Famous People from Breslau

The famous German author Gotthold Ephraim Lessing lived in Breslau for a time.

A website with famous East Prussians, many of whom are actually Silesians [in German].

Mathematicians from Breslau

Of the listof 30 the link above locates, the following were Jewish:
Felix Hausdorff
Alfred Loewy
Alexander Weinstein
Hermann Kober
Leopold Kronecker
Kaete Ephraim Marcus

Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet's wife was one of Felix Mendelssohn's sisters and had Jewish ancestry.
Eduard Ernst Kummer's wife had Jewish ancestry, and was, in fact, a cousin of Dirichlet's wife.
 

Scholars connected with the Jewish Theological Seminary in Breslau:

Dietrich Bonnhoefer