turns in the following way: January (Nisshô ), February
(Nichirô ), March
(Echizen-kô and Awaji- kô), etc. But, when they
tried to stick to this
schedule, the monthly rotation system didn't work well due
to harsh seasonal
weather and the great distances that most disciples had to
travel. Their
centers of propagation were located far from Mt. Minobu.
In the winters the
snow at Minobu was so deep that Nichiren wrote on one occasion
that "for
one or two hundred meters, the depth of the snow is from
about three to six or
seven meters". And another time Nichiren said, "This is a
place where snow
is so deep that nobody visits." In the summers there was
a heavy rainy
season. Once again, Nichiren wrote: "The long and heavy rains
cause many
landslides from the mountains into the valleys. Heavy stones
would roll down
the mountains and block the road." Both in summer and winter
the roads
would become damaged, the bridges would be swept away by
floods and the
way would become impassable, bringing the comings and going
of people and
goods to a halt.
In addition to this, Nisshô and Nichirô had their
bases of propagation in
Kamakura, specifically the sections of town called Hamado
and
Matsubagaya- tsu. Nikô and Nitchô carried out
their propagation in Mobara
and Nakayama respectively. Nikkô and Nichiji had their
base of operations in
the Fuji and Suruga districts. Even if they climbed Mt. Minobu
to fulfil their
duties of rotation, their individual time of service was
very short-term. It
seems that the system didn't last for more than half a year
or so. Nikkô had
his base of propagation closest to Minobu. Since he had been
responsible for
converting Hakii Sanenaga, the jito of Minobu, during Nichiren's
lifetime, it
was natural that Nikkô began to spend more and more
time at Minobu to
conduct the temple affairs.
In a letter from Nikkô to Misaku-bô , dated October
18th, of the seventh year
of Koan (1284), the former lamented, "Though this year is
the third
anniversary of the Shônin's death....worst of all,
the Shônin's grave by the
creek of Minobu has become so badly dilapidated. If it were
not for the
footprints of deer and other animals, I could not even distinguish
where it is."
In just three short years after the Shônin's death,
the conditions had
deteriorated that much.
Because of these various conditions, the rotation system
at Minobu had many
problems. On the seventh anniversary of the Shônin's
death, the jito,Hakii
Sanenaga, proposed the following plan to the Six Senior Disciples:
"Though this is the will of the Daishônin, the rotation
system is not working
well. How about appointing a full-time temple priest...?"
Five of the six major disciples agreed with thejito but Nikkô
firmly opposed
the idea because the rotation system had been the Shônin's
dying wish.
Nevertheless Nikkô 's opinion was rejected
and Sado-b Nikô was chosen as
the head priest of Minobu. Soon afterwards, Nikkô departed
from Mt.
Minobu with his disciples. Relying on the support of Nanj
Tokumitsu in the
Fuji area Nikkô built Taisekiji temple in Ueno village.
Shortly afterward, in
an authentic letter to Lord Hara, Nikkô wrote:
"I can hardly tell you how ashamed I was and
how sorry I was for leaving
Minobu creek [where Nichiren's tomb is located]. However,
on further
consideration of the matter, it's not important where I am;
it is important to
accede to the teachings of Nichiren Shônin and to spread
it all over the world.
All of the [other] disciples are against the Master. They
disobeyed the teacher
[i.e. Nichiren Shônin]. I believe that only I, Nikkô
, am the one who protects
the Shônin's doctrine and practices according to His
original intention..."
Nikkô 's sorrow and regret at leaving Minobu
moves our hearts when we
read it, even now, after seven hundred years. In addition,
it is honorable that
he tried to keep the doctrine of Nichiren Shônin pure,
no matter where he
was. We should emulate his example.
Concerning these general conditions after Nichiren
Shônin's death, I am
relying on generally accepted historical information. However,
the Kômon
Branch (Nikkô School), and especially the Taisekiji
faction, has its own very
different viewpoints. Taisekiji claims that:
1) On October 12th of the second year of Koan (1279), Nikkô
was given a
special gohonzon(supposedly inscribed for "all the people
of the world"--"
[ichienbudai or all of "Jambudvipa"]) from Nichiren Daishônin.
(This is
widely known as the "Ita Honzon" or Plank Mandala, inscribed
on a large
piece of camphor wood. This "Ita Honzon" is actually a forged
mandala made
some hundred and fifty years after Nichiren's death.)
2) Nikkô was given the "Transmission Documents" [or
"Transfer
Documents"] from Nichiren Daishônin; the first document
is supposedly
dated September 12th in the fifth year of Koan (1282) at
Minobu and the
second document is dated October 13th [1282], the day of
the Shônin's death,
at Ikegami. They pride themselves on the possession of these
so-called "Nika
S j " [Two Transmissions]. Like the "Ita Honzon", these documents
are also
forgeries. These documents disgrace the virtue and integrity
of Nikkô .
Here are the reasons why these two "Transmission
Documents" are
considered forgeries:
1) If Nikkô was singled out by the Daishônin
with so great an honor as these
"Two Transmissions" would impart, then Nikkô should
have been designated
as the principal leader of the procession at the Shônin's
funeral. But the fact is
that, according to Nikkô 's own written testimony,
the principal leader of the
front procession was Nichirô ; and Nisshô was
the principal leader of the rear
procession.
2) If the Two Transmission Documents are true, then it would
not have
meaningless for Nichiren Shônin to designate the Six
Senior Disciples as
leaders after his death. In the designated order of senior
disciples in the
funeral cortege, Nikkô should have been the most honored
among the six.
Though the Six Senior Disciples were not listed in any particular
order, they
were actually ranked according to the time when they became
disciples of
Nichiren.
3) The Two Transmission Documents say, "If the Lord [i.e.
Emperor] of the
country supports this teaching, build the Kaidan [Ordination
Platform] of
Hommonji at Mt. Fuji." But according to the authentic record
of Nikkô ,
entitled "Fuji Itseki Mon to Zonchi-no-koto", Nikkô
writes, "The Master [i.e.
Nichiren] who preceded me had not decided on any country
or any particular
place. It is customary, at least in Buddhism, to choose the
most scenic spot
and build a temple there. Then, Mt. Fuji in Sugaru (Shizuoka
Prefecture) is
the supreme mountain in Japan. We should build our temple
there." As we
can see, the Master, Nichiren, had not decided where to build
the Kaidan of
Hommonji. This indicates that the Two Transmission Documents
are
obviously forgeries.
4) If Nikkô had the Two Transmission Documents in his
possession when he
left Mt. Minobu then he would have been delighted to go to
Fuji because it
would be fulfilling the designated mission of building the
Kaidan of
Hommonji at Fuji. But, in fact, as stated above in the authentic
letter to Lord
Hara, Nikko was disheartened to leave Minobu. For these reasons,
the Two
Transmission Documents are absolute forgeries. Even in the
other temples of
the K mon [Nikkô ] Branch apart from Taisekiji, thoughtful
scholars deny the
validity of the Two Transmission Documents. These documents
are
considered forgeries by everyone outside of the Taisekiji
faction.
Then we should consider the significance of the
distribution of Nichiren's
mementos. As stated in a previous section, Nisshô was
given the Chô
Hokekyô [Nichiren's Annotated Lotus Sutra]; Nichirô
was given Nichiren's
own object of worship, a statue of Shakyamuni. In contrast,
Nikkô was only
given one horse with a saddle, a pair of socks, a hat, a
cloak, etc. We can
sense that Nikkô was displeased with this distribution
of mementos by merely
reading his letter to Lord Hara wherein he wrote,
"...instead of the statue of Buddha which Daikoku
Ajari (Nichirô ) has
deprived me of...." [Hara dono gohenji] Nikkô would
hardly have chosen the
word "deprive" in referring to the division of mementos if
he had been
satisfied and happy with the distribution. Certainly if Nikkô
had the Two
Transmission Documents in his possession he would not have
grumbled about
his allotment of mementos.
In the letter to Lord Hara [Hara dono gohenji]
Nikkô writes,
"The teaching of Nichiren is the one that states that if
you have abandoned
Shakyamuni Buddha who is the Original Lord and Master of
the sentient
beings of the Triple World [Saha] and if you rely instead
on Amida Buddha
and give sole respect to Amida Buddha, then you will become
a person who
is guilty of the five deadly sins; you will fall into a hell
of interminable
suffering, [Avichi Hell] isn't that true?"
Thus it is clear that Nikkô worshipped Shakyamuni Buddha
as the Original
Master; he states that Nichiren also regarded Shakyamuni
Buddha as the
Original Master. Further on in the letter, Nikko also shows
deference to
Shakyamuni Buddha, calling him:
"The original intention of the appearance of Nichiren Shônin
in this world, the
Master Shakyamuni Buddha of Namu-myo-ho-renge-kyo."
This is in sharp contradiction to the Taisekiji
claim that Nichiren is the
Original Buddha.
At present, the "Fuji-ha" [Taisekiji faction, otherwise known
as "Nichiren Sh
shu"] of the K mon Branch [Nikkô School] asserts that
Shakyamuni is merely
the "Liberation Buddha" while Nichiren is the "Original [or
True] Buddha".
They claim that,
"Shakyamuni is like the cast-off shell of a cicada
[Japanese beetle], while
Nichiren is indeed the Original Buddha."
The original cause for their claim lies in Nikkô 's
disgruntled resentment over
the distribution of mementos of Nichiren. The statue of Shakyamuni
Buddha
which Nichiren had cherished throughout his life had been
given to Nichirô
and his subsequent lineage. Nikkô expressed such resentment
over being
"deprived" of this treasure that his future disciples at
Taisekiji vindicated his
sense of loss by tossing out the Eternal Shakyamuni Buddha
altogether.
We should note that, after the death of Nichiren Daishônin,
each "lineage" of
the Six Senior Disciples lines propagated the teaching at
the risk of their lives
in various locations. A second or third echelon of the six
schools often
developed very quickly. However, as propagation progressed
to later
generations of disciples, each lineage fell into their own
dogma. Claiming that
they alone possessed the special teachings and the treasures
of Nichiren
Shônin, they each professed to be the only orthodox
branch. Gradually each
school started to advocate different viewpoints. Each school
fell into disputes
with one another. In response to this, one hundred years
after the demise of
Nichiren Daishônin, Nichi-j Shônin rose to action
with the rallying cry, "Let's
go back to Nichiren Daishônin!"