7장: 代名詞 (Pronoun)
1. 이중 소유격 (Double Possessive)
명사에 a(n), some, any, no, this(these), that(those), which, what등이 붙을 때는 'of+소유대명사'를 그 명사 뒤에 둔다.
☞It is no business of yours.
☞This is a novel of Shakespeare's.
(1) Aren't they friends __________ ?
(A) of yours (B) of you (C) to yours (D) to you
(2) I don't know what business of ________ it is.
(A) your (B) yours (C) you (D) him
2. 명사를 대신하는 it & one
a. it(they): 특정명사 (즉, 정관사 동반명사)를 대신한다.
A: Do you have my passport ?
B: Yes, I have it. (it = the passport)
b. one (ones) : 불특정 명사를 대신한다.
A: Do you need a car ?
B: Yes. But I don't have money to buy one. (one = a car)
(1) For years the city has wanted a subway but lacked funds to build _________.
(A) one (B) it (C) that (D) this
(2) Learning a foreign language will be especially difficult for those who have never learned that before.
3. one / the other
두 개 중 한 개가 one이면 나머지 하나는 the other
I have two dogs. One is white; the other is black.
*. 셋 이상의 경우에도 '나머지 하나'의 의미이면 the other
One of the three is blue, another yellow and the other green.
(1) I have two friends; one of the two is Brown, and _______ is John.
(A) other (B) the other (C) another (D) none
(2) Though Art Tatum was totally blind in one eye and had only slight vision in another, he became an internationally renowned jazz musician.
4. other, the others
a. others '(막연히) 다른 것들
We should be kind to others.
b. the others '(특정한) 나머지들 (= the rest)'
I have five dogs. One is white; the others are black.
(1) Don't care what _______ may think of you. Go ahead.
(A) the rest (B) the other (C) others (D) the others
(2) There are ten boys; some are in the room and _______ in the yard.
(A) another (B) others (C) the others (D) the other
5. 여러 개를 하나씩 열거할 때
a. 둘 있을 때 : one, the other
b. 셋 있을 때 : one, another, the other[third]
c. 다수 일 때 : one, another, a third..., the others [rest]
One is in Japan, another in Italy, a third in Chile, the rest in Korea.
♠ Some..., others.... '일부는..., 일부는...,
☞Some of them study hard. Others don't care.
♠ 특정한 나머지를 분명히 할 때는 the others를 사용.
☞I have five sons. Some are in Korea and the others in France.
(1) Some soldiers were killed; another made all efforts to survive.
(2) Part of the sunlight that strikes the Earth is reflected into the sky, and a rest is absorbed by the ground.
6. 동일 명사의 중복을 피한다 (one / that)
a. 수식어가 앞에 있을 때 : 중복되는 명사를 one(ones)로
☞We keep three cats: a black one(=cat) and two white ones(=cats).
b. 수식어가 뒤에 있을 때 : 중복되는 명사를 that(those) / the one(ones)로 :
Our libraries is like the libries of Japan.
☞Our libraries is like those (the ones) of Japan.
* 물질.추상명사는 one으로 받을 수가 없다. (that은 가능)
Our food is like the one (x) / that (o) of Japan.
* 소유격 다음에는 one을 못쓴다. >>> 소유대명사로
This book is as interesting as your book.
☞This book is as interesting as your one (x) / yours. (o)
cf. My hat is smaller than your new one. (o) (형용사를 동반하면 可)
* 수사 다음에 one을 쓸 수 없다.
I have three cars and he has two ones (x) / two. (o)
cf. Of the speakers, the first ones were boring. (서수+복수ones)
(1) I like red wine better than __________.
(A) that one (B) white one (C) white (D) the white
(2) Home-made articles are never inferior to ________ from abroad.
(A) that one (B) articles (C) those (D) these
(3) This kind of bread is much better than _________.
(A) that ones (B) that one (C) that (D) those one
7. Such 주요 용법
a. such A as B / A such as B 'B같은 A'
such birds as the hawk and the eagle
= birds such as the hawk and the eagle
b. 명사를 대신하는 such : 명사가 중복될 때 as가 있으면 such로
The teacher, as such, is entitled to respect. (such=the teacher)
'교사는 교사로서 존경 받을 권리가 있다'
(1) Pastimes, ( ) as reading and chess are enjoyed by more and more people.
(A) similar (B) like (C) same (D) such
(2) Mr. Brown regrets not having studied history ________.
(A) such (B) like those (C) as such (D) and like
8. 재귀대명사 (Reflexive Pronoun)
a. 재귀용법 (필수적) - 동사나 전치사의 목적어가 주어와 동일할 때.
She killed her. (x) >>> She killed herself. (o) (주어=목적어)
o. 그러나 She = Jane, her = Mary이라면 다음의 문장은 문법적이다.
She killed her. (o) (주어≠목적어)
i. 주어가 동사의 목적어로 再歸한 경우 - 관용어구들
I applied myself to my new task. '...에 전념하다' / He accustomed himself to his surroundings. '....에 익숙해지다' / I availed myself of the case. '.....을 이용하다'
ii. 주어가 전치사의 목적어로 再歸한 경우 - 관용어구들
One cannot live for oneself. '다른 자의 도움없이, 스스로'
I went there by myself. '홀로 (=alone) / The door opened of itself.
'저절로' / He is beside himself with rage. '제정신이 아닌'
b. 강조 용법 (선택적) - 주어.목적어.보어와 동격이 되어 뜻을 강조.
Thomas himself did it. (주어강조) (= Thomas did it himself.)
She was simplicity itself. (보어강조) (=She was very simple.)
(1) The baby can feed ________ without the help of his mother.
(A) for himself (B) him (C) by himself (D) himself
(2) Mr. Smith bought a new model car for his wife and __________.
(A) him (B) he (C) himself (D) them
(3) Jane was _________ herself at the news of her father's death.
(A) by (B) for (C) beside (D) into
9. 전자 / 후자 : that / this
♠that은 전자 (=the former), this는 후자(=the latter)를 가리킨다.
☞Health is above wealth; this (=wealth) cannot give us so much happiness as that (=health).
(1) Industry and ability are both important, but sometimes that does more than the latter.
(2) If Nancy sees a woman lying in the mud by the roadside, she will suppose that she is drunk.
10. none 주요용법
a. none = no + 명사
Are there any pencils on the desk ?
No, there is none. (= no pencil = not any pencil)
b. 단.복수 취급문제
i. 불가산 명사를 가리키면 당연히 단수 취급
I want more wine but there is none (=no wine) left.
ii. 보통명사를 가리키면 단.복수 모두 취급 가능
There are [is] none [no book(s)] left.
(no 다음에는 보통명사 단.복수형 모두 올 수 있다. none = no book이면 동사는 is, none = no books이면 are로 한다)
(1) A saying goes that any occupation is better than _________.
(A) no (B) not (C) not a (D) none
(2) I asked her for some money to buy a car with, but she had not.
(3) New cars are designed to run on low-octane fuel with little or none lead.
11. another 주요용법
a. another + 단수 보통명사
부정관사가 붙은 an + other의 줄임 말이므로 단수 보통명사가 동반된다.
This towel is wet. Give me another (towel)
i. 시간.거리.무게.가격명사는 복수형이라도 another와 쓰인다.
Another five days has been wasted.
ii. 부정관사가 있으므로 물질.추상명사를 동반하지는 못한다.
I want another wine. (x) >>> I want some other wine.
b. another의 의미
i. one more '하나 더' : Will you have another cup of tea ?
ii. a different '또 다른' : There is another meaning in it.
iii. also one '동류' : If he is a fool, you are another.
iv. a second '제2의' : He is another Shakespeare.
c. .... one thing, ...another ' ...와 ....는 별개다'
To say is one thing; to do is another. *강조 (another >> quite another)
(1) This typewriter isn't good; I want ________ one.
(A) some other (B) another (C) other (D) any other
(2) I don't like this ink. Show me ________ ink.
(A) the other (B) another (C) some other (D) some others
(3) Like most another art forms, the Greek tragedy had its origins in religious observances.
12. 부정대명사 기타용법
a. every + 수사 '..마다'
every five days (lines) '5일 (5행) 마다'
every fifth day (line) '5번째 날(5번째 행) 마다 = 5일(5행) 마다'
i. 단수 취급한다 : Every four houses has a dog.
ii. '2일 (2행)'의 표현 : every other day(line) / every second day(line)
b. {anything, nothing, none, all, everyone} but - 여기서 but = except
None but her knew the fact.
(1) The international Olympic Games, regarded as the world's most prestigious athletic competition, take place once every the four years.
(2) Everybody but you and he has taken part in the conference.
13. every / each 주요 용법
a. 남.여 구별이 없을 때 소유격은 his 혹은 his or her
Everyone brought his [his or her] lunch to the picnic.
cf. Every student did her best.
b. every [each] + 명사 + and + (every[each]) + 명사 ⇒ 단수취급
☞Each supervisor and 4subordinate was to prepare his reports.
c. every의 의미를 강조할 때는 each and every
Each and every student has his own room.
d. 2개 뿐인 것을 언급할 때는 every를 안씀
on every side of the street. (x)
☞on each(either) side of the street. (o)
(1) I hope that every one of you will enjoy __________ school life.
(A) your (B) his (C) our (D) every
(2) The river was lined with spectators on __________ side.
(A) both (B) every (C) each (D) any
(3) Every boy and every girl in the class were waiting impatiently for the appearance of the new teacher.
14. most / almost 주요 용법
a. most + 일반명사 / most of the [소유격, these] + 일반명사
Most women think so. 대부분의 여자는 그렇게 생각한다.
Most of the women think so. 그녀들 대부분은 그렇게 생각한다.
* '대부분'이란 의미로 쓰인 most앞에 정관사를 붙이지 않는다.
The most women / The most of the women think so. (x)
b. almost + 부정대명사 (all, everyone, nothing, etc.)
Almost all of the people died of cancer.
(주의) Most of the people died of cancer. (x)
(1) __________ substances contract when they freeze, but water expands.
(A) Mostly for (B) Most of (C) Almost (D) Most
(2) __________ of the people in this city voted for their supporters.
(A) Almost most (B) Almost all
(C) Most of all (D) All most
(3) James understands the most of the theories, but he wants to restudy them.
15. 대명사와 일치
a. 格의 일치 : 대조나 병렬되는 대상물의 格이 일치해야 한다.
John loves her more than I (love her). (주어 비교)
John loves her more than (he loves) me. (목적어 비교)
b. 대상물의 일치
The food of Korea is better than that in any other region.
(음식 비교 : that = the food)
The team is good, but not as good as Brown's.
(팀의 비교 : Brown's = Brown's team)
(1) He discovered that the feelings of young children are not so different from their parents.
(2) In spite of his aged appearance, his movements were as spirited as a boy.
(3) As George ate faster than me, he was able to leave the cafeteria sooner.
16. it (가목적어 / 진목적어)
a. 가주어 - 진주어를 대신하여 선택적 적용
It is funny, the way he walks. (명사구) / It is not easy to master English.(부정사) / It is no use trying. (동명사) / It is strange that he says so. (명사절)
b. 가목적어 - 5형식 문장에서 부정사, 동명사, 명사절이 목적어가 될 때 필수적적용.
I make it a rule to get up at six. (부정사)
I think it true that he is sick. (명사절)
* 명사절이 아닌 긴 명사구가 올 때는 목적보어와 순서만 도치된다.
X-rays can make details in our body (목적어) visible (보어)
☞ X-rays can make it visible details in our body. (x)
☞ X-rays can make visible details in our body. (o)
(1) You won't find _________ easy to get a taxi.
(A) one (B) it (C) such (D) that
(2) How long will it take you ________ ?
(A) finishing the work (B) in order to finish the work
(C) so as to finish the work (D) to finish the work
17. some / any 주요용법
a. some: 긍정 평서문에서 '약간의, 다소의'
I want some books [money].
cf. He has been reading some books. (some = certain '어떤')
b. any: '어떤 (...도 아니다)' (부정문) / '얼마간의; 어떤' (의문문)
I cannot endure any interference.
Do you have any questions ?
i. 부정문에서 any를 주어로 쓰지는 않는다.
Anyone didn't want to stay. (x) >> No one wanted to stay.
ii. not .. any + 명사 = no + 명사 '어떤 .. 도 아니다'
I don't have any milk. = I have no milk.
(1) _________ kinds of dinosaurs were dying out through the Age of Reptiles.
(A) Some (B) Any more (C) Any (D) That
(2) Is there _________ interesting in today's paper ?
(A) something (B) anything (C) somebody (D) anyone
◈ 연 습 문 제
1. I found _______ difficult to persuade Mary to be examined by a doctor.
(A) that (B) it (C) out (D) so
2. At the end of the party, Mary found _______ the dishes alone again.
(A) her did (B) her done (C) she doing (D) herself doing
3. Today's libraries differ greatly from ___________.
(A) the past (B) those of the past
(C) that are past (D) those past
4. Some fleas have one or two eyes, but others have _______.
(A) none (B) never (C) not some (D) no
5. Is there ________ who can break this jar?
(A) someone (B)anyone (C) people (D) few people
6. When Jonathan went to Spain with his sister, he bought a leather coat for her and another for him.
7. Having studied your report carefully, I am convinced that neither of your solutions are correct.
8. Martha tried to find a good book on astronomy, but the bookstore she went to did not have none.
9. As we have finished the first lesson, now we will read the second one.
10. The American standard of living is much higher than most of the other countries of the world.
◈ 독 해 연 습
1. If money comes in slowly at first, do not be discouraged; it's a long lane, which has no turning; and if it happens that money at first comes easily, do not spend it all, but lay up some for a rainy day, remembering that good lanes have their turnings as well as bad ones; and that as time goes on you will probably have more and more demands on your purse. Many a man in business has been ruined by being too fortunate at first.
2. It was part of the greatness of Abraham Lincoln that he recognized the deeper basis of human personality and referred to it constantly. His opponents ridiculed him because of his frequent references to the words of the Declaration of Independence, to the effect that all men are created equal. They pointed out, knowingly, that men are not equal in brains or in strength or in natural gifts.
3. Science is the attempt to discover, by means of observation, and reasoning based upon it, first, particular facts about the world, and laws connecting facts with one another and in fortunate cases making it possible to foretell future occurrences.
4. Houses should be built so as to admit plenty of light as well as of fresh air. The former is not less necessary than the latter to a healthy condition of body. Just as plants, when deprived of light, become white in their stalks and leaves, so man becomes pale and unhealthy when he lives underground.
(
geocities.com/athens/acropolis) (
geocities.com/athens)