1 장 : 가 정 법
1. 가정법 현재 (현재나 미래에 대한 불확실한 상상이나 가정을 할 때)
공식 : If (직설법 현재동사 / 동사원형), 조동사 현재형 + 동사원형
예문 : If he is(be) honest, I will employ him.
* if절에 직설법 현재동사를 주로 사용.
(1) If economic conditions __________ improve, there will be widespread unrest.
(A) don't (B) won't (C) wouldn't (D) shouldn't
(2) If traffic problems are not solved soon, driving in cities becomes impossible.
2. 가정법 과거 (현재 사실의 반대를 가정하거나 희망할 때) (시점: 현재)
공식 : If 가정법 과거동사 would, could + 동사원형
could + 원형 , should, might
예문 : If I had time, I would go abroad.
If I could go, I would meet him.
a. 가정법 과거의 be동사는 were
If I were in your place, I would do otherwise.
b. If 가 생략되면 주어, 동사가 도치된다.
If I were as rich as you, I could buy a car.
= Were I as rich as you, I could buy a car.
If I had met him before, I would have recognized him.
= Had I met him before, I would have recognized him.
* if 대용 접속사 : provided, providing, suppose, supposing, etc.
Suppose the plane is late, what shall I do ?
Provided the job is completed on time, I will pay the bonus.
.
(3) If you _________ closer to the restaurant, you could often drop in there.
(A) lived (B) had lived (C) live (D) would live
(4) If he _________ in your position, he would never do so.
(A) be (B) is (C) was (D) were
(5) Supposing you ________ walk, what would you do ?
(A) couldn't (B) can't (C) don't (D) may not
(6) . It is fortunate that we are not all molded after one pattern; otherwise life will be very 1monotonous.
3. 가정법 과거완료 (과거사실의 반대를 가정하거나 희망할 때) (시점: 과거)
공식 : If (과거완료), 조동사 과거형 + have + p.p
예문 : If he had had enough time, he would have left.
he could have left.
he might have left.
he should have left.
a. 조건절의 생략 : You should have left. [떠났어야 했다.]
. '조동사 현재형 + have + p.p' 는 과거의 추측.가능성을 나타냄.
i. may + have + p.p ...였는지 모른다. He may have died by now.
ii. can have p.p ..였을 수 있다 (가능)
iii. Will have p.p ..였을 것이다 (추측)
b. *. 주절의 생략 : If only I had listened to your advice then.
(1) If she _______ his advice, she would have succeeded.
(A) took (B) take (C) would take (D) had taken
(2) The meeting was a success; I could have done better __________ more time.
(A) I had (B) had I (C) had I had (D) I had had
(3) He missed the train. He __________ started an hour earlier.
(A) should have (B) shall have (C) should be (D) would have
4. but for / without
a. (사실은 있지만) .... 이 없다면 (가정법 과거)
= If it were not for/If there were no + 명사
But for water, no living thing could exist.
= If it were not for water, no living thing could exist.
b. (사실은 있지만) .. 이 없었더라면 (가정법 과거완료)
= If it had not been for / If there had been no + 명사
But for your advice, I would have failed.
= If it had not been for your advice, I would have failed.
(1) Without for the rain, we should have had a pleasant journey.
(2) Have it not been for your help, I would not have won popularity.
5. 가정법 미래 (실현 가능성이 없는 현재나 미래를 가정한다).
공식 : If절 - should (가능성이 다소 없다) / were to (전혀 없다)
주절 - would /should (일상 영어에서는 조동사 현재형도 가능)
예문 : If she should smile at you, I would give you the book.
If she were to smile at you, I would give you the book.
Cf. If she smiles at you, I will give you the book. (가정법 현재)
(話者의 주관에 따라 가능성 판단없이 단순한 가정을 할때)
(1) If you ________ to see Mr. Smith, what would you tell him ?
(A) are (B) are going (C) would be (D) were
(2) ___________ I pass the 2bar examination, my brother would be glad.
(A) should (B) shall (C) would (D) were
6. 가정법 혼합시제 [ (그때) .... 했더라면, (지금은) ... 할텐데 ]
공식 : If (과거완료), 조동사 과거형 + 동사원형
예문 : If you had listened to me, you wouldn't be in danger.
(조건절, 시점은 과거이며 주절의 시점은 현재다)
(1) If George _________ hard in his youth, he would be rich now.
(A) has worked (B) had worked (C) works (D) would work
(2) If he had studied the matter carefully then, he won't find any trouble now.
7. It is time (that) / otherwise
i. It is time (that) + 주어 + should / 가정법 과거동사 [ ... 할 때다.]
It is high time we should go / went home. 귀가해야 할 시간이다.
ii. otherwise 그렇지 않으면 (않았더라면) (=or else)
I am busy, otherwise I would go to the concert.
= If I were not busy, I would go to the concert.
(1) It is about time you ________ to bed.
(A) go (B) went (C) would go (D) have gone
(2) Finish your work by noon today, __________ you won't be paid.
(A) otherwise (B) elsewhere (C) unless (D) nevertheless
8. wish구문 (종속절의 시제) : 사실과 반대되거나 실현되기 어려운 것을 희망한다.
a. 종속절의 시점이 주절과 동일하면 가정법 과거동사
I wish(ed) I were a bird. (주절과 종속절은 동일한 현재 [과거] 시점)
b. 종속절의 시점이 주절보다 앞서면 가정법 과거완료
I wished I had been a bird. (종속절의 시점이 주절보다 앞섬)
c. 단순한 희망을 말할 때는 would 사용
I wish you would be quiet. (조용히 해주면 좋으련만)
(1) Sandra says that she wishes she _______ in Tokyo now.
(A) should be (B) be (C) were (D) is
(2) I wish I __________ all the cans at the last picnic.
(A) haven't used up (B) hadn't used up
(C) didn't use up (D) not use up
(3) I sometimes wish that Deer Creek was not such a little town.
9. as if / as though (종속절의 시제) : 사실의 반대나 의심, '마치 ..처럼'으로 번역
a. 종속절의 시점이 주절과 동일하면 가정법 과거동사
He speaks / spoke as if he knew everything.
b. 종속절의 시점이 주절보다 앞서면 가정법 과거완료
He speaks / spoke as if he had known everything.
(1) He spoke as if he __________ an Englishman.
(A) was (B) were ( C) is (D) had been
(2) Violetta has a curious expression on her face as though she was smiling about something that amused her.
(3) Joan told me about the incident as if she saw it with her own eyes.
▼ 연 습 문 제
1. We suggest that Mr. Kim ________ our sincere advice.
(A) follows (B) would follow (C) must follow (D) follow
2. If it ________ so late, we could have coffee.
(A) wasn't (B) isn't (C) weren't (D) not be
3. Without oxygen all animals __________ long ago.
(A) would have disappeared (B) would disappear
(C) would have been disappeared (D) would be disappeared
4. She spoke to me as if she ________ me all her life before.
(A) knew (B) had known (C) knows (D) should know
5. If you had listened to me then, you ____ in danger now.
(A) wouldn't be (B) won't be
(C) wouldn't have been (D) be
6. We would have arrived sooner but we _______ a flat tire.
(A) had (B) would have (C) has not (D) has
7. He might have to leave the post if he __________ .
(A) should fail (B) would fail (C) fails (D) fail
8. It's required that every participant discusses about the issue objectively.
9. Have we heard about the tragedy, we'd never have come without first calling.
10. I enjoyed the baseball match last night. But I wish I hadn't a cold.
11. If all the Antarctic ice is to melt, the level of the seas would rise to draw most of the seaports of our planet.
▼ 독 해 연 습
1. "An Englishman's house is his castle," says the proverb. So a well-bred Englishman would consider it a bold intrusion on his privacy if a stranger were to call upon him without an invitation or a letter of introduction.
2. Einstein could have become a very rich man in a short time if he had been willing to make money by giving lectures and writing for newspapers. But he believed that wealth only appealed to selfishness and always tempted its owners to abuse it.
3. It is proposed by some that the new method be adopted at once, but others say that they may be severely criticized if it should prove a failure.
4. One day as he was going upstairs he met a little girl coming down. He would have taken her for a boy, if it had not been for the long curls of black hair about her neck.
5. Were I a boy again, I would school myself into a habit of attention. I remember that an expert on the ice never tries to skate in two directions.
6. Suppose there was no such force as gravitation, would an apple fall to the ground? Suppose that gravitation did not draw objects toward the earth, what would happen?
7. While the free nations stand prepared to resist aggression, they are doing their utmost to find peaceful means for settling international disputes. They know that another great war could destroy victor and vanquished alike.
8. While it is important to get the opinion of others, yet to base your decision entirely upon their opinion would be to deprive yourself of the opportunity of developing your own character.
9. Consideration for others, not only in great matters, but also in little everyday things, is an essential element in civilization, without which social life would be intolerable.
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geocities.com/athens/acropolis) (
geocities.com/athens)