by Patrick C. Ryan
(9/22/98)
The verbal root paradigm of the Proto-Language word
KX[H]E, "deer, (fast) run(ner)", although it occurs with all extension in
no single language, is presented to illustrate these formants. All possible IE forms will
be
shown; if unattested, with *, or followed by the reference in Pokorny (1954).
To illustrate the universality of these formants in languages derived from the
Proto-Language,
where Sumerian equivalents can be identified, they will be included.
Comb. refers to
combinations of two or more signs in Jaritz (1967).
Some IE forms are attested only when prefixed by S[H]O, (IE s-mobile), "clan-member, *he", representing a
further modification, which we interpret as causative.
"deer, run
(fast)"
Sumerian ke-6, "hurry" (Jaritz #410)
| IE Form | Sumerian Form | "Verbal" Formant |
| KX[H]EN[H]A, "to
start running"; 5. kel-,
"drive, force into fast
motion" (Pokorny I,
548); (s)k[y](h)el-,
"jump" (Pokorny I, 929)
KX[H]ENA, "to cause to start running, begin goading"; IE 3. ken-, "come forth new (perhaps really: sprout), jump from, begin, also of young animals and children" (Pokorny I, 563-564) |
kil, "run, race" (Jaritz
#834 reads kil, and
means "run, race")
kin, "work, send" (Jaritz #900); |
INGRESSIVE: n[h]a
(intransitive: "start to .
. .")
INGRESSIVE: na (transitive: "start to . . .") |
| KX[H]ES[H]E, "to
make a dash (for),
chase"; *(s)k(h)e:s-; cf.
West Germanic *haisti-
KX[H]ESE, "to cause to make a dash, hasten"; IE *(s)k(h)e:s- |
ka-4, "run, race" (Jaritz
#398)
ki/e/-2, "chase, drive" (Jaritz #281) |
SINGULATIVE: s[h]e
(intransitive: ". . .
once")
SINGULATIVE: se (transitive: ". . . once") |
| KX[H]EF[H]A, "to be
going fast"; IE
sk[y](h)e:u-, "throw,
shoot, push, shoot
toward" (intransitive)
(Pokorny I, 954);
KX[H]EFA, "to cause to go fast, throw"; IE sk[y](h)eu-, "throw, shoot, push, shoot toward" (intransitive) (Pokorny I, 954) |
but see below
ku, "throw"(Jaritz #893) |
IMPERFECTIVE:
f[h]a (intransitive: ". . . ing")
IMPERFECTIVE: fa (transitive: ". . . ing") |
| KX[H]ER[H]E, "to
become fast-moving,
hurry "; IE 7. ker-,
"jump, turn" (Pokorny I,
574); 2. (s)ker-, "jump,
jump around", also and
really "move (one's
self) by turning, swing"
(Pokorny I, 933-935);
also in 2. k[y](h)er-s-,
"run" (Pokorny I, 583-584) KX[H]ERE, "to cause to become fast-moving, to scare"; IE 2. (s)ker-, "jump, jump around", also and really "move by turning, swing" (Pokorny I, 933-935); possibly in k[y]er6-, "mix, stir into" (Pokorny I, 582) |
kar(a), "run fast, flee"
(Jaritz #680 + Jaritz
#949 [also reads e-4 =
*kare?])
kar(a)-2, "drive away" (Jaritz #655); |
TRANSFORMATIVE:
r[h]e
(intransitive: "become .
. .")
FACTITIVE: re (transitive: "make . . .") |
| KX[H]ET[H]O, "to be
repeatedly fast, skittish,
scatter"; IE sk(h)e:t-,
"jump, hop, break
forth" (Pokorny II, 950)
KX[H]ET[?]O, "to cause to be repeatedly fast, skittish, scatter"; IE *(s)k(h)ed-; cf. Middle English scateren |
?
? |
ITERATIVE: t[h]o
(intransitive: ". . .
repeatedly")
ITERATIVE: t[?]o (transitive: ". . . repeatedly") |
| KX[H]EX[H]A, "to be
flighty"; IE
*(s)k(h)ekw-; possibly
k[y](h)ekw-, "defecate"
(Pokorny I, 544)
KX[H]EXA, "to cause to be flighty"; IE *(s)k(h)egw-; |
?
? |
INTENSIVE: x[h]a
(intransitive: ". . . energetically")
INTENSIVE: xa (transitive: " . . . energetically") |
| KX[H]EHHA, "to run
(completely) away"; IE
*k(h)e:- as a part of
k(h)e:i- (see below)
(Pokorny I, 538-539)
KX[H]E¿A, "to cause to run (completely) away, goading; hie"; IE k(h)e:i-, "set in motion, be in motion" (Pokorny I, 538-539) |
ka-7, "run" (Jaritz #398)
Sumerian ke-6, "hurry" (Jaritz #410) |
PERFECTIVE: hha
(intr. ". . . completely")
PERFECTIVE: ¿a (tr.: ". . . completely") |
| "KX[H]E-KX[H]E, "to
always move fast"; IE
(s)kek-, "jump, lively
movement" (Pokorny I,
922)
KX[H]E-KX[H]E, "to cause to be always fast"; IE *(s)kek6-; cf. Middle English gigg, "something that whirls"; and Modern English jig |
?
? |
HABITUAL
(intransitive "always . . .
"
(transitive "always . . . " |
| KX[H]EP[H]A, "to
make a fast but small
movement, be startled,
hop, skip"; IE
*(s)k(h)ep-; cf. Middle
English skippen, "skip"
KX[H]EP[?]A, "to cause to make a fast but small movement, startle, cause to hop, skip"; IE *(s)k(h)eb/bh/w- |
Comb. #699 (Jaritz #141
+ Jaritz #130, "raise")
kab-ze, "run fast, make
straight for"
Comb. #700 (Jaritz #141 + Jaritz #281, "chase, drive" [also reads ki/e-2, see below]) kab-sar, "run fast, make straight for"; Comb. #704 (Jaritz #141 + Jaritz #715, "mass"), kab-hi, "run fast" |
DIMINUTIVE: p[h]a
(intransitive: ". . . a
little")
DIMINUTIVE: p]?]a (transitive: ". . . a little") |
| KX[H]E-R[H]O, " to
often run", possibly 5.
kel-, "drive, force into
fast motion" (Pokorny I,
548); (s)k[y](h)el-,
"jump" (Pokorny I,
929), if not from
KX[H]E-N[H]A
KX[H]E-RO, "to cause to often run, to scare"; possibly IE 2. (s)ker-, "jump, jump around", also and really "move by turning, swing" (Pokorny I, 933-935); possibly in k[y]er6-, "mix, stir into" (Pokorny I, 582) |
possibly kil, "run, race"
(Jaritz #834 reads kil,
and means "run, race")
if not from KX[H]E-N[H]A
see above |
FREQUENTATIVE:
r[h]o (intrans.: ". . . often")
FREQUENTATIVE: ro (transitive: ". . . often") |
Two other formants were in use at a very early date:
| IE Form | Sumerian Form | "Verbal" Formant |
| KX[H]EHA, "be fast";
IE *k(h)e:- as a part of
k(h)e:i- (see above)
(Pokorny I, 538-539)
KX[H]E?A, "be speeded up"; IE *k(h)e:- as a part of k(h)e:i- (see above) (Pokorny I, 538-539) |
ka-7, *"be fast" (Jaritz
#398 reads ka-7, and
means "run")
possibly ka-7, *"be fast" (Jaritz #398 reads ka-7, and means "run") if not KX[H]EHA or KX[H]E |
STATIVE
(intransitive)
STATIVE (transitive) |
It is rather unlikely that so many words in IE that begin with k(h)- and words in
Sumerian that
begin with k-; and mean "move fast", could be coincidental.
Jaritz, Kurt. 1967. Schriftarchäologie der altmesopotamischen Kultur.
Graz: Akademische
Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt
Lehmann, Winfred P. 1974. Proto-Indo-European Syntax. Pokorny, Julius. 1959. Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch.
Volume I. Bern and
Munich: Francke Verlag
the latest revision of this document can be found at HTTP://WWW.GEOCITIES.COM/Athens/Forum/2803/ProtoLanguage-IEkh
ei.htm Patrick C. Ryan * 9115 West 34th Street - Little Rock, AR
72204-4441 * (501)227-9947 PROTO-LANGUAGE@email.msn.com
