Annotated Bibliography of Zooarchaeology

Abe, Y., C. W. Marean, et al. (2002). "The analysis of cutmarks on archaeofauna: a review and critique of quantification procedures, and a new image-analysis GIS approach." American Antiquity 67(4): 643-663.

Abraham, J. F. (1990). "Data from shells: theory in search of a method." Bulletin, Archaeological Society of Connecticut 53: 3-15.

Ackerman, R. E. (1988). "Early subsistence patterns in southeast Alaska." Diet and Subsistence: Current Archaeological Perspectives: 175-189.

Adler, K. (1968). "Turtles from Archeological Sites in the Great Lakes Region." Michigan Archaeologist 14(3-4): 147-164.

Adler, K. (1970). "The influence of prehistoric man on the distribution of the box turtle." Annals of the Carnegie Museum 41(9): 263-280.

Allen, G. M. (1920). "Dogs of the American Aborigines." Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 63(9): 431-517.

Allen, G. M. (1954). "Canid remains from Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo." Material Culture of Pueblo Bonito: 385-389.

Allen, G. M. (1954). Canid remains from Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo. Material Culture of Pueblo Bonito, Washington : Smithsonian Institute: 385-389.

Allen, M. S., E. Matisoo-Smith, et al. (2001). "Pacific 'Babes': issues in the origins and dispersal of Pacific pigs and the potential of mitochondrial DNA analysis." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11(1): 4-13.

Allison, M. J., G. Focacci Aste, et al. (1982). "Pre-Columbian Dog from Arica, Chile." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 59(3): 299-304.

Alvard, M. S. (2002). Evolutionary Theory, Conservation, and Human Environmental Impact. Wilderness and Political Ecology: Aboriginal Influences and the Original State of Nature. C. E. Kay and R. T. Simmons. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press: 28-43.

Amorosi, T. (1989). A postcranial guide to domestic neo-natal and juvenile mammals: the indentification and aging of Old World species. Oxford, England, B.A.R.

Amorosi, T., J. Woollett, et al. (1996). "Regional zooarchaeology and global change: problems and potentials." World Archaeology 28(1): 126-157.

Archibald, M. (1981). Grubstake to grocery store: supplying the Klondike, 1897-1907. Ottawa, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch Parks Canada Environment Canada.

Armitage, P. L. (1991). "Social status and mutton consumption on board English East Indiamen: faunal evidence from the shipwreck Earl of Abergavenny (1805)." Animal Use and Culture Change: 53-60.

Arndt, A., W. v. Neer, et al. (2003). "Roman trade relationships at Sagalassos (Turkey) elucidated by ancient DNA of fish remains." Journal of archaeological science 30(9): 1095-1105.

Arnold, C. D. (1979). "Possible Evidence of Domestic Dog in a Paleo-Eskimo Context." Arctic 32(3): 263-265.

Arslanov, K. A. and Y. S. Svezhentsev (1993). "Improved method for radiocarbon dating fossil bones." Radiocarbon 35(3): 387-391.

Arter, S. (1993). "Food remains from the Madam Russell House site in Smyth County, Virginia (44SM112)." Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia 48(4): 180-186.

Atalay, S. and C. Hastorf (2006). "Food, Meals, and Daily Activities: Food Habitus at Neolithic Catalhoyuk." American Antiquity 71(2): 283-319.

We consider the daily practices of food preparation and consumption at the Neolithic Anatolian site of Catalhoyuk. We present the major food activities suggested from the archaeological evidence, including the timing and range of possible ingredients eaten by the residents of this thousand-year settlement. Plant, animal, and mineral resources, as well as the food production and preparation practices, are viewed in the context of the seasonal cycle. The food-related activities practiced at Catalhoyuk within each of the seasons are placed into five primary groups: production and procurement, processing, cooking, presentation, and eating. The daily household acts associated with these categories are discussed in detail. Using flora, fauna, micromorphological, lithic, ceramic, clay, and architectural evidence, we present a picture of a community that was relatively healthy. The residents had a diet that relied heavily on plant foodstuffs, with wild plants remaining an important and valuable part of the daily and seasonal food practices throughout. The people at Catalhoyuk are a range of animal products, including meat obtained from domesticated sheep/goats, wild cattle, small and large game, and to a more limited extent, eggs and waterfowl. Their social life can be seen through these foodways.

Azua, R. V., B. P. Gudino, et al. (1999). "Entierros de Perros Descubiertos en la Antigua Ciudad de Tula." Latin American Antiquity 10(2): 180-200.

In this paper we present new archaeological data that increases our knowledge about dogs (Canis familiaris) in prehistoric times, especially in terms of their general morphology and the number of breeds that existed in central Mesoamerica. A collection of 27 dogs from burials dating to the earliest occupation at Tula, Hidalgo (ca. 650-750 A.D.) is examined. The results show the presence of three well-defined breeds. This discovery establishes the existence of several different breeds of dogs in ancient Mesoamerica and provides criteria for describing the general physical characteristics of each type. The three kinds of canines recognized in this study include (1) a medium-sized dog with hair, (2) another with similar dimensions but hairless, and (3) a smaller breed with hair (about 30 percent smaller than the medium-sized examples). These three types fit Bernardino de Sahagun's descriptions of dogs from the central Mexican highlands in the sixteenth century. Our research allows us to establish the presence of these animals in this region beginning in the seventh century A.D. The three breeds include the common Mesoamerican dog or itzcuintli, the hairless dog or xoloitzcuintli and the smaller dog or tlalchichi. Additionally, the establishment of three separate breeds addresses debates in the literature concerning the nature of prehispanic canines.

B©œk©œnyi, S. n. (1984). Animal husbandry and hunting in T©*c-Gorsium: the vertebrate fauna of a Roman town in Pannonia. Budapest, Akad©*miai Kiad©*.

Baker, B. W. and B. S. Shaffer (1991). "Modified bone and antler from the Alabonson Road site (41HR273), Harris County, Texas." Tierra 18(4): 15-22.

Baker, B. W. and B. S. Shaffer (1998). "Sugar reflotation and curation." Journal of Field Archaeology 25(3): 369-370.

Baker, B. W. and B. S. Shaffer (1999). "Assumptions about species: a case study of tortoise bones from SE Texas." Journal of Field Archaeology 26(1): 69-74.

Baker, J. R. and D. R. Brothwell (1980). Animal diseases in archaeology. London ; New York, Academic Press.

Baker, R. H. (1984). Origin, Classification and Distribution. White-Tailed Deer: Ecology and Management. L. K. Halls. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Stackpole Books: 1-18.

Balcom, R. J. (1976). Analysis of the faunal remains from the Cherry Point site. s.l., Dept. of Tourism Recreation and Cultural Affairs Historic Resources Branch Province of Manitoba.

Baldwin, B. T., L. M. Busby, et al. (1928). Anatomic growth of children; a study of some bones of the hand, wrist, and lower forearm, by means of roentgenograms. Iowa City,, The University.

Balee, W. (1998). Historical Ecology:Premises and Postulates. Advances in Historical Ecology. W. Balee. New York, Columbia University Press: 13-29.

Balkwill, D. M., S. Cumbaa, et al. (1992). A guide to the identification of postcranial bones of Bos taurus and Bison bison. Ottawa, Canadian Museum of Nature.

Balmer, A. (1984). Zooarchaeology in the south central Canadian Shield

an assessment of its current use and potential with an example from Lake of the Woods. Ottawa, National Library of Canada.

Bar-Gal, G. K., P. Ducos, et al. (2003). "The application of ancient DNA analysis to identify Neolithic Caprinae: a case study from the site of Hatoula, Israel." International journal of osteoarchaeology 13(3): 120-131.

Barber, M. B. (1976). "The vertebrate fauna from a late 18th c. well: The Bray Plantation, Kingsmill, Virginia." Historical Archaeology 10(68-72).

Barber, M. B. (1978). "On the preparation of a faunal type collection." Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia 32(3): 49-55.

Barber, M. B. (1991). "Paleoethnozoology in Virginia: history, research potential, and theoretical approaches." Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia 46(4): 163-166.

Barber, M. B. (1991). "Preliminary vertebrate faunal analysis of the Spessard site (44FV134), Fluvanna County, Virginia." Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia 46(2): 70-76.

Barber, R., J. (1986). "Analysis of land snails from the Bozner site, a multi-component site in southwestern Wyoming." Journal of Intermountain Archeology 5(1): 1-8.

Barnes, I., K. M. Dobney, et al. (1998). "The molecular palaeoecology of geese: identification of archaeological goose remains using ancient DNA analysis." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 8(4): 280-287.

Barnes, I., J. P. W. Young, et al. (2000). "DNA-based identification of goose species from two archaeological sites in Lincolnshire." Journal of Archaeological Science 27(2): 91-100.

Barrett, J. H. (1993). "Bone weight, meat yield estimates and cod (Gadus morhua): a preliminary study of the weight method." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 3(1): 1-18.

Barrett, J. H., R. P. Beukens, et al. (2001). "Diet and ethnicity during the Viking colonization of northern Scotland: evidence from fish bones and stable carbon isotopes." Antiquity 75(287): 145-154.

Barrett, J. H., R. A. Nicholson, et al. (1999). "Archaeo-ichthyological evidence for long-term socioeconomic trends in northern Scotland: 3500 BC to AD 1500." Journal of Archaeological Science 26(4): 353-388.

Bartosiewicz, L. (1986). "Multivariate methods in archaeozoology." Acta archaeologica: 279-294.

Bartosiewicz, L. (1987). "Cattle metapodials revisited: a brief review." ArchaeoZoologia 1(1): 47-51.

Bartosiewicz, L. (1997). "Horn worth blowing? A stray find of aurochs from Hungary." Antiquity 71(274): 1007-1010.

Bartosiewicz, L. (2000). "Baculum fracture in carnivores: osteological, behavioural and cultural implications." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 10(6): 447-450.

Bartosiewicz, L., A. Lentacker, et al. (1993). "Metapodial asymmetry in draft cattle." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 3(2): 69-75.

Bartosiewicz, L., Z. Miklós, et al. (1995). Animals in the urban landscape in the wake of the Middle Ages: a case study from Vác, Hungary. Oxford, England, Tempus Reparatum.

Baryshnikov, G. and J. F. Hoffecker (1994). "Mousterian hunters of the NW Caucasus: preliminary results of recent investigations." Journal of Field Archaeology 21(1): 1-14.

Bathurst, R. R. and J. L. Barta (2004). "Molecular Evidence of Tuberculosis Induced Hypertrophic Osteopathy in a 16th-century Iroquian Dog." Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 917-925.

A fully articulated dog skeleton excavated from a 16th-century Neutral Iroquoian site in Ontario, Canada displays a distinctive osteological condition known as hypertrophic osteopathy (HPO). Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis of the dog has isolated Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA, linking the secndary condition of HPO to tuberculosis (TB) and representing the oldest known case of TB yet to be discovered in the domestic dog. We emphasize that dogs should be considered as potential reservoirs of TB in the Americas.

Baugh, S. T. (1986). "Late prehistoric bison distributions in Oklahoma." Plains Anthropologist Memoir 21: 83-96.

Beach, M. A. and C. S. Causey (1984). Bone Artifacts from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo. The Faunal Remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico. R. W. Lang and A. H. Harris. Santa Fe, School of American Research Press: 187-226.

Beadles, M. L. (1990). "Faunal remains from the Bammel site 41KR10, in Kerr County, Texas." Tierra 17(2): 33-36.

Beasley, M. J., A. J. Legge, et al. (1992). "Incremental banding in dental cementum: methods of preparation for teeth from archaeological sites and for modern comparative specimens." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2(1): 37-50.

Beebe, B. F. (1980). "Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris L.) of Probable Pleistocene Age from Old Crow, Yukon Territory, Canada." Canadian Journal of Archaeology(4): 161-168.

Belcher, W. R. (1989). "Prehistoric fish exploitation in East Penobscot Bay, Maine: the Knox site and sea-level rise." Archaeology of Eastern North America 17: 175-191.

Bement, L. C. (1994). Hunter-gatherer mortuary practices during the central Texas Archaic. Austin, University of Texas Press.

Bement, L. C. (1997). "The Cooper Site: a stratified Folsom bison kill in Oklahoma." Plains Anthropologist Memoir 42(159): 85-100.

Bement, L. C. and B. J. Carter (1999). Bison hunting at Cooper site: where lightning bolts drew thundering herds. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.

Bement, L. C., M. Hyman, et al. (1997). "A painted skull from the Cooper Site: a Folsom bison kill in NW Oklahoma." Current Research in the Pleistocene 14: 6-9.

Bendukidze, O. G. (1997). "The Late Pleistocene Primitive Dog (Canis volgensis) and Goat (Capra dzudzuana) of the Western Transcaucasia." Anthropozoologica 25: 285-286.

Benecke, N. (1987). "Studies on Early Dog Remains from Northern Europe." Journal of Archaeological Science 14(1): 31-49.

Bergquist, H. and J. Lepiksaar (1957). Animal skeletal remains from medieval Lund. Lund,.

Bernstein, D. J. (1990). "Prehistoric seasonality studies in coastal southern New England." American Anthropologist 92(1): 96-115.

Bernstein, D. J. (1990). "Trends in prehistoric subsistence on the southern New England coast: the view from Narragansett Bay." North American Archaeologist 11(4): 321-352.

Berzero, A., V. Caramella-Crespi, et al. (1997). "Direct gamma-ray spectrometric dating of fossil bones: preliminary results." Archaeometry 39(1): 189-203.

Bever, G. S. (2005). "Morphometric Variation in the Cranium, Mandible, and Dentition of Canis Latrans and Canis Lepophagus (Carnivora: Canidae) and its Implications for the Identification of Isolated Fossil Specimens." The Southwestern Naturalist 50(1): 42-56.

Bicho, N. F., B. Hockett, et al. (2000). "Hunter-gatherer subsistence at the end of the Pleistocene: preliminary results from Picareiro Cave, central Portugal." Antiquity 74(285): 500-506.

Biese, L. P. (1961). "Frog effigy and large polychrome vessels from Parita." Panama Archaeologist 4(1): 31-41.

Bills, T. M. and H. G. McDonald (1998). "Fauna from late-Pleistocene sediments of the Sheridan cave site (33WY252), Wyandot County, Ohio." Current Research in the Pleistocene 15: 101-103.

Binford, L. R. (1965). "Analysis of bone material from the Medicine Crow Site (39 BF2) Buffalo County, South Dakota." Studies in the natural radioactivity of prehistoric materials: 41-44.

Binford, L. R. (1978). Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology. New York, Academic Press.

Binford, L. R. (1981). Bones: ancient men and modern myths. New York, Academic Press.

Binford, L. R. (1984). Faunal remains from Klasies River mouth. New York, Academic Press.

Birmingham, W. W. and J. A. Huebner (1991). "Incised bone and conch shell artifacts from the Texas West Indies site (41VT9)." Tierra 18(3): 8-20.

Black, W. M., L. W. Patterson, et al. (1992). "Burials with marine shell grave goods at 41WH44, Wharton Co. Texas." Journal, Houston Archeological Society(102): 20-24.

Blanton, D. B., S. C. Pullins, et al. (2000). "Late Woodland features at Site 44SK40, Hillpoint Farm, Suffolk, Virginia." Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia 55(2): 118-123.

Blee, C. H. (1989). "Siberian goats and North American deer: a contextual approach to the translation of Russian common names for Alaskan mammals." Arctic 42(3): 227-231.

Blench, R. M. and K. C. MacDonald (2000). The origins and development of African livestock: archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography. London, UCL.

Blick, J. P. (1988). "Preliminary Report on the Osteometric Analysis of Some Aboriginal Dogs (Canis familiaris) from Weyanoke Old Town, 44 PG 51, Prince George County, Virginia." Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia 43(1): 1-13.

Blumenschine, R. J. (1987). "Characteristics of an early hominid scavenging niche." Current Anthropology 28(4): 383-407.

Blumenschine, R. J. (1988). "Reinstating an early hominid scavenging niche: a reply to Potts." Current Anthropology 29(3): 483-486.

Blumenschine, R. J. (1989). "Man the scavenger." Archaeology 42(4): 26-33.

Blumenschine, R. J. (1995). "Percussion marks, tooth marks, and experimental determinations of the timing of hominid and carnivore access to long bones at FLK Zinjanthropus, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania." Journal of Human Evolution 29(1): 21-51.

Blumenschine, R. J., S. D. Capaldo, et al. (1994). "Competition for carcasses and early hominid behavioral ecology: a case study and conceptual framework." Journal of Human Evolution 27(1): 197-213.

Blumenschine, R. J. and T. C. Madrigal (1993). "Variability in long bone marrow yields of East African ungulates and its zooarchaeological implications." Journal of Archaeological Science 20(5): 555-587.

Blumenschine, R. J. and F. T. Masao (1991). "Living sites at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania?: preliminary landscape archaeology results in the basal Bed II lake margin zone." Journal of Human Evolution 21(6): 451-462.

Blumenschine, R. J. and C. R. Peters (1998). "Archaeological predictions for hominid land use in the paleo-Olduvai Basin, Tanzania, during lowermost Bed II times." Journal of Human Evolution 34(6): 565-607.

Blumenschine, R. J., C. R. Peters, et al. (2003). "Late Pliocene Homo and hominid land use from western Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania." Science 299(5610): 1217-1221.

Bochenski, Z. M. and T. Tomek (2000). "Identification of bones of galliform hybrids." Journal of Archaeological Science 27: 691-698.

Six types of bones (sternum, pelvis, humerus, coracoid, scapula, and femur) of three kinds of galliform hybrids (Tetrao urogallus x T. tetrix, Tetrao urogallus x Lagopus lagopus and Tetrao tetrix x Lagopus lagopus) were studied. Mensural and morphological characters differentiating the hybrids from pure galliform species are described. It is believed that finding fossil remains of gallifor hybrids is only a matter of time.

Bocherens, H., D. Billiou, et al. (2001). "New isotopic evidence for dietary habits of Neandertals from Belgium." Journal of Human Evolution 40(6): 497-505.

Bogan, A. E. (1982). "Archaeological evidence of subsistence patterns in the Little Tennessee River Valley." Tennessee Anthropologist 7(1): 39-50.

Bogan, A. E. and N. D. Robison (1978). A history and selected bibliography of zooarchaeology in eastern North America. [Knoxville], Tennessee Anthropological Association.

Bogan, A. E. and N. D. Robison (1987). The zooarchaeology of eastern North America: history, method and theory, and bibliography. [Knoxville, TN., Tennessee Anthropological Association.

Bökönyi, S. (1974). History of domestic mammals in Central and Eastern Europe. Budapest,.

Bökönyi, S. (1975). "Vlasac: an early site of dog domestication." Archaeozoological Studies: Papers of the Archaeozoological Conference Held at the Biologisch-Archaeologisch Instituut of the State University of Groningen: 167-178.

Bökönyi, S. (1977). The animal remains from four sites in the Kermanshah Valley, Iran: Asiab, Sarab, Dehsavar and Siahbid: the faunal evolution, environmental changes and development of animal husbandry, VIII-III millennia B.C. Oxford, British Archaeological Reports.

Bökönyi, S. and P. P. Anreiter (1998). Man and the animal world: studies in archaeozoology, archaeology, anthropology and palaeolinguistics in memoriam Sandor Bökönyi. Budapest, Archaeolingua Alapítvány.

Bond, J. M., T. P. O'Connor, et al. (1999). Bones from medieval deposits at 16-22 Coppergate and other sites in York. York, Council for British Archaeology for the York Archaeological Trust.

Bonnichsen, R. (1979). Pleistocene bone technology in the Beringian Refugium. Ottawa, National Museums of Canada.

Bonnichsen, R., M. H. Sorg, et al. (1989). Bone modification. Orono, Me., Center for the Study of the First Americans Institute for Quaternary Studies University of Maine.

Borowski, O. (1998). Every living thing: daily use of animals in ancient Israel. Walnut Creek, Calif. ; London, AltaMira Press.

Bourque, B. J., K. Morris, et al. (1978). "Determing the season of death of mammal teeth from archeological sites: A new sectioning technique." Science 199(3): 530-531.

Bowen, J. (1992). "Faunal remains and urban household subsistence in New England." Art and Mystery of Historical Archaeology: Essays in Honor of James Deetz: 267-281.

Bowen, J. (1996). "Foodways in the 18th-century Chesapeake." The Archaeology of 18th-Century Virginia: 87-130.

Bowen, J. (1998). "To market, to market: animal husbandry in New England." Historical Archaeology 32(3): 137-152.

Bowser, J. and L. M. Willey (1968). "Identification and provenience of fish scales found at Sheep Rock shelter." University Park: Pennsylvania State University, Department of Anthropology Occasional Papers in Anthropology ; no. 5: 117-140.

Bozell, J. R. (1988). "Changes in the Role of the Dog in Protohistoric-Historic Pawnee Culture." Plains Anthropologist 33(119): 95-111.

Bozell, J. R. (1991). "Fauna from the Hulme site and comments on Central Plains Tradition subsistence variability." Plains Anthropologist 36(136): 229-253.

Bradley, D. and R. Loftus (2000). Two Eves for taurus?: bovine mitochondrial DNA and African cattle domestication. Origins and development of African livestock : archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography, London : UCL Press: 244-250.

Breitburg, E. (1991). Verification and reliability of NISP and MNI methods of qauntifying taxonomic abundance. Beamers, Bobwhites, and Blue-Points: Tributes to the Career of Paul W. Parmalee. J. R. Purdue, W. E. Klippel and B. W. Styles. Springfield, Illinois State Museum: 153-162.

Breitburg, E. and J. B. Broster (1997). "A record of late-Pleistocene stout-legged llama, Paleolama mirifica Simpson, in Tennessee." Current Research in the Pleistocene 14: 135-136.

Breitburg, E., J. B. Broster, et al. (1996). "Coats-Hines Site: Tennessee's first Paleoindian- mastodon association." Current Research in the Pleistocene 13: 6-8.

Brewer, D. J. Cultural and environmental change in the Fayum, Egypt

an investigation based on faunal remains. Ann Arbor, MI, University Microfilms International.

Brewer, D. J. (1989). Fishermen, hunters and herders: zooarchaeology in the Fayum, Egypt (ca. 8200-5000 bp). Oxford, B.A.R.

Brewer, D. J. (1992). "Zooarchaeology: method, theory, and goals." Archaeological Method and Theory 4: 195-244.

Bricker, H. M., P. Mellars, et al. (1993). Hunting and animal exploitation in the later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia. Washington, D.C., American Anthropological Association.

Brink, J. W. (1997). "Fat content in leg bones of Bison bison, and applications to archaeology." Journal of Archaeological Science 24(3): 259-274.

Briuer, F. L. (1977). Plant and animal remains from caves and rock shelters of Chevelon Canyon Arizona: methods for isolating cultural depositional processes. Los Angeles, University of California: xviii, 283 leaves.

Brizinski, M. and H. Savage (1983). "Dog sacrifices among the Algonkian Indians: an example from the Frank Bay site." Ontario archaeology(39): 33-40.

Brooks, R. L. and P. Flynn (1988). "34TX-71: a late prehistoric bison processing station in the Oklahoma panhandle." Plains Anthropologist 33(122): 467-487.

Brothwell, D. (1991). "Malocclusion and methodology: the problem and relevance of recording dental malalignment in archaeology." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 1(1): 27-37.

Brothwell, D. (1997). "Interpreting the immature chicken bones from the Romano-British ritual complex on West Hill, Uley." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7(4): 330-332.

Brothwell, D. R. (1968). The Skeletal biology of earlier human populations. Oxford, New York,, Pergamon Press.

Brothwell, D. R. and R. Jones (1978). "The relevance of small mammal studies to archaeology." Occasional publication - Institute of Archaeology(3): 47-57.

Brothwell, D. R., A. Malaga, et al. (1979). "Studies on Amerindian dogs, 2: variation in early Peruvian dogs." Journal of Archaeological Science 6(2): 139-161.

Brothwell, D. R., K. D. Thomas, et al. (1978). Research problems in zooarchaeology. London, Institute of Archaeology.

Broughton, J. M. (1999). Resource depression and intensification during the late Holocene, San Francisco Bay: evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound vertebrate fauna. Berkeley, Univ. of California Press.

Broughton, J. M. (2002). "Prey spatial structure and behavior affect archaeological tests of optimal foraging models: examples from the Emeryville Shellmound vertebrate fauna." World Archaeology 34(1): 60-83.

Broughton, J. M. (2002). Pre-Columbian Human Impact on California Vertebrates: Evidence from Old Bones and Implications for Wilderness Policy. Wilderness and Political Ecology: Aborginial Influences and the Original State of Nature. C. E. Kay and R. T. Simmons. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press: 44-71.

Broughton, J. M. and D. K. Grayson (1993). "Diet breadth, adaptive change, and the White Mountains faunas." Journal of Archaeological Science 20(3): 331-336.

Brown, B. (1905). The osteology of Champsosaurus Cope. [New York].

Brown, B. (1906). New notes on the osteology of Triceratops. [New York, Published by order of the Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History.

Brown, B. (1912). The osteology of the manus in the family Trachodontidae. [New York, Published by order of the Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History.

Brown, C. L. and C. E. Gustafson (1979). A key to postcranial skeletal remains of cattle/bison, elk, and horse. Pullman, Laboratory of Anthropology Washington State University.

Brown, G. J. and J. Bowen (1998). "Animal bones from the Cross Street Back Lot privy." Historical Archaeology 32(3): 72-80.

Brøndsted, J. B. (1942). "The frog as a Viking Age burial gift." Acta archaeologica: 315-318.

Bruck, J. (2000). "Different types of dog at Roman Godmanchester." Archaeological Review from Cambridge 16(1): 75-92.

It is argues that a group of small, relatively stocky animals with bowed legs can be distinguished from others in the assemblage and that this may suggest increased human intervention in the breeding of certain dogs.

Bruder, J. S. (1991). "Look at Archaeological-Ethnobiological Collaboration in Hohokam Studies." Kiva 56(3): 193-205.

Buchanan, W. F. (1988). Shellfish in prehistoric diet: Elands Bay, S.W. Cape Coast, South Africa. Oxford, England, B.A.R.

Buehler, K. J. (1997). "Getting over the hump: some concluding remarks on Southern Plains bison procurement/utilization studies." Plains Anthropologist Memoir 42(159): 173-182.

Buie, E. L. and J. R. Purdue (1986). "On the similarity of Odocoileus hemionus and O. virginianus mandibles." Plains Anthropologist 31(111): 65-71.

Buitenhuis, H. and A. T. Clason (1993). Archaeozoology of the Near East: proceedings of the first international symposium on the archaeozoology of southwestern Asia and adjacent areas. Leiden, Universal Book Services.

Buitenhuis, H., A. T. Clason, et al. (1993). Archaeozoology of the Near East. Leiden, Universal Book Services.

Buitenhuis, H. and H.-P. Uerpmann (1995). Archaeozoology of the Near East II: proceedings of the second international symposium on the archaeozoology of southwestern Asia and adjacent areas. Leiden, Backhuys Publishers.

Burger, R. L., L. C. Salazar, et al. (2003). The 1912 Yale Peruvian scientific expedition collections from Machu Picchu: human and animal remains. New Haven, Dept. of Anthropology Yale University Division of Anthropology Peabody Museum of Natural History.

Burleigh, R. and D. R. Brothwell (1978). "Studies on Amerindian dogs, I: carbon isotopes in relation to maize in the diet of domestic dogs from early Peru and Ecuador." Journal of Archaeological Science 5(4): 355-362.

Burton, R. K., D. P. Gifford, et al. (2002). "Isotopic tracking of prehistoric pinneped foraging and distribution along the central California coast: preliminary results." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 12(1): 4-11.

Butler, E. M. and W. S. Hadlock (1949). "Dogs of the Northeastern Woodland Indians." Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society 10: 17-35.

Butler, V. L. (1994). "Fish feeding behavior and fish capture: the case for variation in Lapita fishing strategies." Archaeology in Oceania 29(2): 81-90.

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The recording and analysis of remains of domestic dog (Canis familiaris) of the LAte Iron Age and Romano-British periods is discussed, together with the source of the biases likely to be compromising current data recovery. The results of calculation of estimated shoulder heights for the two periods from data available since 1974 are presented and compared with previous analyses. Methodologies for extending the metrical potential of disarticulated and fragmentary skeletal elements of Canis in order to encompass dogs not accorded discrete burial are described, together with a case study of admixed dog remains from Romano-British contexts.

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Over the past several decades, numerous studies have demonstrated that prehistoric Puebloan populations experienced an overall decrease in health as a consequence of aggregating into larger, sedentary communities. This decrease is particularly evident in the Pueblo IV period (A.D. 1275-1550), during which large, aggregated populations occupied settlements for multiple generations. Although several factors inevitably contributed to a declined status of health, the results from this study suggest that increased nutritional stres resulting from faunal resource depletion in the later periods of occupation may have played an active role in lowering the general health of some Pueblo IV populations.

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The purpose of this short exposition is to pin-point some problems which arise when we demand that all animal remains should be sampled during excavation, and to point out some of the difficulties that arise in the interpretation of the data obtained.

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Some contemporary NewWorld tropical forest tribes regularly eat frogs and toads, even dangerously exotic species. Anuran bones found in archaeological middens can be more parsimoniously interpreted as food debris than as purveyors of putative hallucinogens, such as bufotenin. The proportional representation of Bufo marinus bones at a 2,000-year old Precolumbian village site in central Panama suggests that this species was regularly used for food. It may have been kept in houses to mitigate seasonal meat shortages.

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The distribution of the skeletal elements of albatross from the Maple Bank site is compared with those for ducks and gulls at that site and others on the northwest coast of America. The element distribution was very different between species and between sites. The proportions of albatross bones found suggest that there was a cultural reason for the elements present, probably the curation of wing bones for toolmaking and other uses.

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There are only three factors which account for the presence or the absence of fauna in any archaeological site: Ecology of the area, Economics of any associated predator population (including hominids), and Ethos of any associated hominid population. when these are incorporated into a binary equation with a presence or absence outcome, and then correlated with a locus type, a focus is provided for a more far reaching analysis of faunal richness and diversity as they relate to preference and activity patterns. Taphonomic and recovery biases, of course, enter into the analysis and are a given. The equations number 16 with 8 being equalities and 8 being inequalities. Seven of the equalities result in an absence marker. Seven of the inequalities result in a presence marker. The equations force us to think more about how and why fauna were used and the role of competing species. I have found this approach useful to better understand why goats are virtually non-existent in the early seventeenth-century Chesapeake sites, seemingly disputing the extant documentation for that time. Greater cultural understanding may unfold by incorporating this methodology into our faunal interpretation.

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The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the development and variability of the morphology and size of dogs from the early Neolithic until the Roman period. During the Bronze Age, in addition to a strong variability observed for the limbs, the selection of particular characters on the skull suggests the existence of true races. During the Iron Age, this morphological variation is less obvious because of the lack of information. However, the increase in size is obvious. Some races have proper characteristics only at the Roman oeriod. Besides the use for hunting, dog was, at times, eaten between the Neolithic and the Iron Age. For all the periods considered, we have evidence of ritual and funeral uses of the dog.

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Two of the most important means of recovering subsistence data from archaeological sites are water screening and water floatation. These two systems are described as they were used in the Middle Tennessee Valley during the 1977 summer and 1978 winter field seasons of the Tennessee River Archaeological Project. They were designed as mutually complimentary systems for the recovery of micro data such as small zoological and botanical remains. Their efficiency is indicated by recovery of very small material.

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Until relatively recently, studies of bird remains have been regarded as peripheral to mainstream research on early archaeological and palaeontological sites, rather than a potentially crucial factor in the reconstruction of the past environments in which hominids and other larger mammals were present This paper sets out to define the range of ecological information for a site which can be gained through study of the bird bones, using as an example the bones recovered in the excavations at Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar.

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One of the major problems in osteoarchaeological research has been the lack of appropriate zoological data. This paper discusses the osteometric analysis of astragali from a modern white tailed deer population and its application in archaeology. A method is presented which allows for the prediction of deer live weight directly from astragali measurements. It is also demonstrated that osteometric techniques can aid the researcher in more accurately calculating minimum numbers.

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Emerson, T. E. (1980). "A stable white-tailed deer population model and its implications for interpreting prehistoric hunting patterns." MCJA: Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 5(1): 117-132.

In the past, the archaeological interpretation of the cultural selections being made by prehistoric hunters has been severly hampered by the lack of information about the age-sex structure of white-tailed deer populations. Just such a population model for deer is formulated in this paper from data gathered in midwestern wildlife ecology studies. The archaeological implications of this model are briefly discussed.

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Numerous taphonomic studies show that archaeologists should carefully evaluate the origins of faunal materials found in archaeological sites. Although extensive research has been done on natural sources of terrestrial faunal remains in archaeological sites, much les has been devoted to potential sources of aquatic fauna. Hundreds of animal species feed on shellfish, fish, and other aquatic fauna, and many transport food to terrestrial landforms where they may be mixed or confused with faunal remainsleft by humans. In this paper, we illustrate the problem by summarizing the habits of a number of animals known to feed on and transport shellfish and other aquatic animals. We also discuss examples where the remains of aquatic animals of non-human origin may have been confused with archaeological materials. Such biological imprints may be most pronounced on early sites, where questions about the antiquity of aquatic adaptations are paramount.

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Ford, P. J. (1989). "Archaeological and ethnographic correlates of seasonality: problems and solutions on the Northwest Coast." Canadian Journal of Archaeology 13: 133-150.

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Remains of antelope, deer, mountain goat, and bighorn sheep appear in archaeological sites in the North American west. Carpal bones of these animals are generally recovered in excellent condition but are rarely identified beyond the classification "small-sized artiodactyl". This guide, based on the analysis of over thirty modern specimens, is intended as an aid in the identification of these remains for archaeological and biogeographical studies.

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Archaeologists dealing with large faunal samples have all faced the problem of recording and retrieving masses of data regarding animal bones. This paper presents a comprehensive computer coding system for all vertebrate skeletal parts. The system utilizes alphabetic abbreviations that can be automatically translated into a fully heirarchic numerical code. The format is readily learned and can be used in conjunction with standard canned computer programs available at many institutions.

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Columbid remains are commonly recovered in Quaternary deposits, but identification to the species level has been difficult, if not impossible, in areas where several species occur in sympatry. In the U.S.A., the problem becomes complex in the Southwest, where Neotropical species from Mexico occur in addition to the typical North American species. Twelve major skeletal elements of nine species of the Columbridae likely to be found in Quarternary deposits in the American Southwest were examined quantitatively. Discriminant analyses were used in an attempt to distinguish individual elements of the examined species. The skull, femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus of some species could be discriminated, presenting the possibility of identifying these elements to the species level. Other elements could be identified with varying levels of success, providing a cautionary note in identifying soliatry elements beyond the genus level.

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Grayson, D. K. (1978). "Minimum numbers and sample size in vertebrate faunal analysis." American Antiquity 43(1): 53-65.

Of the measures currently available for quantifying the abundance of taxa within archaeological and paleontological vertebrate faunas, the minimum number of individuals per taxon is most frequently employed. This paper explores the relationship between the minimum number of individuals (MNI) calculated for a given taxon and the number of specimens (E) from which these values were calculated. Several approaches for controlling for the complex interrelationships between MNI and E are advanced and discussed.

Grayson, D. K. (1979). "Mount Mazama, climatic change, and Fort Rock Basin archaeofaunas." Volcanic activity and human ecology: 427-457.

Grayson, D. K. (1979). On the quantification of vertebrate archaeofaunas. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. M. J. Schiffer. New York, Academic Press, Inc. 2: 200-237.

Grayson, D. K. (1980). Vicissitudes and overkill: the development of explanations of pleistocene extinctions. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. M. J. Schiffer, New York. 3: 357-403.

Grayson, D. K. (1981). "A critical view of the use of archaeological vertebrates in paleoenvironmental reconstruction." Journal of Ethnobiology 1(1): 28-38.

Grayson, D. K. (1981). "The effects of sample size on some derived measures in vertebrate faunal analysis." Journal of Archaeological Science 8(1): 77-88.

Grayson, D. K. (1982). "Toward a history of Great Basin mammals during the past 15,000 years." Society for American Archaeology papers(2): 82-101.

Grayson, D. K. (1984). Quantitative Zooarchaeology: Topics in the Analysis of Archaeological Faunas. Orlando, Academic Press.

Grayson, D. K. (1984). "Archaeological associations with extinct Pleistocene mammals in North America." Journal of Archaeological Science 11(3).

Grayson, D. K. (1984). "Explaining Pleistocene extinctions: thoughts on the structure of a debate." Quaternary extinctions. Paul S. Martin and Richard G. Klein, eds. Tucson: 807-823.

Grayson, D. K. (1984). "Nineteenth-century explanations of Pleistocene extinctions: a review and analysis." Quaternary extinctions. Paul S. Martin and Richard G. Klein, eds. Tucson: 5-39.

Grayson, D. K. (1987). "Analysis of the chronology of late Pleistocene mammalian extinctions in North America." Quaternary Research 28(2): 281-289.

Grayson, D. K. (1987). "Death by natural causes." Natural History 96(5): 8-13.

Grayson, D. K. (1989). "Chronology of North American late Pleistocene extinctions." Journal of Archaeological Science 16(2): 153-165.

Grayson, D. K. (1989). Sample size and relative abundance in archaeological analysis: illustrations from spiral fractures and seriation. Quantifying Diversity in Archaeology. Cambridge, Eng., Cambridge University Press: 79-84.

Grayson, D. K. (1991). "Alpine faunas from the White Mountains, California: adaptive change in the late prehistoric Great Basin?" Journal of Archaeological Science 18(4): 483-506.

Grayson, D. K. (1991). "Late Pleistocene mammalian extinctions in North America: taxonomy, chronology, and explanations." Journal of World Prehistory 5(3): 193-231.

Grayson, D. K. (1998). "Moisture history and small mammal community richness during the latest Pleistocene and Holocene, northern Bonneville Basin, Utah." Quaternary Research 49(3): 330-334.

Grayson, D. K. (2001). "The archaeological record of human impacts on animal populations." Journal of World Prehistory 15(1): 1-68.

Grayson, D. K. and F. Delpech (1994). "Evidence for Middle Palaeolithic scavenging from Couche VIII, Grotte Vaufrey (Dordogne, France)." Journal of Archaeological Science 21(3): 359-375.

Grayson, D. K. and F. Delpech (1998). "Changing diet breadth in the early Upper Palaeolithic of southwestern France." Journal of Archaeological Science 25(11): 1119-1129.

Grayson, D. K. and F. Delpech (2002). "Specialized early Upper Palaeolithic hunters in southwestern France?" Journal of Archaeological Science 29(12): 1439-1449.

Grayson, D. K. and F. Delpech (2003). "Ungulates and the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition at Grotte XVI (Dordogne, France)." Journal of Archaeological Science 30(12): 1633-1648.

Grayson, D. K., F. Delpech, et al. (2001). "Explaining the development of dietary dominance by a single ungulate taxon at Grotte XVI, Dordogne, France." Journal of Archaeological Science 28(2): 115-125.

Grayson, D. K. and D. J. Meltzer (2002). "Clovis hunting and large mammal extinction: a critical review of the evidence." Journal of World Prehistory 16(4): 313-359.

Grayson, D. K. and D. J. Meltzer (2003). "A requiem for North American overkill." Journal of Archaeological Science 30(5): 585-593.

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This paper reports on the preliminary results of osteometric analysis of dog remains recovered from prehistoric sites in the northeastern United States. Two distinct dog types have been historically documented: one described as the size of a spaniel and the other reported as wolf-like in appearance. In order to assess the prehistoric existence of these dogs, and to be able to assign archaeological specimens to specific categories, 115 measurements were taken from the cranium, and post-cranial elements. Data from over forty specimens lend credence to speculation that more than one type of indigenous dog existed in northeastern North America before European contact.

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Holman, J. A. (1991). North American Pleistocene Herpetofaunal Stability and its Impact on the Interpretation of Modern Herpetofaunas: An Overview. Beamers, Bobwhites, and Blue-Points: Tributes to the Career of Paul W. Parmalee. J. R. Purdue, W. E. Klippel and B. W. Styles. Springfield, Ill., Illinois State Museum: 227-235.

The North American herpetofauna was quite stable during the Pleistocene compared to the avian and mammalian faunas which suffered familial, generic, and much specific extinction. There is no compelling evidence that any family or genus of amphibian or reptile became extinct on the North American continent during the Pleistocene. Moreover, with the exception of species of land tortises Geochelone and Gopherus, few specific extinctions occurred. There were also relatively fewer range adjustments in the herpetofauna compared with those in the mammalian fauna, expecially in the midlatitudes. Possible explanations for this might emerge from new and continuing comparative studies on metabolic rates; hibernation and aestivation potentials; size relationships; food web relationships in "megaherbivore" communities; reproductive potentials; anddesirability as a human food resource.

Hongo, H. and R. H. Meadow (1998). Pig exploitation at Neolithic Çayönü Tepesi (southeastern Anatolia). Ancestors for the Pigs: Pigs in Prehistory, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Museum Applied Science Center for Archaeology: 77-98.

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Howell-Meurs, S. (2001). Early Bronze and Iron Age animal exploitation in northeastern Anatolia: the faunal remains from Sos H©œy©*k and B©*y©*ktepe H©œy©*k. Oxford, Archaeopress.

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Hudson, J., Ed. (1993). From Bones to Behavior: Ethnoarchaeological and Experimental Contributions to the Interpretation of Faunal Remains. Occasional Paper, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. Center for Archaeological Investigations, 21. Carbondale, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.

Hudson, J. L. Advancing methods in zooarchaeology: an ethnoarchaeological study among the Aka. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms International.

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Hughes, S. S. (2004). Postcontact Changes in the Behavior and Distribution of Rocky Mountain Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) in Northwest Wyoming. Zooarchaeology and Conservation Biology. R. L. Lyman and K. P. Cannon. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press: 116-135.

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A popular account of some of the larger forms of ancient animal life. New York,, D. Appleton & co.

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International Council for Archaeozoology. Worked Bone Research Group. Meeting (2nd: 1999: Budapest Hungary), A. M. Choyke, et al. (2001). Crafting bone: skeletal technologies through time and space: proceedings of the 2nd Meeting of the (ICAZ) Worked Bone Research Group, Budapest, 31 August - 5 September 1999. Oxford, England, Archaeopress.

Jackson, H. E. (1986). Sedentism and Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations in the Lower Mississippi Valley: Subsistence Strategies During the Poverty Point Period. (Volumes I and Ii).

The Poverty Point Culture existed in the Lower Mississippi Valley from about 2000 B.C. until 500 B.C. The largest site of this culture, Poverty Point, is the earliest large-scale earthwork in North America. Evidence for a far-reaching exchange network includes lithic materials and minerals from sources throughout the Southeast and Midwest. The Cultural developments during the period are significant because they appear to have been supported primarily by a hunting-gathering economy.

This study examines the subsistence economy that supported populations living in the Lower Mississippi Valley during the Poverty Point Period. Of particular interest are the effects of residential sedentism on procurement patterns and social interactions. Biological and environmental data are used to critically evaluate the Lower Mississippi Valley resource base. Archaeological materials from a single Poverty Point Site, J. W. Copes, are used to reconstruct local economic patterns and to evaluate the

social relations involved in maintaining a sedentary hunter-gatherer community.

Archaeological remains, and faunal seasonal indicators point to a community used during all seasons of the year. The occupants depended on exchange relations for utilitarian commodities as well as ritual or ceremonial goods.

Variation in plant resource yields suggests that periodic shortages of high quality calories, particularly fats and carbohydrates from nuts, may have been a problem facing prehistoric hunter-gatherers of the region. It is unlikely that the subsistence base was adequate to support large permanent populations. Even small populations such as that living at the Copes Site may have been periodically affected by local shortages. Analysis of faunal remains from the Copes Site suggests that a procurement

strategy concentrating on high fat-yielding animal species, in particular deer and catfish, was pursued as one means of ameliorating these periodic shortfalls.

Based on evidence for the exchange of animal products, including meat, it is argued that exchange relations are an integral aspect of sedentary hunter-gatherer adaptations. It is proposed that cultural developments during the Poverty Point Period can be explained largely as a consequence of the extension of social networks related to increased hunter-gatherer residential permanence, rather than necessarily resulting from the evolution of a complex society as previously suggested by others.

Jackson, H. E. (1989). "Trouble with Transformations: Effects of Sample Size and Sample Composition on Meat Weight Estimates Based on Skeletal Mass Allometry." Journal of Archaeological Science 16(6): 601-610.

The application of skeletal allometry in zooarchaeological analysis has increased in recent years. Two approaches can be distinguished, one based on linear measurements of bones for the purpose of estimating animal size and the other using skeletal weight to estimate dietary contribution. Here the application of the latter is examined. It is suggested that this method, as presently used with fragmentary remains, may not provide a dependable characterization of the relative contributions of identified taxa.

Jackson, H. E. and S. L. Scott (1995). "Faunal record of the southeastern elite: the implications of economy, social relations, and ideology." Southeastern Archaeology 14(2): 103-119.

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Jacobson, J. A. (2003). "Identification of Mule Der (Odocoileus hemionus) and White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Postcranial Remains as a Means of Determining Human Subsistence Strategies." Plains Anthropologist 48(187): 287-297.

Mule deer (O. hemionus) and white-tailed deer (O. virginianus) were widely utilized resources in the Plains during prehistoric times. Th two species overlap in geographic space over a large portion of west central North America yet utilize different habitat within that region. Unfortunately, in the past there have been no reliable methods to differentiate between the species through use of postcranial skeletal material. In this paper a wide variety of mule deer and white-tailed deer limb bones are examined. Distinguishing morphological and metrical characteristics useful for the identification of archaeological material are presented.

James, S. R. (1983). "Surprise Valley settlement and subsistence: a critical review of the faunal evidence." Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 5(1): 156-175.

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James, S. R. (1994). Hohokam hunting and fishing patterns at Pueblo Grande: results of the archaeofaunal analysis. The Pueblo Grande Project: Environment and Subsistence. S. Kwiatkowski. Phoenix, Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology: 249-318.

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Kay, C. E. and R. T. Simmons, Eds. (2002). Wilderness and Political Ecology: Aboriginal Influences and the Original State of Nature. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press.

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This paper reports on the preliminary results of osteometric analysis of dog remains recovered from prehistoric sites in the northeastern United States. Two distinct dog types have been historically documented: one described as the size of a spaniel and the other reported as wolf-like in appearance. In order to assess the prehistoric existence of these dogs, and to be able to assign archaeological specimens to specific categories, 115 measurements were taken from the cranium, and post-cranial elements. Data from over forty specimens lend credence to speculation that more than one type of indigenous dog existed in northeastern North America before European contact.

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the archaeological evidence of 19th century missionary and fur trade dietary habits. Ottawa, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada.

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Lagenwalter, P. E. (2005). "A Late Prehistoric Dog Burial Associated with Human Graves in Orange County, California." Journal of Ethnobiology 25(1): 25-37.

The aboriginal dog exhumed at CA-Ora-849, a Late Prehistoric camp site in southern Orange County, California, is the only known animal burial from the territory historically occupied by the Juaneno. The specimen was found in association with human burials, a typical occurence for animal burials in the California culture area. the juvenile canine was placed in its grave in a flexed position, without grave goods. Dog burials in California are interpreted as respresenting ritualized disposal of deceased pets or the destruction of personal property attendant to the funeral of the animal's owner. Evidence of the dog's diet, a cluster of partially digested rabbit and gopher bones and a deer proximal phalanx, was recovered from the visceral area of the skeleton.

Landon, D. B. (1993). "Testing a seasonal slaughter model for colonial New England using tooth cementum increment analysis." Journal of Archaeological Science 20(4): 439-455.

Landon, D. B. (1996). "Feeding colonial Boston: a zooarchaeological study." Historical Archaeology 30(1): 1-153.

Landon, D. B. (1997). "Interpreting urban food supply and distribution systems from faunal assemblages: an example from colonial Massachusetts." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7(1): 51-64.

Landon, D. B. (2005). "Zooarchaeology and Historical Archaeology: Progress and Preospects." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 12(1): 1-36.

Lang, R. W. and A. H. Harris (1984). The Faunal Remains from Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, New Mexico: A Study in Short-term Subsistence Change. Santa Fe, N.M., School of American Research Press.

Langemann, E. G. (1988). Zooarchaeology of the Lillooet region, British Columbia. Ottawa, National Library of Canada.

Lapham, H. (2004). Zooarchaeological Evidence for Changing Socioeconomic Status Within Early Historic Native American Communities in Mid-Atlantic North America. Behaviour Behind Bones. S. J. O'Day, W. Van Neer and A. Ervynck. Oxford, Oxbow Books: 293-303.

Lapham, H. (2004). "Their Complement of Deer-Skins and Furs": Changing White-tailed Deer Exploitation Patterns in the Seventeenth Century Southern Chesapeake and Virginia Hinterlands. Indian and European Contact in Context: The Mid-Atlantic Region. D. B. Blanton and J. A. King. Gainesville, University Press of Florida: 179-192.

Largy, T. B. (1995). "Bone from Concord Shell Heap, Concord, Massachusetts." Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society 56(2): 64-70.

Latady, W. R. J., L. Hinze, et al. (1996). "Inman Buffalo Site." Wyoming Archaeologist 40(2): 47-69.

Lauwerier, R. C. G. M. (1988). Animals in Roman times in the Dutch Eastern River area. Amersfoort, Rob.

Lee-Thorp, J. A., N. J. van der Merwe, et al. (1989). "Stable carbon isotope ratio differences between bone collagen and bone apatite, and their relationship to diet." Journal of Archaeological Science 16(6): 585-599.

Lefèvre, C., D. G. Corbett, et al. (1997). "Zooarchaeological study at Buldir Island, western Aleutians, Alaska." Arctic Anthropology 34(2): 118-131.

Legge, A. J. and P. A. Rowley-Conwy (1991). ""...Art made strong with bones": a review of some approaches to osteoarchaeology." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 1(1): 3-15.

Leonard, R. D. (1989). Anasazi Faunal Exploitation: Prehistoric Subsistence on Northern Black Mesa, Arizona. [Carbondale], Center for Archaeological Investigations Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.

Leonard, R. D. and G. T. Jones, Eds. (1989). Quantifying Diversity in Archaeology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Lepofsky, D., K. D. Kusmer, et al. (1996). "Reconstructing prehistoric socioeconomies from paleoethnobotanical and zooarchaeological data: An example from the British Columbia Plateau." Journal of Ethnobiology 16(1): 31-62.

Lewis, C. R. (1994). "Pleistocene and Holocene bison with associated artifacts from the Petronila Creek site in south Texas." Tierra 21(4): 6-16.

Liem, K. F. (1963). The comparative osteology and phylogeny of the Anabantoidei (Teleostei, Pisces). Urbana,, University of Illinois Press.

Lindsay, L. W. J. and A. R. Keith (1986). "Faunal remains and artifacts from Bandon, Oregon, site 35-CS-43C." Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 20(2): 149-161.

Lippincott, K., S. C. Wallace, et al. (2002). "A Canid Foot Bone Bead Workshop at a Bison Hunting Camp in the Powder River Basin." Wyoming Archaeologist 46(2): 62-72.

List, J. C. (1966). Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae. Urbana,, University of Illinois Press.

Logan, B. (1998). "The fat of the land: White Rock phase bison hunting and grease production." Plains Anthropologist 43(166): 349-366.

Loreille, O., J.-D. Vigne, et al. (1997). "First distinction of sheep and goat archaeological bones by the means of their fossil mtDNA." Journal of Archaeological Science 24(1): 33-37.

Lovata, T. R. (2000). "A reanalysis of canid bones from the Dipper Gap Site (5LO101), Logan County, Colorado." Southwestern Lore 66(1): 19-26.

Lubinski, P. M. (2001). "Estimating age and season of death of pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana Ord) by means of tooth eruption and wear." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11(3): 218-230.

Luff, R.-M. (1982). A zooarchaeological study of the Roman north-western provinces. Oxford, Eng., B.A.R.

Luff, R.-M. (1984). Animal remains in archaeology. Aylesbury,.

Luff, R.-M. and D. R. Brothwell (1993). Animal bones from excavations in Colchester, 1971-85. Colchester, Colchester Archaeological Trust.

Luomala, K. and S. Diamond, editor: (1960). The native dog in the Polynesian system of values. Culture in history; essays in honor of Paul Radin, New York, 1960: 190-240.

Lupo, K. D. and J. C. Janetski (1994). "Evidence of domesticated dogs and some related canids in the eastern Great Basin." Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 16(2): 199-220.

Lupo, K. D. and D. N. Schmitt (1997). "Experiments in bone boiling: nutritional returns and archaeological reflections." Anthropozoologica 25: 137-144.

Boiling bones with adhering meat is a common processing technique utilized by contemporary and prehistoric populations. Although most scholars agree that this is a time-intensive process, little quantitative data exists on the time or effort involved or the amounts and types of nutrients that can be extracted by this technique. This paper presents data on the efficiency of boiling animal bones in relationship to processessing carcasses without the aid of fire. These data arethe results of recent butchering experiments involving impala, wildebeest, and zebra carcasses. Carcasses of some medium-sized taxa can be quickly butchered and almost completely processed without the aid of fire. Boiling bones is very time consuming but aids in the removal of bone grease and improves the quality of lean meat. Given these results, we question how often pre-fire hominids would transport the bones of medium and larger-sized prey for culinary purposes. We also suggest that boiling should be adopted as a bone processing technique as soon the use of fire emerges and may be reflected by specific types of bone damage patterns.

Lupo, K. D. and D. N. Schmitt (1997). "On late Holocene variability in bison populations in the northeastern Great Basin." Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 19(1): 50-69.

Lupo, K. D. and D. N. Schmitt (2002). "Upper Paleolithic net-hunting, small prey exploitation, and women's work effort: a view from the ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological record of the Congo Basin." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 9(2): 147-179.

Lyman, R. L. (1977). "Analysis of historic faunal remains." Historical Archaeology 11: 67-73.

Lyman, R. L. (1978). Prehistoric butchering techniques in the lower granite reservoir, southeastern Washington. [Pocatello], Idaho State University Idaho Museum of Natural History.

Lyman, R. L. (1979). Archaeological faunal analysis: a bibliography. [Pocatello], Idaho State University Idaho Museum of Natural History.

Lyman, R. L. (1982). Archaeofaunas and subsistence studies. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. M. J. Schiffer. New York, Academic Press, Inc. 5: 331-393.

Lyman, R. L. (1986). "On the analysis and interpretation of species list data in zooarchaeology." Journal of Ethnobiology 6(1): 67-81.

Zooarchaeologists regularly discuss methods of quantifying faunal remains but seldom explore the information potential found in species lists. Late Pleistocene and early Holocene mammalian species lists derived from sites in eastern Washington indicate that soecies list data can provide insights to details of historic zoogeography and plaeoenvironmental conditions. The presence of particular taxa and the climatic regime in a region are both factors to which prehistoric people adapted, and thus play critical roles in building models of human settlement, subsistence, and land use systems.

Lyman, R. L. (1989). "Seal and sea lion hunting: a zooarchaeological study from the southern Northwest Coast of North America." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 8(1): 68-99.

Lyman, R. L. (1992). "Prehistoric seal and sea-lion butchering on the southern Northwest Coast." American Antiquity 57(2): 246-261.

Lyman, R. L. (1994). "Quantitative units and terminology in zooarchaeology." American Antiquity 59(1): 36-71.

Fifteen years ago Casteel and Grayson (1977) identified potential ambiguity in the definitions of quantitative terms and units used by zooarchaeologists. As solutions they suggested that analysts use the original definitions of terms and explicitly specify how units are counted. The history of zooarchaeology since then has involved a shift from producing estimates of taxonomic abundances to measuring various taphonomic processes and effects within taxa. As a result, many new quantitative units and terms for those units have been proposed. Some of these new units and terms have been used to measure properties of bone assemblages that are not clearly related to a taphonomic process or effect. Other units and termshave been used inappropriately due to apparent misunderstanding of the property measured by a unit or due to some assumed, implicit meaning of a term. The 112 terms compiled for this study have 122 distinct definitions. Some of the designated quantitative units are synonymous with one another while other units are used in ambiguous manners that seriously compromise their reliability. Explicit definitions of quantitative units and terms along with detailed descriptions of how individual units are measured are mandatory to the efficient communication of research results and the continued prosperity of zooarchaeological studies.

Lyman, R. L. (1995). "Zooarchaeology of the Moses Coulee Cave (45-DO-331) spoils pile." Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 29(2): 141-176.

Lyman, R. L. (1995). "On the evolution of marine mammal hunting on the West Coast of North America." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14(1): 45-77.

Lyman, R. L. (1996). "Applied zooarchaeology: The relevanceof faunal analysis to wildlife management." World Archaeology 28(1): 110-125.

Zooarchaeology has the opportunity to expand its analystical horizons into the little explored realm of modern wildlife management by applying the knowledge it gains from its unique perspective of prehistory. Ways in which animal populations threatened with extinction might be protected in perpetuity, identifying which forms or taxa should be reintroduced to which areas to recreate natural biotas, identfying which forms or taxa are exotic and should be removed from an area to create a natural biota, and helping to define the boundaries of biological preserves meant to preserve biota in perpetuity are all subjects to which knowledge gained through zooarchaeological research might be applied. The potential benefits include better informed wildlife management decisions, fewer extinctions, less loss of biological diversity and increased job opportunities for zooarchaeologists.

Lyman, R. L. (2004). Prehistoric Biogeography, Abundance, and Phenotypic Plasticity of Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Washington State. Zooarchaeology and Conservation Biology. R. L. Lyman and K. P. Cannon. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press: 136-163.

Lyman, R. L. and K. P. Cannon, Eds. (2004). Zooarchaeology and Conservation Biology. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press.

Lyman, R. L. and K. P. Cannon (2004). Applied Zooarchaeology, Because it Matters. Zooarchaeology and Conservation Biology. R. L. Lyman and K. P. Cannon. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press: 1-24.

Lyman, R. L. and M. J. O'Brien (1999). "Prehistoric osseous rods from North America: arguments on function." North American Archaeologist 20(4): 347-364.

Lyman, R. L., M. J. O'Brien, et al. (1998). "A mechanical and functional study of bone rods from the Richey-Roberts Clovis cache, Washington, U.S.A." Journal of Archaeological Science 25(9): 887-906.

Lyman, R. L., P. Whitridge, et al. (1992). "Derivation and application of a meat utility index for phocid seals." Journal of Archaeological Science 19(5): 531-555.

Lyon, M. W. A comparison of the osteology of the jerboas and jumping mice.

M¯hl, J. (1986). "Dog remains from a Paleoeskimo settlement in West Greenland." Arctic anthropology 23(1): 81-89.

MacDonald, K. C. (1991). "Archaeozoology as anthropology?" Archaeological Review from Cambridge 10(1): 60-69.

MacDonald, K. C. and R. Blench (2000). The origins and development of African livestock: archaeology, genetics, linguistics and ethnography. London, Ucl.

Mace, M. L. (1986). "Analysis of a sea mammal canine pendant." Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 20(2): 162-170.

Mackey, W. C. and R. S. Immerman (2003). "The father(to)child affiliative bond: convergent evolution with the canid analogue." Social biology 50(1): 42-57.

Madrigal, T. C. (2004). "The Derivation and Application of White-tailed Deer Utility Indices and Return Rates." Journal of Taphonomy 2(4): 185-199.

Madrigal, T. C. and R. J. Blumenschine (2000). "Preferential processing of high return rate marrow bones by Oldowan hominids: a comment on Lupo." Journal of Archaeological Science 27(8): 739-741.

Madrigal, T. C. and S. D. Capaldo (1999). "White-tailed Deer Marrow Yields and Late Archaic Hunter-Gatherers." Journal of Archaeological Science 26(3): 241-249.

Madrigal, T. C. and J. Z. Holt (2002). "White-tailed Deer Meat and Marrow Return Rates and their Application to Eastern Woodlands Archaeology." American Antiquity 67(4): 745-759.

Zooarchaeological hypotheses concerning prehistoric transport, processing decisions, and social stratification are often tested by correlating archaeological element frequencies with indices of the economic utility of carcass parts. Such indices have not been developed for one of the largest and most important mammals in Eastern Woodlands prehistory, the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We present kilocalorie (Kcal) yields and return rates of meat and marrow from a sample of several white-tailed deer. We then compare the meat and marrow data with skeletal element abundance in two Late Archaic assemblages from New York and a Middle Woodland/early Late Woodland assemblage from Illinois. In both examples, archaeological element abundance is positively correlated with marrow yield and return rate, but negatively correlated or uncorrelated with meat yield and return rate. These results do not provide evidence for differential transport of higher meat yield carcass parts, but instead may indicate differential processing of high-yield marrow bones after entire deer carcasses were transported to the sites.

Madsen, D. B. and J. E. Kirkman (1988). "Hunting hoppers." American Antiquity 53(3): 593-604.

Mainland, I. L. (1998). "Dental microwear and diet in domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus): distinguishing grazing and fodder-fed ovicaprids using a quantitative analytical approach." Journal of Archaeological Science 25(12): 1259-1271.

Malainey, M. E., R. Przybylski, et al. (2001). "One person's food: how and why fish avoidance may affect the settlement and subsistence patterns of hunter-gatherers." American Antiquity 66(1): 141-161.

Foraging strategies of modern hunter-gatherers may not accurately model resource use of specialized big-game hunters. Historic accounts from the North Plains of North America indicate that utilization of spring-spawning fish when large mammals were fat-depleted was not universally beneficial. Three independent reports from Europeans and Americans show that a sudden switch from a prolonged diet of lean red meat to fish produces systems consistent with lipid (fat) malabsoorption. It is hypothesized that plains-adapted hunter-gatherers formed their camps in grassland environments and hunted big game throughout the winter. The effects of eating lean meat alone were avoided by utilizing fetal and newborn animals and through the use of stored carbohydrate-rich foods. Groups associated with wooded environments wintered along the margins of the winter grazing range. They followed a diverse strategy with opportunistic use of big game and were able to exploit spring spawning fish. Archaeological remains from 18 sites from the plains, parkland, and forests of Western Canada were used to test these hypotheses. The faunal assemblages, tools, and identifications of lipid residues from pottery vessels were consistent with the proposed strategies.

Maltby, M. and M. Wilkinson (1979). Faunal studies on urban sites: the animal bones from Exeter, 1971-1975. [Sheffield, Eng.], Dept. of Prehistory and Archaeology University of Sheffield.

Mandujano, S. and V. Rico-Gray (1991). "Hunting, use, and knowledge of the biology of the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Hays) by the Maya of central Yucatan, Mexico." Journal of Ethnobiology 11(2): 175-183.

Manyanga, M. (2001). Choices and constraints: animal resource exploitation in south-eastern Zimbabwe c. AD 900-1500. Uppsala, Sweden, Dept. of Archaeology and Ancient History Uppsala University.

Marchinton, R. L. and D. H. Hirth (1984). Behavior. White-Tailed Deer: Ecology and Management. L. K. Halls. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Stackpole Books: 129-168.

Marciniak, A. (1999). "Faunal materials and interpretive archaeology: Epistemology reconsidered." Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 6(4): 293-320.

Marean, C. W., Y. Abe, et al. (2001). "Estimating the minimum number of skeletal elements (MNE) in zooarchaeology: a review and a new image-analysis GIS approach." American Antiquity 66(2): 333-348.

Most zooarchaeologists employ some type of derived measure of skeletal element abundance in their analyses of faunal data. The minimum number of individuals (MNI) and the minimum number of animal units (MAU) are two of the most popular derived measurements, and each is based on a prior estimate of the minimum number of elements (MNE). Thus, the estimate of MNE from fragmented faunal fragments is the essential foundation for all inferences eminating from MNI and MAU estimates of skeletal element abundance. Estimating the MNE represented by a sample of faunal fragments is a complicated priocedure that involves various assumptions, possible mathematical manipulations, and subjectivity. Unfortunately, the reasoning and methods unerlying this procedure are unstandardized in zooarchaeology, and even worse, rarely made explicit. We review the scarce literature on this topic and identify two different approaches: the fraction summation approach and the overlap approach. We identify strengths and weaknesses of both approaches. We then present a new method that is based on using image-analysis GIS software to count overlapping fragments that have been converted to pixle images. This method maintains the strengths of the other methods while overcoming most of their weaknesses. It promises numerous powerful analytical capabilities that go far beyond the routines available in spreadsheets and databases. It also offers nearly boundless flexibility in database recording and extremely complete information storage. Perhaps its greatest strength is that it is based on very intuitive reasoning.

Marquardt, W. H. (1994). The Role of Archaeology in Raising Environmental Consciousness: An Example from Southwest Florida. Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes. C. L. Crumley. Santa Fe, School for American Research: 203-222.

Marshall, F. and T. Pilgram (1991). "Meat versus within-bone nutrients: Another look at the meaning of body part representation in archaeological sites." Journal of Archaeological Science 18: 149-163.

Marshall, F. and T. Pilgram (1993). "NISP vs. MNI in quantification of body-part representation." American Antiquity 58(2): 261-269.

In an effort to understand the relative advantages and drawbacks of the minimum number of individuals (MNI) and number of identifiable specimens (NISP) for quantifying body-part representation in faunas from archaeological sites, we analyzed relations among NISP, MNI, fragmentation, and bulk density in the fauna from Ngamuriak, a Kenyan pastoral Neolithic site. Our findings suggest that MNI is at least as sensitive as NISP to effects of fragmentation. While MNI decreases with increasing fragmentation, NISP moves in two directions with fragmentation, increasing at low levels of fragmentation and decreasing at high levels of fragmentation. In addition, MNI appears more sensitive than NISP to the relative identifiability of different body parts. We believe MNI may be a less representative descriptor of relative element frequency than NISP in highly fragmented assemblages.

Martin, M. (1987). "Production strategies, herd composition, and offtake rates: reassessment of archaeological models." MASCA journal 4(4): 154-165.

Martin, P. S. (2002). Prehistoric Extinctions: In the Shadow of Man. Wilderness and Political Ecology: Aboriginal Influences and the Original State of Nature. C. E. Kay and R. T. Simmons. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press: 1-27.

Martin, P. S. and J. E. Guilday (1967). "A bestiary for Pleistocene biologists." Martin, Paul S. and Wright, Herbert E. Jr. editors. Pleistocene extinctions: the search for a cause: 1-62.

Martin, R. A. (1991). Evolutionary Relationships and Biogeography of Late Pleistocene Prairie Voles from the Eastern United States. Beamers, Bobwhites, and Blue-Points: Tributes to the Career of Paul W. Parmalee. J. R. Purdue, W. E. Klippel and B. W. Styles. Springfield, Ill., Illinois State Museum: 251-260.

A set of features for discriminating the first lower molars of Mocrotus ochrogaster from M. pinetorum is provided. Remains of the prairie vole are recorded from 10 late Pleistocene localities in the eastern United States. ...

Martin, T. J. (1990). "Analysis of the faunal assemblage." Wisconsin Archeologist 71(1): 61-74.

Martin, T. J. (1990). "Reconsideration of animal exploitation at the Spring Creek site." Michigan Archaeologist 36(3): 123-140.

Martin, T. J. and J. C. Richmond (2002). "Animal remains from the Cater site (20MD36), Midland County, Michigan." Michigan archaeologist 48(1): 87-116.

Martin, W. W. and L. M. Parks (1994). "Early middle Mississippian-period land-use and settlement-subsistence practices, Site 23SO132, Stoddard County, Missouri." Missouri Archaeologist 55: 47-76.

Masson, M. A. (1999). "Animal resource manipulation in ritual and domestic contexts at Postclassic Maya communities." World Archaeology 31(1): 93-120.

Matisoo-Smith, E. and J. S. Allen (2001). "Name that rat: molecular and morphological identification of Pacific rodent remains." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11(1): 34-42.

Matlack, H. A. (1992). "Markings on bone artifacts from the Bell site (36CD31C): notches, scratches, and cross-hatches." Pennsylvania Archaeologist 62(1): 48-52.

Mattfeld, G. F. (1984). Northeastern Hardwood and Spruce/Fir Forests. White-tailed Deer: Ecology and Management. L. K. Halls. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Stackpole Books: 305-330.

Matthew, W. D. (1908). Osteology of Blastomeryx ; and phylogeny of the American Cervidae. [New York, Published by order of the Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History.

Matthew, W. D. (1910). On the osteology and relationships of Paramys, and the affinities of the Ischyromyidae. [New York, Published by order of the Trustees of the American Museum of Natural History.

Maxwell, P. A. and N. Z. G. Survey. (1988). Late Miocene deep-water Mollusca from the Stillwater Mudstone at Greymouth, Westland, New Zealand: paleoecology and systematics. Lower Hutt, N.Z., N.Z. Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research.

McCabe, R. E. and T. R. McCabe (1984). Of Slings and Arrows: An Historical Retrospection. White-Tailed Deer: Ecology and Management. L. K. Halls. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Stackpole Books: 19-72.

"From the Buffalo Site in West Virginia, researchers examined 345 left-lower jaws of white-tailed deer, separating them into age classes, following Servinghaus (1949b). Ages ranged from one week to 10 years or older. The average age at harvest was 3.5 to 4.5 years. Similar results were gained from whitetail age examinations from midden remains at Arnold Research Cave (1000 B.C. to 1000 A.D.), Tick Creek Cave (800 to 1200 A.D.) and the Utz Site (1500 to 1700 A.D.) in Missouri (Elder 1965), the Eschelman Site in Pennsylvania (Guildery et al. 1962) and Conner's Midden in Virginia (McGinnes and Reeves 1958). Also it was presumed that pproximately 60 percent of these whitetails were killed in winter (November to April) (Guilday 1971). Sexing by frontal bone inspection at the Buffalo Site revealed that at least 43 percent of the whitetails harvested were mature bucks. At the Tick Creek Cave Site, 23 percent of the identified deer (N=759) were adult males (Parmalee 1965), as were 26 percent (N=182) at the Eschelman Site (Guilday et al. 1962)." (29)

McClure, W. L. (1990). "Snake "necklace" from the Morhiss site." Tierra 17(1): 9-12.

McClure, W. L. (1991). "Seeds and vertebrates of site 41WH50." Journal, Houston Archeological Society(100): 27-30.

McClure, W. L. (1991). "Vertebrates of site 41WH12." Journal, Houston Archeological Society(101): 22-25.

McClure, W. L. (1991). "Vertebrates of site 41WH20." Journal, Houston Archeological Society(100): 21-24.

McClure, W. L. (1992). "Vertebrates of site 41WH36." Journal, Houston Archeological Society(103): 1-4.

McClure, W. L. (1992). "Vertebrates of the J. D. Wells site, 41HR639." Journal, Houston Archeological Society(102): 11-13.

McClure, W. L. (1993). "The vertebrates and soils of 41FB35." Journal, Houston Archeological Society(105): 12-15.

McClure, W. L. (1994). "Vertebrates of Site 41CH161." Journal, Houston Archeological Society(108): 1-9.

McClure, W. L. (1997). "The vertebrates of 41CH161, second season." Journal, Houston Archeological Society 119: 19-22.

McClure, W. L. (1997). "Modified bone artifacts from Site 41CH161." Journal, Houston Archeological Society 117: 9-10.

McClure, W. L. (1999). "The vertebrates from Lake Jackson State Archeological Landmark." Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society 70: 525-532.

McCormick, F. (1985-86). "Faunal Remains from Prehistoric Irish Burials." Journal of Irish Archaeology 3: 37-48.

McGinnis, H. J. (1967). The osteology of phlegethontia, a carboniferous and Permian aïstopod amphibian. Berkeley,, University of California Press.

McGovern, T. H. (1994). Management for Extinction in Norse Greenland. Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes. C. L. Crumley. Santa Fe, School for American Research Press: 127-154.

McInnes, G. Y. (1984). "Conservation and storage: vertebrate material." Manual of curatorship. John M. A. Thompson, ed: 296-301.

McKee, D. F. (1988). "Bison hunting and processing at the River Bend site (48NA202)." Wyoming Archaeologist 31: 13-32.

McKee, L. (1999). "Food supply and plantation social order: an archaeological perspective." "I, Too, Am America": Archaeological Studies of African-American Life: 218-239.

McKern, W. C. (1932). "Winnebago Dog Myths." Year book of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 10: 317-322.

Mead, J. I. (1986). "Dung of Mammuthus in the arid Southwest, North America." Quaternary Research 25(1): 121-127.

Mead, J. I. and L. D. Agenbroad (1992). "Isotope dating of Pleistocene dung deposits from the Colorado plateau, Arizona and Utah." Radiocarbon 34(1): 1-19.

Meadow, R. H., H.-P. Uerpmann, et al. (1986). Equids in the ancient world. Wiesbaden, Reichert.

Meadow, R. H., M. A. Zeder, et al. (1978). Approaches to faunal analysis in the Middle East. Cambridge, Mass., Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Harvard University.

Meatte, D. S. (1986). "Evidence for the historic occurrence and aboriginal utilization of caribou in southern Idaho." Idaho Archaeologist 9(2): 41-42.

Mech, L. D. (1984). Predators and Predation. White-Tailed Deer: Ecology and Management. L. K. Halls. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Stackpole Books: 189-200.

Meissner, B. A. (1999). "Analysis of vertebrate faunal remains from a Spanish colonial deposit at Mission San Antonio de Valero (the Alamo)." Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society 70: 281-313.

Meltzer, D. J., S. K. Stratton, et al. (1992). "Relationship between sample size and diversity in archaeological assemblages." Journal of Archaeological Science 19(4): 375-387.

Metcalfe, D. and K. T. Jones (1988). "Reconsideration of animal body-part utility indices." American Antiquity 53(3): 486-504.

The animal body-part utility indices developed by Lewis Binford have been used to interpret faunal assemblages ranging from Plio-Pleistocene sites in East Africa to a late prehistoric bison kill in the High Plains of North America. Little attention, however, has been placed on refining or further developing these scales of economic utility. We examine Binford's derivation of the modified general utility index (MGUI) and demonstrate that it is needlessly complex. A nearly identical index, the food utility index (FUI), is presented. It simply scales variation in the amount of meat, marrow, and bone grease associated with different caribou body parts. We then use the insights provided by this simple scale to explore relations among economic utility, differential body-part representation, and human decision making.

Mikell, G. A. (1997). "Additional Spanish artifacts, evidence of ritual feasting, and rectangular structures at 8WL38, a Fort Walton village in Walton County, Florida." Florida Anthropologist 50(1): 3-9.

Miller, H. (1988). An archaeological perspective on the evolution of diet in the Colonial Chesapeake, 1620-1745. Colonial Chesapeake Society. L. G. Carr.

Miller, J. C. (1987). "Gathering animals: potential health hazards." MASCA journal 4(3): 144-149.

Miller, M. E. and P. H. Sanders (2000). "The Trappers Point Site (48SU1006): early Archaic adaptations and pronghorn procurement in the upper Green River Basin, Wyoming." Plains Anthropologist Memoir 45(174): 39-52.

Miller, S. J. (1989). "Characteristics of mammoth bone reduction at Owl Cave, the Wasden site, Idaho." Bone Modification: 381-393.

Milner, N. (2003). "Pitfalls and problems in analysing and interpreting seasonality of faunal remains." Archaeological Review from Cambridge 16(1): 50-65.

Minnis, P. E., M. E. Whalen, et al. (1993). "Prehistoric Macaw Breeding in the North American Southwest." American Antiquity 58(2): 270-276.

Mitchell, H. I. (1995). "Paleo-environmental reconstruction using early Holocene faunal assemblages and the biological parameters of species therein." Bulletin, Maine Archaeological Society 35(1): 1-11.

Mitra, S. C. (1928). "The frog in north Indian rain-compelling rites. (Summary)." Man in India: 77-78.

Mobley-Tanaka, J. L. and M. C. Church (1989). "Bone tools from a Pueblo II kiva, Yellow Jacket, Colorado." Southwestern Lore 55(4): 1-14.

Molloy, P. (1993). "Hunting practices at an historic Plains Indian village: Kansa ethnoarchaeology and faunal analysis." Plains Anthropologist 38(143): 187-197.

Monchot, H. (1999). "Mixture analysis and mammalian sex ratio among middle Pleistocene mouflon of Arago Cave, France." Quaternary Research 52(2): 259-268.

Monks, G. G. (1981). Seasonality Studies. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. M. J. Schiffer. New York, Academic Press, Inc. 4: 177-240.

Monks, G. G. and R. Johnston (1993). "Estimating season of death from growth increment data: a critical review." ArchaeoZoologia 5(2): 17-40.

Mook, C. C. (1921). Description of a skull of the extinct Madagascar Crocodile, Crocodilus Robustus Vaillant and Grandidier. New York,.

Mook, C. C. (1921). Skull characters and affinities of the extinct Florida Gavial Gavialosuchus Americana (Sellards). New York,.

Mook, C. C. (1921). Brachygnathosuchus Braziliensis, a new fossil Crocodilian from Brazil. New York,.

Mook, C. C. (1921). Individual and age variations in the skulls of recent Crocodilia. New York,.

Mook, C. C. (1921). Notes on the postcranial skeleton in the Crocodilia. New York,.

Mook, C. C. (1921). The Dermo-Supraoccipital bone in the Crocodilia. New York,.

Mook, C. C. (1921). Allognathosuchus, a new genus of Eocene Crocodilians. New York,.

Mook, C. C. (1921). Description of a skull of a Bridger Crocodilian. New York,.

Mook, C. C. (1921). The skull of Crocodilus Acer Cope. New York,.

Mook, C. C. (1921). Skull characters of recent crocodilia, with notes on the affinities of the recent genera. New York,.

Mook, C. C. (1923). Skull characters of Alligator Sinense Fauvel. New York,.

Moore, E. A. (1994). "Bone and antler tools and decorative objects from the Rosenstock site (18FR18)." Maryland Archeology 30(1): 17-28.

Moore 1994 in references folder

Moore, K. M. (1989). Hunting and the Origins of Herding in Peru.

One of the few cases of animal domestication in the New World took place in the Andean highlands of Peru. This study describes faunal remains from a high-altitude cave site, Panaulauca. The prehistoric use of small native camelids (vicuna and alpaca) is compared, and hunting and herding economies are reconstructed. The earliest phases of occupation at the site (8000 B.C. to 4000 B.C.) represent a hunting camp with increasing emphasis over time on hunting wild camelids, the vicuna and guanaco. The small

vicuna is more common than the guanaco or deer in these assemblages. The late preceramic phases (4000 B.C. to 1600 B.C.) indicate a change in the intensity and seasonality of animal use. A relatively long-term, multi-seasonal occupation is suggested by the faunal remains. During early Formative phases (1600 B.C. to 1 B.C.) evidence for domesticated animals gradually appears. Evidence includes changes in the form of the camelid incisors, increasing size of camelid foot bones, increasing mortality of very

young animals, and improving nutritional status of the animals. In the last phase at the site, (up to the Late Intermediate Period, ca. A.D. 1100), the archaeological and zoological remains suggest a short-term, highly seasonal herding camp. Evidence is strong for the presence of the alpaca during the Formative phases of the sequence, but little can be inferred about the possible presence of the llama.

This archaeological sequence is compared to other sites in the region in order to identify which aspects of changing animal use appeared first. During the critical late preceramic period, animal use at Panaulauca was distinct from that at sites in nearby highland valleys. Some evidence suggests that a domesticated small camelid appeared earlier on the border of the valleys than on the cold grasslands surrounding Panaulauca. Specialized hunting peoples may have successfully competed with early herders

for a long period.

Moore, K. M. (1993). "Bone tool technology at Gonur depe." Information Bulletin, International Association for the Study of the Cultures of Central Asia(19): 218-227.

Morales, A. and K. Rosenlund (1979). Fish Bone Measurements: An attempt to standardize the measurement of fish bones from archaeological sites. Copenhagen, Steenstrupia.

Morales Muñiz , L. C. and A. Morales Muñiz (1995). "Spanish bullfight: some historical aspects, traditional interpretations, and comments fo archaeozoological interest for the study of the ritual slaughter." Symbolic Role of Animals in Archaeology: 91-105.

Morbeck, M. E. (1997). "Reading life history in teeth, bones, and fossils." Evolving Female: a Life History Perspective: 117-131.

Moreno-García, M., C. Orton, et al. (1996). "New statistical tool for comparing animal bone assemblages." Journal of Archaeological Science 23(3): 437-453.

Morey, D. F. (1986). "Studies on Amerindian dogs: taxonomic analysis of canid crania from the Northern Plains." Journal of Archaeological Science 13(2): 119-145.

Morey, D. F. (1992). "Size, shape and development in the evolution of the domestic dog." Journal of Archaeological Science 19(2): 181-204.

Morey, D. F. (1994). "Canis remains from Dust Cave." Journal of Alabama Archaeology 40(1): 163-172.

Morey, D. F. (2006). "Burying Key Evidence: The Social Bond between Dogs and People." Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 158-175.

People have been burying or otherwise ritually disposing of dead dogs for a long time. they sometimes treat other animals in such a fashion but not nearly as often as dogs. This presentation documents the consistent and worlwide distribution of this practice over about the past 12,000-14,000 years. Such practices directly reflect the domestic relationship between people and dogs, and speak rather directly to the timing of canid domestication. In doing so, they contradict recent genetics-based inferences, thus calling into question the legitimacy of focusing mostly on genetic factors as opposed to other factors. This discussion seeks to work towards a sound framework for analyzing and thus understanding the social compatability between people and dogs. That compatability is directly signified by the burial of dogs, with people often responding to the deaths of individual dogs much as they usually respond to the death of a family member. Moreover, that special social relationship continues, as illustrated clearly by the establishment, maintenance, and ongoing use of several modern dog cemeteries, in different countries of the world.

Morey, D. F. and W. E. Klippel (1991). "Canid scavenging and deer bone survivorship at an Archaic period site in Tennessee." ArchaeoZoologia 4(1): 11-28.

Morey, D. F., W. E. Klippel, et al. (1991). Estimation of Live Weight of Fish Recovered from Archaeological Sites. Beamers, Bobwhites, and Blue-Points: Tributes to the Career of Paul W. Parmalee. J. R. Purdue, W. E. Klippel and B. W. Styles. Springfield, Ill., Illinois State Museum: 91-98.

Estimation of live weight of individual animals represented at archaeological sites is best accomplished with allometric formulae. Regressions of live weight with single bone measurements are presented for several species of native freshwater fishes that are commonly encountered at archaeological sites in eastern North America. A second set of regressions, for estimation of skeletal weight from live weight, allows estimation of usable meat yield. For methodological illustration, these regressions are apples to a series of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) otoliths from an archaeological site in East Tennessee. Without allometric formulae, estimates of meat yield represented by drum at this site could be grossly inaccurate.

Morey, D. F. and M. D. Wiant (1992). "Early Holocene domestic dog burials from the North American Midwest." Current Anthropology 33(2): 225-229.

Morlan, R. E. (1994). "Bison bone fragmentation and survivorship: a comparative method." Journal of Archaeological Science 21(6): 797-807.

Morlan, R. E. (1994). "Rodent bones in archaeological sites." Canadian Journal of Archaeology 18: 135-142.

Morrison, D. (1984). "Note on Thule culture dogs from Coronation Gulf, N.W.T." Canadian journal of archaeology 8(2): 149-157.

Morrison, D. and P. Whitridge (1997). "Estimating the age and sex of caribou from mandibular measurements." Journal of Archaeological Science 24(12): 1093-1106.

Morrison, D. A. (1997). Caribou hunters in the western Arctic: zooarchaeology of the Rita-Claire and Bison Skull Sites. Hull, Quebec, Canadian Museum of Civilization.

Mosher, K. (1969). Identification of Pacific Salmon and Steelhead Trout by Scale Characteristics. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Circular. Washington, D.C., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Moss, M. L. and J. M. Erlandson (2002). "Animal agency and coastal archaeology." American Antiquity 67(2): 367-369.

Until more archaeologists, not just faunal analysts and taphonomists, recognize the range and variety of animals that can deposit marine or estuarine animal remains into archaeological localities, insufficient research attention wikk be paid to distinguishing taphonomic agents. As demonstrated elsewhere (Erlandson and Moss 2001), an understanding of coastal adaptations and the nature of marine resource use in certain contexts requires careful assessment of noncultural sources of faunal remains in coastal settings. To adress such problems, understanding the ecology of those nonhuman animals whose taphonomic signatures can mimic some of the characteristics of hominid middens is crucial.

Mounier, R. A. (1999). "A brief history of investigations at the Tuckerton Shell Mound." Bulletin (Archaeological Society of New Jersey) 54: 43-44.

Muir, R. J. (2001). Zooarchaeology of Sand Canyon Pueblo, Colorado. Ottawa, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada.

Muir, R. J. and J. C. Driver (2002). "Scale of Analysis and Zooarchaeological Interpretation: Pueblo III Faunal Variation in the Northern San Juan Region." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 21(2): 165-199.

Müller, H.-H. (1997). "Notches in animal teeth: artificial or natural/pathological?" Anthropozoologica 25: 149-152.

Animal teeth with notches at the root are sometimes found in archaeological contexts. The notches are often considered to have been artificially engraved and the teeth regarded as artifacts of personal adornment. However, one has to differentiate between teeth with engravings at the apex or in the middle of the root, where cut marks are to be seen in the notches (these represent adornment) and those with notches at the collum of the tooth, where dentine appears to be polished. The latter is a pathological phenomenon of natural origin called a "wedge-shaped defect". Examples of these two distinct types of notches are given, and different theories for the development of wedge-shaped defects are discussed.

Mundell, R. L. and Midwest Archeological Center (U.S.) (1975). An illustrated osteology of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Lincoln, Neb., National Park Service Midwest Archeological Center.

Munson, P. J. (1969). "Comments on Binford's "smudge pits and hide smoking: The use of analogy in archaeological reasoning."" American Antiquity 34(1): 83-85.

Munson, P. J. (1991). Mortality Profiles of White-tailed Deer from Archaeological Sites in Eastern North America. Beamers, Bobwhites, and Blue-Points: Tributes to the Career of Paul W. Parmalee. J. R. Purdue, W. E. Klippel and B. W. Styles. Springfield, Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 23: 139-151.

Ages of white-tailed deer can be determined from the eruption wear of teeth. Mortality profiles have been calculated from aged deer mandibles from numerous archaeological sites in eastern North America, and in many cases these profiles show percentages of younger age classes that are much lower than those expected from random hunting of a natural population of this species. Various mortality profiles resulted from selective hunting for older individuals by the site's inhabitants. It is argued here, on the contrary, that the low frequencies of mandibles of young animals are largely the result of predepositional attrition on bones of different, age-correlated densities and that the scavenging activities of dogs were the primary cause for differential attrition rates. Experimental and ethnoarchaeological studies suggest a "correction factor" for the scavenging effect, and when it is applied the archaeological mortality profiles look little different from those expected from nonselective hunting of a natural population of deer.

Nagaoka, L. (2001). "Using diversity indices to measure changes in prey choice at the Shag River Mouth Site, southern New Zealand." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11(1): 101-111.

Nagaoka, L. (2002). "The effects of resource depression on foraging efficiency, diet breadth, and patch use in southern New Zealand." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 21(4): 419-442.

Nagaoka, L. (2002). "Explaining subsistence change in southern New Zealand using foraging theory models." World Archaeology 34(1): 84-102.

Nagorsen, D. W. (1996). Vancouver Island marmot bones from subalpine caves: archaeological and biological significance. Victoria, BC Parks.

Nass, J. P. J. (2001). Subsistence-Settlement Change and Continuity in Western Pennsylvania. Archaeology of the Appalachian Highlands. L. P. Sullivan and S. C. Prezzano. Knoxville, University of Tennessee Press: 177-197.

Neal, L., F. Force, et al. (1996). "Clovis-age mammoth from Garvin County, Oklahoma: the Hill Site (34Gv80)." Current Research in the Pleistocene 13: 109-111.

Needs-Howarth, S. (1995). "Quantifying animal food diet: A comparison of four approaches using bones from a prehistoric Iroquoian village." Ontario Archaeology 60: 92-101.

During an analysis and quantification of faunal material from a Late Prehistoric Iroquoian village, I obtained differeing faunal abundance estimates using four distinct quantification methods. In this paper I outline briefly the methods and results. I discuss how and why they differ, and what implications this has for the interpretations of relative dietary contribution.

Neer, W. V., K. Noyen, et al. (2002). "On the use of endosteal layers and medullary bone from domestic fowl in archaeozoological studies." Journal of Archaeological Science 29(2): 123-134.

Neumann, T. W. (1985). "Human-wildlife competition and the passenger pigeon: Population growth from system destabilization." Human Ecology 13(4): 389-410.

Neumann, T. W. (1989). "Human-wildlife competition and prehistoric subsistence: the case of the eastern United States." Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 5: 29-57.

Neumann, T. W. (2002). The Role of Prehistoric Peoples in Shaping the Ecosystems in the Eastern United States: Implications for Restoration Ecology and Wilderness Management. Wilderness and Poltical Ecology: Aboriginal Influences and the Original State of Nature. C. E. Kay and R. T. Simmons. Salt Lake City, University of Utah: 141-178.

Competitors for mast with humans are deer, raccoon, squirrel, turkey. These species also feed on maize (159). These are also the preferred prey of people (159).

Pages 170 & 161 - Tables of species and hunting times

The impact of village construction on the local forest - Onongoaga example - page 167

Newman, M. E., J. S. Parboosingh, et al. (2002). "Identification of archaeological animal bone by PCR/DNA analysis." Journal of Archaeological Science 29(1): 77-84.

Nicholas, G. P. (1999). A Light but Lasting Footprint: Human Influences on the Northeastern Landscape. The Archaeological Northeast. M. A. Levine, K. E. Sassman and M. S. Nassaney. Westport, Connecticut, Bergin & Garvey: 25-38.

Nicholls, A., E. Matisoo-Smith, et al. (2003). "A novel application of molecular techniques to Pacific archaeofish remains." Archaeometry 45(1): 133-147.

Nicholson, B. A. (1978). An analysis of faunal remains recovered by an amateur salvage operation at Duck Bay on Lake Winnipegosis FbMb-1. Winnipeg, Man., Dept. of Tourism Recreation & Cultural Affairs Historic Resources Branch.

Nigro, L. (1998). "A human sacrifice associated with a sheep slaughter in the sacred area of Ishtar at MB I Ebla." Journal of Prehistoric Religion 11: 22-36.

Niven, L. B. and M. G. Hill (1998). "Season of bison mortality at three Plains Archaic kill sites in Wyoming." Plains Anthropologist 43(163): 5-26.

Noah, A. C. (1998). "Prehistoric fishing on the San Diego coast." Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 34(2): 5-31.

Noble, G. K. (1922). The phylogeny of the Salientia. [New York, American Museum of Natural History.

Nowak, R. M. (1978). Evolution and Taxonomy of Coyotes and Related Canis. Coyotes: Biology, Behavior, and Management. M. Bekoff. New York, Academic Press: 3-16.

Nowak, R. M. (2002). "The Original Status of Wolves in North America." Southeastern Naturalist 1(2): 95-130.

Assess ment was made of all available cranial specimens of wild Canis dating since the Blacan and prior to AD 1918 in the region east of the Great Plains and south of the Prarie Peninsula, Lakes Erie and Ontario, and the St. Lawrence River. The small wolf C. priscolatrans (= C. edwardii) of the early Irvingtonian seems unrelated to the modern red wolf (C. rufus), but gave rise to a lineage including the larger C. armbrusteri and culminating in C. dirus of the late Rancholabrean. A small wolf, possibly the descendant of the Eurasian C. mosbachensis, did not appear in the east until near the end of the Rancholabrean. At the same time, the coyote (C. latrans) disappeared from the east, not to return until the small wolf was extirpated in the 20th century. Fragmentary remains of the small wolf, dating from around 10,000 and 2,000-200 ybp, show continuity with 14 complete, mostly modern, eastern skulls. Multivariate analysis indicates those 14 present a well-defined species, C. rufus, distinct from large series of the western gray wolf (C. lupus) and coyote. There is no evidence that te red wolf originated as a hybrid of the latter two species, though early specimens from central Texas suggest it began to interbreed with C. latrans by about 1900. Three long-recognized red wolf subspecies appear valid: C. r. floridanus, Maine to Florida: C. r. gregoryi, south-central United States; and C. r. rufus, central and coastal Texas, southern Louisiana, and probably now represented in the captive/reintroduced populations. The subspecies C. lupus lycaon of southeastern Ontario and southern Quebec is statistically intermediate to C. rufus and western C. lupus, and may have resulted from natural hybridization of those two species. Such could explain how the red and gray wolf differ so sharply where their ranges meet in the west but morphologically approach one another in the east.

O'Connell, J. F. (1993). Discussion: subsistence and settlement interpretations. From Bones to Behavior: Ethnoarchaeological and Experimental Contributions to the Interpretation of Faunal Remains. J. Hudson. Carbondale, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University: 169-178.

O'Connell, J. F., N. G. Blurton-Jones, et al. (1992). "Patterns in the distribution, site structure and assemblage composition of Hadza kill-butchering sites." Journal of Archaeological Science 19(3): 319-345.

O'Connor, T. and M. Wilkins (1982). Animal bones from Flaxengate, Lincoln, c. 870-1500. [Lincoln, Lincolnshire], Lincoln Archaeological Trust.

O'Connor, T. P. (1993). "Process and terminology in mammal carcass reduction." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 3(2): 63-67.

O'Connor, T. P. (1996). "A critical overview of archaeological animal bone studies." World Archaeology 28(1): 5-19.

In the course of a general review of archaeological animal bone studies, this paper draws particular attention to the importance of data quality, and the assessment of the integrity and information potential of bone samples, and the integration of such studies with the rest of archaeology and with paleobiology. Taxonomic identification and bone diagenesis remain two key problem areas, the second of which is slowly yielding to detailed research. The integration of animal bone studies with the rest of archaeology is discussed, with particular reference to the linking of research questions with particular interpretive models. Animal bone studies are seen as a fundamental part of archaeology, with a contribution to make to paleobiology, rather than the converse.

O'Connor, T. P. (1998). "On the difficulty of detecting seasonal slaughtering of sheep." Environmental Archaeology: the Journal of Human Palaeoecology 3: 5-11.

O'Connor, T. P. (2000). The archaeology of animal bones. Stroud, Sutton.

Okumura, N., N. Ishiguro, et al. (1999). "Variations in mitochondrial DNA of dogs isolated from archaeological sites in Japan and neighbouring islands." Anthropological Science 107(3): 213-228.

Oliver, J. S. (1989). "Analogues and site context: bone damages from Shield Trap Cave (24CB91), Carbon County, Montana, U.S.A." Bone Modification: 73-98.

Olsen, J. W. and J. D. Speth (1990). Vertebrate Faunal Remains from Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona. Ann Arbor, Mich., Museum of Anthropology Univ. of Michigan.

Olsen, S. J. (1959). "Similarity in the skull of the bison and Brahman." American Antiquity: 321-322.

Olsen, S. J. (1960). Post-cranial skeletal characters of Bison and Bos. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Peabody Museum.

Olsen, S. J. (1961). "A basic annotated bibliography to facilitate the identification of vertebrate remains from archeological sites." Texas Archeological Society. Bulletin 30: 217-222.

Olsen, S. J. (1961). "Problems and mammal skull identification due to age differences in the dentition." American Antiquity 27(2): 231-234.

Olsen, S. J. (1961). "The relative value of fragmentary mammalian remains." American Antiquity 26(4): 538-540.

The diagnostic value of animal remains from archaeological sites is discussed in the following order of importance of the various osteological elements which can be used for interpreting the fauna they represent: teeth, skull fragments, articular ends of limb bones, foot bones, portions of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, and vertebrae.

Olsen, S. J. (1964). Mammal remains from archaeological sites. Cambridge, Mass., Peabody Museum.

Olsen, S. J. (1964). "Food animals of the Continental Army at Valley Forge and Morristown." American Antiquity 29(4): 506-509.

Olsen, S. J. (1967). "The importance of fragmentary vertebrate remains in archaeological collections." Southwestern Lore 32(4): 82-84.

Olsen, S. J. (1967). "Osteology of the macaw and thick-billed parrot." Kiva 32(3): 57-721.

Olsen, S. J. (1968). Fish, amphibian, and reptile remains from archæological sites. Cambridge, Mass., Peabody Museum.

Olsen, S. J. (1968). "Canid remains from Grasshopper Ruin." Kiva 34(1): 33-40.

Olsen, S. J. (1969). "Hyperostosic fish bones from archaeological sites." Archaeological Society of New Jersey. Bulletin: 17-18.

Olsen, S. J. (1971). Zooarchaeology: Animal Bones in Archaeology and their Interpretation. Reading, Addison-Wesley.

Olsen, S. J. (1972). "Animal remains from Altar de Sacrificios." Harvard University. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Papers 64(1): 243-246.

Olsen, S. J. (1972). "The small Indian dogs of Black Mesa, Arizona." Plateau 45(2): 47-54.

Olsen, S. J. (1974). "The Domestic Animals of San Xavier Del Bac." Kiva 39(3): 253-256.

Olsen, S. J. (1974). "The early domestic dogs in North America and their origins." Journal of Field Archaeology 1(3): 343-345.

Olsen, S. J. (1974). "An occurrence of the desert bighorn at a Hohokam site." Plateau 47(2): 77-80.

Olsen, S. J. (1976). "The dogs of Awatovi." American Antiquity 41(1): 102-106.

Olsen, S. J. (1978). "The faunal analysis." Harvard University. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. Papers 70(1): 1-34.

Olsen, S. J. (1979). Osteology for the archaeologist. Cambridge, Mass, Peabody Museum.

Olsen, S. J. (1979). Archaeologically, what constitutes an early domestic animal? Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. M. J. Schiffer. New York, Academic Press, Inc. 2: 175-197.

Olsen, S. J. (1982). An osteology of some Maya mammals. Cambridge, Mass., Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Harvard University: Distributed by Harvard University Press.

Olsen, S. J. (1982). "Water resources and aquatic fauna at Grasshopper Pueblo." Anthropological Papers - University of Arizona(40): 61-62.

Olsen, S. J. (1984). "Early domestication of the horse in North China." Archaeology 37(1): 62-63.

Olsen, S. J. and J. Beezley (1975). "Domestic food animals from Hubbell trading post." Kiva 41(2): 201-206.

Olsen, S. J. and J. W. Olsen (1969). "A preliminary report on the fish and herpetofauna of grasshopper ruin." Kiva 36(2): 41-43.

Olsen, S. J. and J. W. Olsen (1974). "The Macaws of Grasshopper Ruin." Kiva 40(1): 67-70.

Olsen, S. J. and J. W. Olsen (1980). "Suid domestication in China: a critical evaluation of the data." Vertebrata Palasiatica 18(2): 169-175.

Olsen, S. J. and J. B. Sparling (1978). "Navajo Project faunal analysis." MNA research paper(11): 233-235.

Olsen, S. J. and J. P. Wilson (1976). "Faunal remains from Fort Sumner, New Mexico." Awanyu 4(3): 16-32.

Orlandini, J. B. (1996). "The Passenger Pigeon: A Seasonal Native American Food Source." Pennsylvania Archaeologist 66(2): 71-77.

One fo the most unrecognized seasonal food supplies of early Native Americans in the Northeast was the passenger pigeon, the most prolific bird in all North America. Its communal instinct to seasonally nest in the same general area eventually led to its downfall. This paper briefly discusses the passenger pigeon, its habits and habitats, and presents evidence from several excavations in Pennsylvania and New York that the passenger pigeon was utilized by early NAtive Americans as a seasonal food source.

Osborn, D. J. and J. Osbornová (1998). The mammals of ancient Egypt. Warminster, England, Aris & Phillips.

Osteoarchaeological Research Group. Meeting (1st: 1994: Cambridge England), S. Anderson, et al. (1996). Ritual treatment of human and animal remains: proceedings of the first meeting of the Osteoarchaeological Research Group held in Cambridge on 8th October 1994. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

Osteoarchaeological Research Group. Meeting (3rd: 1995: Leicester England), K. V. Boyle, et al. (1998). Current and recent research in osteoarchaeology: proceedings of the third meeting of the Osteoarchaeological Research Group held in Leicester on 18th November 1995. Oxford, England, Oxbow for the Osteoarchaeological Research Group.

Owsley, D. W. and R. L. Jantz (1994). Skeletal biology in the Great Plains: migration, warfare, health, and subsistence. Washington, Smithsonian Institution Press.

Park, R. W. (1987). "Dog remains from Devon Island, N.W.T.: archaeological and osteological evidence for domestic dog use in the Thule culture." Arctic 40(3): 184-190.

Parmalee, P. W. (1993). "Archaeological avian assemblage from northwestern Alabama." ArchaeoZoologia 5(2): 77-92.

Parmalee, P. W. and A. E. Bogan (1978). "Cherokee and Dallas dog burials from the Little Tennessee River Valley." Tennessee Anthropologist 3(1): 100-112.

Parris, D. C., B. Wilson, et al. (1995). "Zooarchaeological evidence of the fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) in colonial New Jersey." Bulletin, Archaeological Society of New Jersey 50: 63-65.

Patterson, L. W. (1992). "Prehistoric bison in southeast Texas." Journal, Houston Archeological Society(102): 14-19.

Patterson, L. W. and K. M. Gardner (1993). "Additional rangia seasonality studies." Journal, Houston Archeological Society(105): 28-30.

Patterson, T. C. (1994). Toward a Properly Historical Ecology. Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes. C. L. Crumley. Santa Fe, School of American Research Press: 223-238.

Pavao-Zuckerman, B. (2000). "Vertebrate subsistence in the Mississippian-historic transition." Southeastern Archaeology 19(2): 135-144.

Pavao-Zuckerman, B. (2001). "Dog burial excavated at the Armorel Site, Arkansas (3MS23)." Arkansas Archeologist 40: 8-10.

Pavesic, M. G., S. J. Miller, et al. (1993). "DeMoss site: a material culture and faunal update." Idaho Archaeologist 16(1): 3-15.

Pavesic, M. G., W. P. Statham, et al. (1987). "Anadromous fish remains from Schellbach Cave No. 1, southwestern Idaho." Idaho Archaeologist 10(2): 23-26.

Payne, R. W. (1991). "Bone Flutes of the Anasazi." Kiva 56(2): 165-177.

Payne, S. and G. Bull (1988). "Components of variation in measurements of pig bones and teeth, and the use of measurements to distinguish wild from domestic pig remains." ArchaeoZoologia 2(1): 27-65.

Peale, R. and G. Richard (1803). An historical disquisition on the mammoth, or, great American incognitum, an extinct, immense, carnivorous animal, whose fossil remains have been found in North America. London,, E. Lawrence.

Penmann, J. T. and R. W. Yerkes (1992). "Vertebrate remains from the Filler Site, a late prehistoric occupation in Lacrosse County, Wisconsin." Wisconsin Archeologist 73(3): 199-236.

Peres, T. M. (1998). "A late-Pleistocene/early Holocene faunal assemblage from the Page/Ladson Site (8JE591), Jefferson County, Florida." Current Research in the Pleistocene 15: 120-122.

Peterkin, G. L., H. M. Bricker, et al. (1993). Hunting and animal exploitation in the later Palaeolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia. Washington, D.C., American Anthropological Association.

Peters, J. (1987). "Cuboscaphoids, naviculo-cuboids, language barriers and the use of standardised osteological nomenclatures in archaeozoological studies." ArchaeoZoologia 1(2): 43-46.

Peterson, R. R. (1984). "Early/middle period subsistence changes at SBA-1, Rincon Point, coastal California." Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 6(2): 207-216.

Pickett, S. T. A., J. Kolasa, et al. (1994). Ecological Understanding: The Nature of Theory and the Theory of Nature. New York, Academic Press.

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Pillaert, E. E. (1994). "Bone implements." Wisconsin Archeologist 75(1): 79-83.

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Plew, M. G. (1987). "Reassessment of the Five Fingers and "Y" Buffalo Jumps, southwest Idaho." Plains Anthropologist 32(117): 317-321.

Plew, M. G. (1990). "Archaeological test excavation at Deep Creek rockshelter (10-OE-1859), Owyhee County, Idaho." Idaho Archaeologist 13(2): 21-25.

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Porcasi, J. F. (1999). "Prehistoric bird remains from the southern Channel Islands." Pacific Coast Archaeological Society quarterly 35(2): 38-59.

Porcasi, J. F. (1999). "Prehistoric exploitation of albatross on the southern California Channel Islands." Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 21(1): 94-112.

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Porcasi, J. F., T. L. Jones, et al. (2000). "Trans-Holocene marine mammal exploitation on San Clemente Island, California: a tragedy of the commons revisited." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19(2): 200-220.

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Prummel, W. (1988). "Atlas for identification of foetal skeletal elements of cattle, horse, sheep and pig: part 3." ArchaeoZoologia 2(1): 13-26.

Prummel, W. (1989). "Appendix to "Atlas for identification of foetal skeletal elements of cattle, horse, sheep and pig"." ArchaeoZoologia 3(1): 71-78.

Prummel, W. and H.-J. Frisch (1986). "Guide for the distinction of species, sex and body side in bones of sheep and goat." Journal of Archaeological Science 13(6): 567-577.

Purdue, J. R. (1983). "Methods of Determining Sex and Body Size in Prehistoric Samples of White-tailed Deer." Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 76: 351-357.

Purdue, J. R. (1986). The Size of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) during the Archaic Period in Central Illinois. Foraging, Collecting, and Harvesting: Archaic Period Subsistence in the Eastern Woodlands. S. W. Neusius. Carbondale, Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University: 65-95.

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginiaus) were examined for clinal variation through space and time. In central Illinoiss, deer were small in sites dating to the Middle and Late Archaic periods. In Middle Woodland and Mississippian times deer were large, followed by slightly smaller individuals in historic and modern populations. In historic times deer were largest in the Prairie Penninsula of the Midwest (contemporaneous conspecifics were smaller in all four cardinal directions). It is proposed that for deer late summer and early fall were critical periods for attaining maximum body size. In Archaic times, maximum isolation occurred in the fall (before and after the Archaic, maximum isolation was earlier in the summer), thus decreasing the nutrition of the forage of deer during an important time of year. Archaic human hunters of deer probably were not deterred by small-sized deer (it was still the largest, most readily available prey species). More likely, the same climactic conditions that reduced the quality of deer forage also adversely affected a broad range of human foods, which may have encouraged humans to redirect subsistence pursuits toward the abundant resources found in the newly developed bacwater lakes.

Purdue, J. R. (1987). "Estimation of Body Weight of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Bone Size." Journal of Ethnobiology 7(1): 1-12.

Lower leg bones of 210 modern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from 8 localities in eastern North America were used to examine factors influencing the relationship between bone size and body size. Locality (island versus mainland), age, and sex were shown to affect bone size-body weight relationships. After accounting for the compounding factors, a set of unified regressions are presented that estimate adult live weight in the late autumn of white-tailed deer. However, since live weight is subjected to many diverse influences, the estimates should be used only as an ordinal guide to size.

Purdue, J. R. (1989). "Changes during the Holocene in the Size of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Central Illinois." Quaternary Research 32: 307-316.

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from central Illinois varied in size during the Holocene. The record, which extends back to 8450 yr B.P., indicates small deer through the mid-Holocene until 3650 yr B.P., after which size increases. Although influences of winter climate, seasonality, anthropogenic effects, and other ecological factors should not be discounted, an intriguing possible cause of the deer size shifts is insolation-driven summer climate and its influence on food resources. In the Holocene, small deer size is correlated with high summer insolation and with low winter insolation. Climatic models indicate that in spite of changes in insolation, Holocene winters did not vary greatly through time, especially in contrast to summers, which were dynamic. Physiological constraints peculiar to O. virginianus make critical the quality of summer forage for determining final adult size. Summer temperature averaged 2°C warmer than present during the middle Holocene, which increased evaporation and probably reduced the period of availability of high-quality forage low in fiber and high in protein. Consequently, less fuel for growth was consumed by mid-Holocene deer and only small body size was achieved. Other possible causes (e.g., Bergmann's rule, seasonality) of clinal variation are considered with reference to central Illinois deer, but at present the most parsimonious explanation appears to be the summer insolation hypothesis.

Purdue, J. R., W. E. Klippel, et al. (1991). Beamers, Bobwhites, and Blue-Points: Tributes to the Career of Paul W. Parmalee. Springfield, Ill., Illinois State Museum.

Purdue, J. R., M. C. Masulis, et al. (1989). "Faunal remains and white-tailed deer exploitation from a Late Woodland upland encampment: the Boschert site (23SC609), St. Charles County, Missouri." MCJA: Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 14(2): 146-163.

The faunal profile of the Boschert Site, an upland Late Woodland encampment, is described and compared to contemporaneous habitation areas in the nearby American Bottom, Salt River Valley, and elsewhere in the region. White-tailed deer, including some individuals apparently attracted to a salt spring adjacent to the upland site, were the most important prey items, although a variety of other acquatic and terrestrial species were taken. The representation of deer bones at the site indicates that the most desireable parts of the deer carcasses were removed. Given the diversity of fauna and cultigens, a variety of subsistence activities probably took place at Boschert. However, the activity that left the strongest signature was the preparation of deer for transport to other, likely more permanent, settlements.

Quigg, J. M. (1997). "Bison processing at the Rush Site, 41TG346, and evidence for pemmican production in the Southern Plains." Plains Anthropologist Memoir 42(159): 145-161.

Quigg, J. M. (1998). "A late Archaic bison processing event in the Texas Panhandle." Plains Anthropologist 43(166): 367-383.

Quirt-Booth, T. and K. Cruz-Uribe (1997). "Analysis of Leporid Remains from Prehistoric Sinagua Sites, Northern Arizona." Journal of Archaeological Science 24(10): 945-960.

Quitmyer, I. R. (1998). "Zoological indicators of habitat exploitation and seasonality from the Shell Ridge midden, Palmer Site (8SO2), Osprey, Florida." Florida Anthropologist 51(4): 193-205.

R©œmisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz. Forschungsinstitut f©*r Vor- und Fr©*hgeschichte and E. S. Foundation. (1999). The role of early humans in the accumulation of European Lower and Middle Palaeolithic bone assemblages: Ergebnisse eines Kolloquiums. Mainz

Bonn, Verlag des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums ;

In Kommission bei R. Habelt.

Rackham, D. J. (1982). "The smaller mammals in the urban environment: Their recovery and interpretation from archaeological deposits." Council for British Archaeology Research Report 43: 86-93.

The value of investigating the remains of small mammals from urban archaeological deposits is assessed. Methods of recovery are reviewed and the potential of non-skeletal remains and secondary evidence for small mammal activity are also considered.

Rackham, D. J. (1994). Animal bones. London, British Museum Press.

Rae, A. M. (1987). "Comparative dating study of bones from Little Hoyle Cave, South Wales, U. K." Journal of Archaeological Science 14(3): 243-250.

Raisor, M. J. (2004). Determining the Antiquity of Dog Origins: Canine Domestication as a Model for the Consilience between Molecular Genetics and Archaeology. Anthropology, Texas A&M University: 278.

Rapson, D. J. and L. C. Todd (1992). "Conjoins, contemporaneity, and site structure: distributional analyses of the Bugas-Holding site." Piecing Together the Past: Applications of Refitting Studies in Archaeology: 238-263.

Ravosa, M. J. and W. L. Hylander (1993). "Functional significance of an ossified mandibular symphysis: a reply." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 90(4): 509-512.

Rea, A. M. (1986). "Verification and reverification: problems in archaeofaunal studies." Journal of Ethnobiology 6(1): 9-18.

Biological materials from archaeological excavations, particularly faunal remains, are of most lasting scientific value if they are properly handled, individually numbered, and adequately reported in published accounts. Archaeologists are urged never to put bones in plastic bags. Authors of faunal accounts are encouraged to publish reasons for their determinations, to mention comparative materials used, and to give individual identifying numbers and elemental descriptions with their proveniences to aid subsequent study and reverification. Knowledge of the lcoal fauna enhances the validity of interpretations. Better appreciation of the culture and its particular technology would improve biologists' accounts. Archaeological bones have been used in reconstruction of past diets and environments. They are of use to both paleontologists and neontologists. A significant contribution of biological materials is the demonstration of human-wrought modifications (particularly insular extinctions and extirpations) in species densities. Existing comparative osteological collections are weak in quantity and sometimes poor in quality; 82% of the world's ca. 9,000 bird species are represented by ten or fewer skeletons in museums worldwide.

Rehm, J. M. (1968). "Stratigraphic distribution of unmodified faunal remains from the 1962-1967 field seasons." Pennsylvania State University. University Park. Department of Anthropology. Occasional Papers in Anthropology(5): 255-285.

Reitz, E. J. (1985). "Faunal evidence for sixteenth century Spanish subsistence at St. Augustine, Florida." Florida Anthropologist 38(1): 54-69.

Reitz, E. J. (1986). "Urban/rural contrasts in vertebrate fauna from the southern Atlantic coastal plain." Historical Archaeology 20(2): 47-58.

Reitz, E. J. (1987). "Application of allometry to zooarchaeology." American Antiquity 52(2): 304-317.

Zooarchaeologists have used several methods to assess the relative dietary contribution of species found at archaeological sites. The most common methods are either based upon the assumption that bone weight is a fixed percentage of total body weight, or require estimating an "average" body size for identified taxa. In fact, the relationship between parameters of bone and body mass is generally allometric and can be described by linear regression. Use of allometric models places original body mass predictions on a more sound biological basis and makes calculations of "average" weight unnecessary. The potential of allometry is discussed and objections addressed with the goal of encouraging others to develop allometric formulae and to use them in their research.

Reitz, E. J. (1991). "Animal use and culture change in Spanish Florida." Animal Use and Culture Change: 62-77.

Reitz, E. J. (1991). "Evidence for animal use at the missions of Spanish Florida." Florida Anthropologist 44(2): 295-306.

Reitz, E. J. (1992). "Vertebrate fauna from seventeenth-century St. Augustine." Southeastern Archaeology 11(2): 79-94.

Reitz, E. J. (1992). "The Spanish colonial experience and domestic animals." Historical Archaeology 26: 84-91.

Reitz, E. J. (1994). "Zooarchaeological analysis of a free African community: Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose." Historical Archaeology 28(1): 23-40.

Reitz, E. J., T. Gibbs, et al. (1985). "Archaeological evidence for subsistence on coastal plantations." Archaeology of slavery and plantation life. Theresa A. Singleton, ed: 163-191.

Reitz, E. J. and N. Honerkamp (1983). "British colonial subsistence strategy on the southeastern coastal plain." Historical Archaeology 17(2): 4-25.

Reitz, E. J. and N. Honerkamp (1984). ""Historical" versus "archaeological" dietary patterns on the southeastern coastal plain." South Carolina antiquities 16(1): 67-85.

Reitz, E. J., R. A. Marrinan, et al. (1987). "Survey of vertebrate remains from prehistoric sites in the Savannah River Valley." Journal of Ethnobiology 7(2): 195-221.

Reitz, E. J. and I. R. Quitmyer (1988). "Faunal remains from two coastal Georgia Swift Creek sites." Southeastern Archaeology 7(2): 95-108.

Reitz, E. J. and B. Ruff (1994). "Morphometric data for cattle from North America and the Caribbean prior to the 1850s." Journal of Archaeological Science 21(5): 699-713.

Reitz, E. J. and C. M. Scarry (1985). "Reconstructing historic subsistence with an example from sixteenth century Spanish Florida." Historical Archaeology Special Publication Series(3).

Reitz, E. J. and E. S. Wing (1999). Zooarchaeology. Cambridge, U.K. ; New York, Cambridge University Press.

Renouf, M. A. P. (1989). Prehistoric hunter-fishers of Varangerfjord, Northeastern Norway: reconstruction of settlement and subsistence during the Younger Stone Age. Oxford, England, B.A.R.

Rhodin, A. G. J. (1992). "Chelonian zooarchaeology of eastern New England: Turtle bone remains from Cedar Swamp and other prehistoric sites." Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society 53(1): 21-30.

Rhodin, A. G. J. (1995). "Archaeological turtle bone remains from Concord Shell Heap." Bulletin, Massachusetts Archaeological Society 56(2): 71-82.

Riedel, A. (1994). The animal remains of medieval Verona: an archaeozoological and palaeoeconomic study. Verona, Museo civico di storia naturale di Verona ;.

Rindos (1989). Diversity, variation, and selection. Quantifying Diversity in Archaeology. R. D. Leonard and G. T. Jones. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 13-23.

Ringrose, T. J. (1993). "Bone counts and statistics: a critique." Journal of Archaeological Science 20(2): 121-157.

Ringrose, T. J. (1993). Diversity Indices and Archaeology. Computing the Past: Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology. J. Andersen, T. Madsen and I. Scollar. Aarhus, Denmark, Aarhus University Press: 279-285.

Diversity indices were developed in population ecology as concise ways of summarising the structures of biological communities, and recently they have been applied by archaeologists to both biological and artifactual data. The underlying concept of diversity is described, paying particular attention to the important distinction between populations and samples and to the "intrinsic diversity profile". The various indices of diversity are set out, and it is concluded that the "expected species index" is by far the best choice, possessing various good characertistics as well as an unbiased estimator, thus avoiding the so-called "sample size-effect". Some recent archaeological publications in this area are critically reviewed, and it is pointed out that, in view of the above, the proposed solutions to the sample size-effect are both inaccurate and unnecessary.

Ringrose, T. J. (1995). "Response to Pilgram and Marshall "Bone Counts and Statisticians: a Reply to Ringrose"." Journal of Archaeological Science 22(1): 99-102.

Rissman, P. (1987). "Potential of annular analysis for South Asian archaeology." Man and Environment 11: 15-24.

Rixon, A. E. (1976). Fossil animal remains: their preparation and conservation. London

[Atlantic Highlands] N.J., Athlone Press ;

distributed by Humanities Press.

Rogers, A. R. (2000). "Analysis of bone counts by maximum likelihood." Journal of Archaeological Science 27(2): 111-125.

Rogers, A. R. (2000). "On the value of soft bones in faunal analysis." Journal of Archaeological Science 27(7): 635-639.

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Roll, T. E., S. A. Aaberg, et al. (1994). "The Seline Site (24DW250), a late-middle period bison kill near Glendive, Montana." Archaeology in Montana 35(1): 1-96.

Romer, A. S. (1956). Osteology of the reptiles. Chicago,, University of Chicago Press.

Roper, D. C. (1994). "Note on the quail and the Pawnee." Plains Anthropologist 39(147): 73-76.

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Rosier, J. (1906). True relation of Captain Waymouth's voyage, 1605. Early English and French Voyages, 1534-1608. H. S. Surrage. New York, Original Narratives of Early American History.

Rothschild, N. A. and D. Balkwill (1993). "Meaning of change in urban faunal deposits." Historical Archaeology 27(2): 71-89.

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Rowley-Conwy, P. (2000). Animal bones, human societies. Oxford ; Oakville, Conn., Oxbow Books.

Royer, R. (1965). "Elk antler effigies." Pennsylvania Archaeologist(1): 1-3.

Ruckes, H. and N. Y. A. o. Sciences. (1929). Studies in chelonian osteology. New York, New York Academy of Sciences.

Russell, D. J. (1989). "Bone whistles of northern Utah." Utah Archaeology 2(1): 48-55.

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Ryan, T. M. and R. A. Ketcham (2002). "Three-dimensional structure of trabecular bone in the femoral head of strepsirrhine primates." Journal of Human Evolution 43(1): 1-26.

Sahu, B. P. (1988). From Hunters to Breeders: Faunal Background of Early India. Delhi, Anamika Prakashan.

Saldler, P. (1994). "Useful Small Dogs." Circaea 11: 6.

Salls, R. A. (1989). "Fisheries of Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad, Monterey County, California." Research in Economic Anthropology 11: 251-284.

Sampson, C. G. (1998). "Tortoise Remains from a Later Stone Age Rock Shelter in the Upper Karoo, South Africa." Journal of Archaeological Science 25: 985-1000.

The upper Karoo of central South Africa is a semi-desert region supporting several species of chelonia, and cultural deposits in local rock shelters also yield abundant tortoise bones. In the Late Holocene fill of Haaskraal rock shelter, remains of at least four kinds of tortoise and a terrapin have been identified. However, there is an anomalous absence of the giant adult form of Geochelone pardalis, which is highly visible in the modern fauna. Frequencies of the two dominant species Homopus femoralis and H. boulengeri do not vary during the two millennia of accumulation, in spite of the major changes in veld cover reported in local pollen and micromammal records. Instead, changes in tortoise size and skeletal composition reflect increasing admixture of remains derived from non-human predators, as occupation by humans dwindled during historical times. Comparisons with other rock shelter samples are needed, but investigations of tortoise remains from modern raptor nests and killing grounds are also an urgent priority.

Sampson, C. G. (1999). Amphibian remains from a Later Stone Age rock shelter in the upper Karoo, South Africa. Archaeozoology in Africa, Grenoble : PensÈe sauvage: 117-154.

Sampson, C. G. (2003). "Amphibians from the Acheulean Site at Duinefontein 2 (Western Cape, South Africa)." Journal of Archaeological Science 30: 547-557.

Abundant amphibian remains were encountered at Duinefontein 2, a late mid-Quaternary fossil site with Acheulean artifacts. The amphibians are distributed in concentric bands that suggest shoreline lage around the southeast rim of an interdunal pond, part of which has been exposed by very sensitive excavations. The pond community was dominated by ranids and pipids, both requiring less than a meter depth of open water. Burrowing species such as toads, rain frogs, and sand frogs were present but rare, as were reed frogs. This suggests a thin rim of damp but poorly vegetated sand. Frequency and size changes suggest that the pond became shallower at a time when large mammal remains were proliferating on the adjacent land surface. The evolutionary status of the eight recovered amphibian taxa cannot be addressed since the osteology of most of their modern analgs still awaits systematic study.

Sanchez, J. L. J. (1996). "Re-evaluation of Mimbres Faunal Subsistence." Kiva 61(3): 295-307.

Sanders, P. H. and M. E. Miller (2004). Archaeological Evidence of Proghorn (Antilocapra americana) Migration in the Upper Green River Basin of Wyoming: Implications for Wildlife Management. Zooarchaeology and Conservation Biology. R. L. Lyman and K. P. Cannon. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press: 164-177.

Sattler, R. A. (1997). "Large mammals in Lower Rampart Cave 1, Alaska: interspecific utilization of an eastern Beringian cave." Geoarchaeology 12(6): 657-688.

Sauer, P. R. (1984). Physical Characteristics. White-Tailed Deer: Ecology and Management. L. K. Halls. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Stackpole Books: 73-90.

Savelle, J. M. (1997). "Role of architectural utility in the formation of zooarchaeological whale bone assemblages." Journal of Archaeological Science 24(10): 869-885.

Savelle, J. M. and T. M. Friesen (1996). "Odontocete (Cetacea) meat utility index." Journal of Archaeological Science 23(5): 713-721.

Savelle, J. M., T. M. Friesen, et al. (1996). "Derivation and application of an otariid utility index." Journal of Archaeological Science 23(5): 705-712.

Scarlett, R. J. (1972). Bones for the New Zealand archaeologist. Christchurch, N.Z., Canterbury Museum Trust Board.

Scarlett, R. J. and A. Anderson (1979). Birds of a feather: osteological and archaeological papers from the South Pacific in honour of R.J. Scarlett. Oxford, B.A.R.

Schiffer, M. B. (1983). "Binford's hunting stand hypothesis and the Joint site." American Antiquity 48(1): 139-141.

Schmid, E. (1972). Atlas of animal bones. For prehistorians, archaeologists and Quaternary geologists. Amsterdam, New York,, Elsevier Pub. Co.

Schmidt, K. M. (1999). "The Five Feature Site (AZ CC:7:55 [ASM]): Evidence for a Prehistoric Rabbit Drive in Southeastern Arizona." Kiva 65(2): 103-124.

Schmidt, P. R. (1994). Historical Ecology and Landscape Transformation in Eastern Equatorial Africa. Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes. C. L. Crumley. Santa Fe, School of American Research Press: 99-126.

Schmitt, D. N. (2004). Ecological Change in Western Utah: Comparisons Between a Late Holocene Archaeological Fauna and Modern Small-Mammal Surveys. Zooarchaeology and Conservation Biology. R. L. Lyman and K. P. Cannon. Salt Lake City, University of Utah Press: 178-192.

Schmitt, D. N. and K. D. Lupo (1995). "On mammalian taphonomy, taxonomic diversity, and measuring subsistence data in zooarchaeology." American Antiquity 60(3): 496-514.

This paper examines the application of mammalian taxonomic diversity measures in the analysis of human subsistence. Employing qualitative and quantitative taphonomic analyses on archaeofaunas recovered from a sheltered Fremont site in Utah, numerous small- and medium-sized animal bones (especially Leporidae) are identified as nbonhuman accumulations. Measures of taxanomic diversity for the shelterÕs entire assemblage suggests that the inhabitants practiced a generalized, broad-spectrum subsistence strategy. Omitting the nonhuman accumulations and calculating similar measures on bones interpreted as human refuse produce a different portrait of subsistence practices. Using this investigation as a case study, mammalian faunal assemblages from six additional fremont assemblages are examined to further demonstrate that subsistence inferences based on diversity measures should be approached with caution. We demonstrate that measures of taxonomic diversity are valuable tools but should be used in concert with analyses of taphonomic agents. Furthermore, rather than employing only those bones identified to species, we emphasize that specimens identified to taxonomic genera may offere adequate resolution in examining prehistoric diet breadth.

Schmitt, D. N., D. B. Madsen, et al. (2002). "Small-mammal data on early and middle Holocene climates and biotic communities in the Bonneville Basin, USA." Quaternary Research 58(3): 255-260.

Schneider, J. S. and G. D. Everson (1989). "Desert tortoise (Xerobates agassizii) in the prehistory of the southwestern Great Basin and adjacent areas." Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 11(2): 175-202.

Schorger, A. (1973). The Passenger Pigeon: Its Natural History and Extinction. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.

Schroth, A., I. Strudwick, et al. (1987). "Cultural assemblage from the PCAS Crystal Cove Project." Pacific Coast Archaeological Society quarterly 23(4): 7-29.

Schubert, B. W., J. I. Mead, et al. (2003). Ice Age cave faunas of North America. Bloomington

[Denver, Colo.], Indiana University Press ;

Denver Museum of Nature & Science.

Schufeldt, R. W. (1914). "Osteology of the Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorus)." The Auk XXXI: 358-362.

Schwartz, M. (1997). A History of Dogs in the Early Americas. New Haven, Yale University Press.

Scott, M. J. (1989). "Pammel Creek site fish scale analysis." Wisconsin Archeologist 70(1): 243-250.

Scott, M. J. (1994). "Faunal remains from the Midway Village Site." Wisconsin Archeologist 75(3): 393-421.

Scott, S. L. and H. E. Jackson (1996). "Early Caddo ritual and patterns of animal use: an analysis of faunal remains from the Crenshaw site (3MI6), southwestern Arkansas." Arkansas Archeologist 37: 1-37.

Sealy, J. (1986). Stable carbon isotopes and prehistoric diets in the south-western Cape Province, South Africa. Oxford, England, B.A.R.

Semken, H. A. J. and S. C. Wallace (2002). "Key to Arvicoline ("Microtine" rodents) and Arvicoline-like lower first molars recovered from late Wisconsinan and Holocene archaeological and paleontological sites in eastern North America." Journal of Archaeological Science 29(1): 23-31.

Serjeantson, D. (1997). "Subsistence and symbol: The interpretation of bird remains in archaeology." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7(4): 255-259.

This issue of the journal is devoted to papers on the role of birds in archaeology. Most of the contributions are based on papers given at the second meeting of the Bird Working Group of the International Council for Archaezoology (ICAZ) held at the University of Southampton (UK) in September 1995. The meeting brought together archaeologists, zoologists and ornithologists, and the subjects discussed cover most of the relationships between humans and birds that can be established form the study of birds from archaeological sites.

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Serjeantson, D. and T. Waldron (1989). Diet and crafts in towns: The evidence of animal remains from the Roman to the post-medieval periods. Oxford, England, B.A.R.

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Deer tooth sections cut from specimens of known date of death were examined to discover when, and at what rate, annual layers are deposited in cementum of Maine deer teeth. The acretion rate of the growth layer is not constant, but decreases throughout the growth season. This study improves the precision in interpreting tooth sections from prehsitoric archaeological specimens for season of death. Tooth eruption and tooth wear, combined with the tooth sectioning data are used to reconstrut the seasonality of deer hunting throughout the 5000-year-long faunal record from the Turner Farm shell midden, North Haven, Maine. These data demonstrate a significant shift in deer hunting seasonality between the Moorehead phase (circa 4200 B.P.) and later occupations.

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Whyte, T. R. (1988). An Experimental Study of Small Animal Remains in Archaeological Pit Features. Anthropology. Knoxville, University of Tennessee.

Whyte, T. R. (1991). Small-animal Remains in Archaeological Pit Features. Beamers, Bobwhites, and Blue-Points: Tributes to the Career of Paul W. Parmalee. J. R. Purdue, W. E. Klippel and B. W. Styles. Springfield, Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 23: 163-176.

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Wilson, G. L. (1924). The Horse and the Dog in Hidatsa Culture. New York, American Museum of Natural History.

Wilson, M. C. (1983). "Canid scavengers and butchering patterns: evidence from a 3600-year-old bison bone bed in Alberta." Proceedings - Annual conference of the Archaeological Association of the University of Calgary(5): 95-139.

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Winder, N. P. (1991). "How many bones make five?: The art and science of guesstimation in archaeozoology." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 1(2): 111-126.

Six faunal statistics are described and assessed by means of simulation. Of these, the "probable number of individuals" (PIN) methods, which include the Lincoln and Krantz indices, are shown to perform remarkably well. The asumption of these PNI procedures are given and circumstances under which PNI methods can be employed are described. Paleoeconomic methods occupy a middle ground between classical statistical theory and experimental archaeology, hence the use of the term "guesstimation": this ground is explored and it is shown that these methods can have a considerable bearing on the interpretation of taphonomic and "spatial" (intra-stratum) regularities. Promising avenues for future research are indicated.

Winder, N. P. (1992). "Removal estimator: a 'probable numbers' statistic that requires no matching." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 2(1): 15-18.

The probable number pf individuals (PNI) estimatros all require that we be able to match left-right paired bones reliably. The problems of matching are outlined and ways of addressing them are reviewed. It is shown that archaeozoological studies in which reliable matching is difficult raise analytical problems similar to those faced by population biologists unable to use classical release-capture methods. The removal estimator has been used to estimate the size of whale populations from incomplete census data. It can be generalized into archaeozoology to produce either a simple PNI statistic of the matching type, or a statistic that does not require reliable matching.

Wing, E. S. (1987). "Integration of floral and faunal data from Hontoon Island, Florida." ArchaeoZoologia 1(1): 127-136.

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Several analytical problems with the use of utility curves in archaeofaunal analysis have arisen since Lewis Binford first introduced them in 1978. First, do utility curves actually reflect which parts of an animal carcass were chosen or preferred by prehistoric hunters, or do the curves represent transport choices of hunters (what they could carry)? Second, differential preservation of elements mediated by bone density also contributes to what bones archaeologists recover from sites. Density-mediated destruction of bone can produce curves that mimic those of human behavior; thus, inferences about human behavior might be better attributed to bone-preservation factors. A shift from use of prey body-part representation to the use of fragmentation of prey bones as an inferential tool to study prehistoric foraging of prey carcasses diminishes both analytical problems.

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Wortman, J. L. (1895). On the osteology of Agriochoerus. [New York, Published by order of the Trustees American Museum of Natural History.

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Yang, D. Y., J. R. Woiderski, et al. (2005). "DNA analysis of archaeological rabbit remains from the American Southwest." Journal of archaeological science 32(4): 567-578.

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Yates, B. C. (1993). "Faunas from House 5 at the Vinson site." Bulletin, Texas Archeological Society 64: 187-225.

Yentsch, A. E. (1992). "Gudgeons, mullet, and pround pigs: historicity, black fishing, and southern myth." Art and Mystery of Historical Archaeology: Essays in Honor of James Deetz: 283-314.

Yerkes, R. W. (2005). "Bone Chemistry, Body Parts, and Growth Marks: Evaluating Ohio Hopewell and Cahokia Mississippian Seasonality, Subsistence, Ritual, and Feasting." American Antiquity 70(2): 241-265.

Human stable isotope values and deer utility indices have been used to reconstruct Hopewell and Mississippian diets and subsistence practices, but seasonality studies are also needed to resolve debates about feasting and eilite provisioning. Dispersed Hopewell tribes foraged for food and harvested native cultigens. Seasonal feasts at earthworks helped integrate the dispersed populations. Mississippian subsistence cycles are reflected in the seasonal abundance of deposited floral and faunal remains. Pits filled in spring/summer have many fish, but few deer bones. Deer remains are abundant, but fish are rare, in pits filled during the fall/winter. Finding few deer remains in some pits at Cahokia may not mean that deer were scarce but may mean that few deer were hunted during the seasons when those trash pits were filled. Stable isotope values in human burials, analyses of floral and faunal remains from pits and middens filled throughout the year, and diachronic studies of deer size and herd stability indicate that Cahokia elite consumed a variety of foods including substantial amounts of fish and venison. Patterns in deer element distributions in "elite" and "non-elite" contexts suggest that venison may have been part of the tribute that was presented to high-status Cahokians.

Yesner, D. R. (1988). "Effects of prehistoric human exploitation on Aleutian sea mammal populations." Arctic Anthropology 25(1): 28-43.

Yesner, D. R. (1989). "Moose hunters of the boreal forest?: a re-examination of subsistence patterns in the western Subarctic." Arctic 42(2): 97-108.

Yesner, D. R. (1989). "Osteological remains from Larsen Bay, Kodiak Island, Alaska." Arctic Anthropology 26(2): 96-106.

Yesner, D. R. (1992). "Evolution of subsistence in the Kachemak tradition: evaluating the North Pacific maritime stability model." Arctic Anthropology 29(2): 167-181.

Yesner, D. R. (1998). "Origins and development of maritime adaptations in the Northwest Pacific region on North America: a zooarchaeological perspective." Arctic Anthropology 35(1): 204-222.

Yesner, D. R. and R. Bonnichsen (1979). "Caribou metapodial shaft splinter technology." Journal of Archaeological Science 6(4): 303-308.

Yohe, R. M. I. and M. G. Pavesic (2000). Early Archaic Domestic Dogs from Western Idaho, USA. Dogs Through Time: An Archaeological Perspective:1st ICAZ Symposium on the History of the Domestic Dog. S. J. Crockford. Oxford, Archaeopress: 93-104.

Young, R. (2003). Agriculture and pastoralism in the Late Bronze and Iron Age, North West Frontier Province, Pakistan: an integrated study of the archaeological plant and animal remains from rural and urban sites, using modern ethnographic information to develop a model of economic organisation and contact. Oxford, England, Archaeopress: Available from Hadrian Books.

Zeder, M. A. (1985). Urbanism and Animal Exploitation in Southwest Highland Iran 3400-1500 B. C. (Volumes I and Ii) (Zooarchaeology).

The problem addressed is the nature of urbanism, and the management and distribution of animal resources in early Near Eastern urban contexts. Urbanism is defined as a regional economic system characterized by specialization both between and within sets of productive and distributive activities, and which is coordinated by a state-level regulatory structure. Following this definition, animal resource production is predicted to be relatively unaffected by urban development as long as traditional

management strategies provide sufficient resources to meet demand. However, the distribution of animal resources is likely to be greatly affected. Urban dwellers practicing specialized craft production and administrative activities are not expected to produce their own food or procure it directly from producers, but are expected to receive meat through specialized, indirect channels.

Faunal remains from the highland Iranian urban center of Tal-e Malyan (3400 - 1500 B.C.) support these predictions. Assemblages from areas with evidence of specialized craft and administrative activities show the tightest focus on a limited range of types and ages of animals utilized, and evidence the receipt of cuts from specialized butchers--patterns indicative of indirect distribution. These patterns are less strong in areas of the site which evidence conduct of more generalized craft and domestic

activities. Through periods of urban emergence and florescence at Malyan, indirect provisioning becomes increasingly pervasive; at least two separate provisioning systems can be traced. These systems continue, even intensify, in the final period of urban decay. Animal management is relatively unaffected by these changes in provisioning until this final period when supply is threatened. Management is more affected by changes in the balance of economic and political power between sedentary and pastoral

populations in the region.

This study demonstrates the utility of the proposed operational definition of urbanism in characterizing economic relations in an early example of urban society in Greater Mesopotamia. In so doing it promotes a better understanding of the key variables which lie at the core of the urban phenomenon. The study also takes zooarchaeological analysis beyond traditional confines of dietary and environmental reconstruction, and demonstrates the utility of faunal data in approaching fundamental questions about

the operation of complex economies.

Zeder, M. A. (1991). Feeding cities: specialized animal economy in the ancient Near East. Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press.

Zeidler, J. A., P. W. Stahl, et al. (1998). Shamanistic Elements in a Terminal Valdivia Burial, Northern Manabi, Ecuador: Implications for Mortuary Symbolism and Ranking. Recent Advances in the Archaeology of the Northern Andes. A. Oyuela-Caycedo and J. S. Raymond. Los Angeles, University of California: 109-120.

Zeimens, G. M. (1987). "Rock Ranch fauna: a preliminary analysis." Wyoming Archaeologist 30: 93-101.

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