Essays

1. Economic Development 1783-1815 (End of the Articles of Confederation-)
Key Points Alexander Hamilton-"Father of the National Debt"
Bank of the United States (1791-1812) Embargo Act of 1807 War of 1812
1. What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provide for?
A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. The Ordinance provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood.

2. a. Pinkney Treaty 1795
b. Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817
c. Jay Treaty 1795
d. Macon's Bill #2 1810
e. Embargo Act of 1807
f. Critical Period 1783-1814
g. Marbury vs. Madison discussion 1803

2A. The election of 1800 resulted in a tie and had to be decided in the House of representatives.
The election of 1824 was the last one where two opposing political parties would occupy President and vice president

3. A. Pinckney Treaty-Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.
B. Jay Treaty-It was signed in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It dealt with the Northwest posts and trade on the Mississippi River. It was unpopular with most Americans because it did not punish Britain for the attacks on neutral American ships. It was particularly unpopular with France, because the U.S. also accepted the British restrictions on the rights of neutrals.
C. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions- Madison and Jefferson wanted the states to repeal the Alien and Sedition Acts. Didn't get very far.
D. Judiciary Act of 1789- created a federal court system and allowed president to create federal courts and appoint judges

4. "Unwritten Constitution"-Implied Powers, Loose construction. Examples: Presidential Cabinet, 2 term longevity, 2 party system, judicial review

5. Why did the Louisiana Purchase create a dilemma for Jefferson? It was not written into the Constitution and he had alotted $10million for the purchase of land West of the Mississippi, not $15 million for land East of it

6. What prompted Shay's Rebellion? Massachusetts Farmers were frustrated with foreclosures.
When? 1786 Significance? Showed the need for a strong central government.

7. Know the circumstances of the XYZ Affair.
President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand’s three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress.

8. Know the Provisions of Hamilton's Financial Plan.
Designed to pay off the U.S.’s war debts and stabilize the economy, he believed that the United States should become a leading international commercial power. His programs included the creation of the National Bank, the establishment of the U.S.’s credit rate, increased tariffs, and an excise tax on whiskey. Also, he insisted that the federal government assume debts incurred by the states during the war.

9. Know the major compromises made at the Consititutional Convention.
Great Compromise
At the Constitutional Convention, larger states wanted to follow the Virginia Plan, which based each state’s representation in Congress on state population. Smaller states wanted to follow the New Jersey Plan, which gave every state the same number of representatives. The convention compromised by creating the House and the Senate, and using both of the two separate plans as the method for electing members of each.
Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, Connecticut Plan
The Virginia Plan called for a two-house Congress with each state’s representation based on state population. The New Jersey Plan called for a one-house Congress in which each state had equal representation. The Connecticut Plan called for a two-house Congress in which both types of representation would be applied, and is also known as the Compromise Plan.
North-South Compromises
The North was given full federal protection of trade and commerce. The South was given permanent relief from export taxes and a guarantee that the importation of slaves would not be halted for at least 20 years, plus the national capitol was placed in the South. Slaves were also deemed to be counted as 3/5 of a person when determining the state population, thus giving the Southern states a greater number of representatives in the House.
Slavery and the Constitution: slave trade, 3/5 Clause
The South’s slave trade was guaranteed for at least 20 years after the ratification of the Constitution. Slaves were considered 3/5 of a person when determining the state population.
Procedures for amendments
An amendment to the Constitution may be proposed if 2/3 of Congress or 2/3 of state legislatures vote for it. The amendment may then be added to the Constitution by a 3/4 vote of state legislatures or state conventions.

10. What was Patrick Henry's stand on the US Constitution?
He refused to attend the Consititutional Convention

11. Hartford Convention-Reason, Purpose, Outcome
December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.

12. War Hawks-Western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to aquire Britain’s northwest posts (and also Florida or even Canada) and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack the Americans on the frontier. In Congress, the War Hawks were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.

13. Monroe Doctrine-reasons, provisions, significance
1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

14. Marbury vs. Madison Decision-provisions, results, characters, significance, immeadiate and long range?
Justice Marshall was a Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power and established the judiciary as a branch of government equal to the legislative and executive. In Marbury v. Madison he established the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

15. Embargo Act of 1807-This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

16. Alien and Sedition Acts-These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

17. Elastic Clause-Allows for "necessary and proper" measures not stated in the Constitution
-Bank of the United States
-Louisiana Purchase

18. What were the reasons the US declared war on England rather than France in 1812?
Napoleon had promised to revise his maritime policies, Britain had not. They continued their policy of impressment and aiding the indians

19. What major battle was fought two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was signed?
Battle of New Orleans

20. What political positions did John Quincy Adams hold?
Negotiator of the Treaty of Ghent, Senator from Massachusetts, secretary of state under monroe, President

21. What were President Jefferson's feelings toward Hamilton's excise tax?He thought that the tax would only benifit the rich. and it would be unfair to states that had all ready paid off or partly paid off their debts.

22. What political postitions did Thomas Jefferson hold?
Secretary of State, Vice President, President

23. What was the Promulgation for the Monroe Doctrine? Also Britain's position? SEE 13

24. Thomas Jefferson-
A. Why did he order the capture and trial of Burr- Burr was found out while working with mercanaries in Louisiana trying to get Mexican aid in getting states to secede
B, His most significant achievement as President.
Louisiana Purchase

25. On what grounds did the northern states claim they had the right to oppose the War of 1812? Wanted good relations with Britain and free trade to keep up their economy.

26. Which branch of government did the Federalists still control after the election of 1800?
Judicial

27. In the early 1800's, which group of Americans was most dependent on the Mississippi and why? Define "Rights of Deposit"-America could unload goods at New Orleans and further travel later after picking it up. (without tax)br>
28. McCulloch vs. Maryland court case(1819)-circumstances, outcome, principle of the case
Maryland tried to tac the Baltimore branch of the 2nd US bank. Answered basic questions about the federal governments power and its relationship with states. Found the Bank of US to be "necessary and proper" made use of "implied powers" "power of tac includes the power to destroy" state is inferior to federal law

29. Articles of Confederation-The Articles of Confederation delegated most of the powers (the power to tax, to regulate trade, and to draft troops) to the individual states, but left the federal government power over war, foreign policy, and issuing money. The Articles’ weakness was that they gave the federal government so little power that it couldn’t keep the country united. The Articles’ only major success was that they settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance. The Articles were abandoned for the Constitution.

30. Why is Washington DC located where it is? Madison bojected the Assumption Bill (along with Southerners) because the southern states did not want to pay the norths bills. Only the southerns in congress got to vote on the Assumption bill and the capital would be moved from NY to Philadelphia for 10 years and then to a new city on the Potomac between Virginia and Maryland as a compromise

31. Major Contributions of the Federalist Party.


32. Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality-why issues? results
Washington’s declaration that the U.S. would not take sides after the French Revolution touched off a war between France and a coalition consisting primarily of England, Austria and Prussia. Washington's Proclamation was technically a violation of the Franco-American Treaty of 1778.

33. Know Hamilton's Philosophy and supporters.


34. Know Jeffersonain philosophy and supporsters.


35. Know the origin and evolution of the President's Cabinet.Easiest way to join the heads of staff. Started under Washington

36. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

37. Why did Spain cede Florida to the US in 1819?Part of the treaty of Ghent

38. Why did the Federalists oppose the purchase of Louisiana? Because of their strict constructionist views and it was quite different than the planned purchase.

39. Treaty of 1818 with England-provisions? Negotiated by the Monroe administration, permitted americans to share the coveted Newfoundlad fisheries with Canadians; Fixed the Louisiana Limits

40. Jeffersons Policy toward Regarding the above, did Jefferson's position with regard to these change or stay the same? They shifted.

41. Know what each of the Articles of the Constitution Deals with.Constitution 42. Who were the major authors of the Federalist Papers? (reasons and purposes)
Jay, Hamilton, Madison This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.

43. Define "log-rolling"-"You scratch my back, I'll scratch yours." (refer to Washington DC question)
Please tell me your name: (Do not hit return)

Any corrections or answers not posted?