Unit 5: Chapters 24-29
1. Know definitions of
a. carpetbaggers-Northerners who went south after Civil War. Idealists who wanted Political and Economic power
b. "Jim Crow" laws-imposed white supremacy throughout the South with segregation
c. scalawags-Southern Republicans who cooperated with congressionally imposed Reconstruction governments.
d. "Black Codes"-laws passed by Souther states after Civil War to control former slaves and subvert the 13th amendment.
e. writ of habeus corpus-one has the right to a trial before being imprisoned. To prevent people being tossed in jail after being accused and left to rot.
f. cheap money-
g. sound money-money backed by gold (McKinley)
h. "Gospel of Wealth"-Andrew Carnegie believed the wealthy have an obligation to give back to society
i. Mugwumps-Republicans who changed their vote during the 1884 election from Blaine to Cleveland. NY Sun coined the phrase.
j. "Gilded Age"-phrase coined by Mark Twain to describe the industrial wealth and the ostentacious rich of the 1800's which covered up social problems (ie. poverty, crime and government corruption)
k. New Immigrants-from Southern or Eastern Europe during 1880-1910. Ethnically and Religiously diverse. Very different from the "Old Immigrant" WASPs
2. Know the accomplishments of the following people and what they are associated with:
a. Samuel Gompers-President of American Federation of Labors, combined Unions.
b. Andrew Carnegie-organized Carnegie Steel Company. Major philanthropist.
c. Edward Bellamy-"Looking Backward"-about a socialist society were everyone is equal.
d. Frederick Jackson Turner-historian, emphasized the frontier to American historical development.
e. William Jennings Bryan- 3 time democratic candidate. Never won but was most important Populist.
f. Grover Cleveland-
g. William McKinley-
h. Horatio Alger-Poet,teacher, newspaper man. Minister, wrote books with rags to riches themes.
i. Robert LaFollette-debater who believed in liberal reformation. Progressive from Wisc.
j. Eugene Debs-Leader of American Railroad Union and Pullman Strike. He was jailed for 6 months
k. Joseph Glidden- invented barbed wire in 1874. Helped end the open grazing of cattle.
3. Know the following Supreme Court cases:
a. Munn vs. Illinois(1877)-ruled that the state could put a ceiling on warehouse rates and gave the ICC the right to regulate prices.
b. Wabash vs. Illinois(1886)-only federal government can regulate interstate trade.
c. Plessey vs. Ferguson 1896-"separate but equal" facilities
d. Brown vs. Board of Ed. of Topeka, Kansas, 1954- reversed Plessey vs. Ferguson. Found segregation in public schools unequal.
4. Know dates and what the following Amendments accomplished:
a. 13th: December 6. 1865-slavery is outlawed. Gave congress the power to reinforce the decision.
b. 14th: July 9, 1868-Citizenship to all, no ex-confederates may hold office. US will not pay debts for states that seceded.
c. 15th: February 3, 1870-All (save women) may vote.
5. Know what the following laws dealt with:
a. Proclamation of Amnesty-1872: gave the right to hold office to ex-Southern leaders (repealed part of 14th amendment)
b. Jim Crow Laws: imposed white supremacy throughout the South by use of segregation.
c. Force Acts 1870-1871: vs KKK-state elections are under federal juristication. Fines and jail time set for disrupting ballots. To protect black sufferage in the South
d. Pendelton Act-1883: civil service reform to federal emplies. Limited the spoils system. classified many government jobs and made standardized competitive exams. Outlawed forcing political contributions from office holders.
e. Hepburn Act-1906: helped enforce ICC. RR inspection, maximum rates, no free passes.
f. Morrill Act-1862: set aside public lands in each state for colleges
g. Sherman Antitrust Act-1890: first anti-trust act. made monopolies illegal. Hurt by US vs EC Knight which excluded manufacturing from the act.
h. Dawes Act- 1887: bill that divided Indian reservations to individual family farms in an attempt to integrate Indians into mainstream America.
6. Reconstruction Era:
a. The Freeman's Bureau, which was established by Congress in 1865, was pimarily set up to educate the former slaves.
b. President Johnson vetoed Reconstruction legislation supported by Republicans in Congress.
c. Know the reasons and result of the attempt to remove President Johnson from office.-the Radical Republicans who dominated congress were adverse to Johnson's moderate reconstruction (10% oath and such) after they expected more drastic measures than those of Lincoln. Congress set him up for a fall with the Tenure of Office Act. After he fired Edwin Stanton Secretary of War, they had him impeached but he was aquitted of charges and the Act was later repealed.
d. Redemption was when the Southern Whites regained control of the South after Reconstruction and passed laws enforcing segregation.
e. During Reconstruction some Blacks were elected to public office. None became governors, but two Black US senators were elected.
f. During Reconstruction many cofederate leaders were disenfranchised.
g. Industry expanded after the Civil War because of increased consumer demand, protective tariffs, railroads, and increased immigration.
h. By 1877, deocrats had already regained control of southern state governments.
7. Know the dates:
a.Administrations
1. Johnson: 1865-1868
2. Grant: 1868-1876
3. Hayes: 1876-1880
4. Garfield 1880-1884
5. Cleveland: 1884-1888
6. Harrison: 1888-1892
7. McKinley: 1892-1896
b. Credit Moblier Scandal-1872
c. conviction of Boss Tweed-1873/1876
d. passage of Pendelton Act-1883
e. demonezation of Silver-1873
f. Cross of Gold speech-June 18, 1896
g. Sherman Silever Purchase Act-1890
h. Gold Standard Act-1900
i. Pullman Strike-1894
j. completion of the Brooklyn Bridge-1883
k. Bell's phone-1876
l. Edison's phonograph-October 1877
m. elevated electric railroads-1880's-1900's
n. first transcontinental railroad completed-1869
8. The Age of Big Business
a. What was the major issue in each
1. Specie Circular Order of 1836-speculative land mania. Land must be purchased with gold or silver (specie)
2. Crime of '73- coinage law which eliminated silver from circulation.
3. Shay's Rebellion-Need for a stronger National government (after foreclosure of farms)
4. Specie Resumption Act of 1875- reduced amount of greenback currency, return to hard money. Currency inflation
b. The Sherman Antitrust Act was not vigorously enforced. The business leaders even found a way to use it against labor union.
c. Review the following:
1. Railroad Strike of 1877- after 1 month of striking due to wage cuts Hayes sent in troops. 40 died in Pittsburg.
2. Haymarket Riot of 1886-protested the killing of a worker during strike. A mysterious bomb went off. Brought the end of the Knights of Labor.
3. Pullman Strike, 1894-wage cuts. Eugene V. Debs organized...broken up by milita.
4. Steel Strike, 1892-Regular workers stormed replacements and Pinkerton guards. 10 died and milita was called in. Workers wound up returning for lower wages.
5. Coal Strike, 1902-miners end a 5 moth strike and agree to arbitration with a presidential committee
d. The following contibuted to the Gilded Age:
1. Industrialization
2. improvements in transportation
3. immigration
4. movement of Americans to cities (urbanization)
5. Mark Twain helped coin the phrase
9. What were the causes of the emergence of the Populist Party in 1892? it called for free coinage if silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other pro-farmer reforms