TABLE 4
THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND MENTAL LEVELS OF EXISTENCE
HOLON |
EXAMPLES |
Global village |
modern international organization |
Advanced nation |
modern nation, global corporation |
Early nation |
ancient Greece, national corporation |
Band, tribe, group |
primitive tribe, modern club |
Extended family |
primate extended family |
Organism |
insect, mammal, human being |
Organ System |
brain, digestive system, respiratory system |
Complex organ |
cortex,thalamus, midbrain |
Simple organ |
pancreas, lung, heart,thalamic nucleus |
Complex cell unit |
pancreatic lobule, bronchial segment, cortical module |
Simple cell unit |
pancreatic acinus, lung alveolus, cortical column |
Cell |
bacterium, amoeba, mammalian neuron |
Organelle |
mitochondrion, nucleus |
Macromolecular Structure |
ribosome, chromosome, enzyme complex |
Tertiary macromolecule |
enzyme, DNA |
Secondary macromolecule |
peptide hormone, RNA |
Small Molecule |
amino acid, nucleotide |
Atom |
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
Fundamental or autonomous holons are in bold, and mark the end of one level of existence and the beginning of the next. Some examples are taken from Stryer (1988) and Clemente (1985). Some assignments are only approximate, because the stages as I define them (see text) do not always correspond to traditional physical, chemical, anatomical or social classifications.