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Chronology
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1879 (March 14) Born in Ulm,
Germany, to Hermann Einstein (1847-1902) and Pauline Koch
(1858-1920).
1880 Einsteins move to
Munich.
1881 Sister Maja (Maria) born (d.
1951).
1888 Enters Luitpold school in
Munich.
1894 Family moves to Italy, Albert
stays at Luitpold.
1895 Rejoins family in
Pavia, then goes to cantonal school in Aarau,
Switzerland.
1896 Renounces German
citizenship.
Gets diploma from Aarau, enrolls at ETH (Federal
Institute of Technology) in Zurich.
1900 Gets
diploma from ETH.
1901 Becomes Swiss
citizen.
1902 Employed at patent office,
Bern.
1903 Marries Mileva Maric (1875-1948).
They have two sons, Hans Albert (1904-1973), who became a
successful hydraulic engineer, and Eduard (1910-1965), who fell
prey to incurable schizophrenia. A daughter, Lieserl (1902-?) was
born before the marriage and apparently put up for adoption--her
fate is unknown.
1905 Publishes in the
Annalen der Physik:
-Über einen die Erzeugung und
Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristishen
Gesichtspunkt, on the quantum of light and the photo-electric
effect.
-Die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme
geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten
Teilchen, on Brownian motion of particles and atomic
theory.
-Elektrodynamic bewegter Körper, the special
theory of relativity.
-Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von
seinem Energieeinhalt abhängig?, equivalence of mass and
energy.
1907 -Planckshe Theorie der
Strahlung und die Theorie der spezifische Wärme, quantum
theory for solids (specific heats).
-Relativitätsprinzip und
die aus demselben gezogenen Folgerungen, the principle of
general relativity--gravitation is equivalent to
acceleration.
1909 Becomes associate professor
at University of Zurich.
Further work on quantum
theory.
1911 Becomes full professor at
Karl-Ferdinand University in Prague.
Predicts bending of
starlight at eclipses (but gets the magnitude
wrong).
1912 Becomes professor at the ETH in
Zurich.
1914 Becomes professor at University
of Berlin.
Separates from Mileva and sons.
Outbreak of First
World War.
1915 Cosigns "Manifesto to
Europeans" separating himself from German
militarism.
-Feldgleichungen der Gravitation, the
general relativity equations.
1916 -Die
Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie, book laying out
the general theory of relativity.
Becomes president of the
German Physical Society.
-Quantentheorie der Strahlung,
derives momentum carried by light quanta; a 1917 paper with the
same title explains stimulated emission.
1917
Becomes director of Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute (which supports
research in Germany).
-Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur
allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie, cosmology equations with the
"cosmological term" and expanding
universe.
1918 End of First World War;
revolution in Germany.
1919 Divorced from
Mileva. Marries his cousin Elsa Einstein Löwenthal (1876-1936).
Her adult daughters by a previous marriage, Ilse (1897-1934) and
Margot (1899-1986), had already legally taken the name
Einstein.
Bending of light near sun observed at
eclipse.
1920 Public attacks on relativity
theory and Einstein by anti-Semites.
1921
First visit to United States.
1922 Works on
unified field theory.
Visits Far East.
Awarded Nobel Prize
in physics "for his services to theoretical physics and in
particular for his discovery of the law of the photo-electric
effect."
1924 Inauguration of Einstein
Institute with "Einstein Tower" in Potsdam.
-Quantentheorie
des einigatomigen idealen Gases, the "Bose-Einstein" quantum
theory of statistical fluctuations.
1927
Begins dialogue on quantum theory interpretation with Niels Bohr
at the fifth Solvay
Congress.
1929-Einheitliche
Feldtheorie, widely publicized attempt to unify gravitational
and electromagnetic field theories.
1930
Extended visit to United States, chiefly at the California
Institute of Technology.
1932 Appointed
professor at Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, intending to
divide time between there and Berlin.
1933
Nazis come to power in Germany; Einstein settles in United
States.
1935 -Can quantum-mechanical
description of physical reality be considered complete? (with
B. Podolsky and N. Rosen), continuing the debate over
interpretation.
1936 Death of
Elsa.
1939 Outbreak of Second World War;
Einstein signs letter to President Roosevelt warning of
possibility of atomic bombs.
1940 Becomes
citizen of United States (retaining Swiss
citizenship).
1945 Atomic bombing of Hiroshima
and Nagasaki; end of Second World War.
1946
Serves as chairman of Emergency Committee of Atomic
Scientists.
1948 -Generalized theory of
gravitation, an example of continuing attempts to find a more
universal mathematical approach to field
theory.
1952 Offered presidency of Israel, and
declines.
1955 (April 18) Dies in
Princeton.
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