TABLE 4

THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND MENTAL LEVELS OF EXISTENCE

HOLON

EXAMPLES

Global village

modern international organization

Advanced nation

modern nation, global corporation

Early nation

ancient Greece, national corporation

Band, tribe, group

primitive tribe, modern club

Extended family

primate extended family

Organism

insect, mammal, human being

Organ System

brain, digestive system, respiratory system

Complex organ

cortex,thalamus, midbrain

Simple organ

pancreas, lung, heart,thalamic nucleus

Complex cell unit

pancreatic lobule, bronchial segment, cortical module

Simple cell unit

pancreatic acinus, lung alveolus, cortical column

Cell

bacterium, amoeba, mammalian neuron

Organelle

mitochondrion, nucleus

Macromolecular Structure

ribosome, chromosome, enzyme complex

Tertiary macromolecule

enzyme, DNA

Secondary macromolecule

peptide hormone, RNA

Small Molecule

amino acid, nucleotide

Atom

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Fundamental or autonomous holons are in bold, and mark the end of one level of existence and the beginning of the next. Some examples are taken from Stryer (1988) and Clemente (1985). Some assignments are only approximate, because the stages as I define them (see text) do not always correspond to traditional physical, chemical, anatomical or social classifications.