5 장 : 관 계 사
(관계 대명사 . 관계 부사)
1. 관계 대명사절은 주어.목적어.보어 중 하나가 빠져있거나 불완전하다.
I know the city which he likes. (likes의 목적어가 없다.)
◈ likes의 실제 목적어는 which이며 (대명사 역할) 위치만 이동했다.
◈ I know the city ( ) he likes it (=which).
2. 관계 부사절은 완전한 절을 구성하고 있다.
I know the city where he died. ('he died'는 완전한 절)
◈ 여기서 where는 일종의 장소부사 역할을 하고 있다.
◈ I know the city ( ) he died there (=where).
(1) This is the new house of _______ we are proud.
a. where b. which c. that d. what
(2) New York is the city ________ I would like to visit best.
a. where b. what c. who d. that
(관계 대명사)
1. 일반적 용례
선행사가 사람이면 who/ whose/ whom, 동물 혹은 사물이면 which/ whose (of which)/ which이며, that은 사람.사물.동물 모두에 적용된다.
2. 기능과 역할
접속사 기능과 대명사 역할 (즉 주어.목적어.보어가 됨)을 겸한다.
I have a son. He works here. (a son = he)
☞ I have a son who works here. (두 문장을 연결하고 주어 역할)
※ 관계사절의 주어가 없으면 주격관계사. 목적어가 없으면 목적격
a foreigner who speaks (주어) / the lady whom I saw (목적어)
the dog whose tail is long ('whose + 명사'가 주어 역할)
(1) The girl _________ I thought was honest turned out a thief.
a. who b. whose c. whom d. which
(2) He is one of those men who, I am sure, we saw on the street.
(소유격 : whose / of which )
※ 두 문장을 관계 대명사로 연결 시킨다 : '표지가 빨간 책을 갖고 있다'
I have a book. It's cover is red.
☞ I have a book whose cover is red.
I have a book. The cover of it is red.
☞ I have a book the cover of which is red.
☞ I have a book of which the cover is red.
(1) The mountain _______ top is covered with snow is Mt. Hanla.
a. which b. of which c. whose d. what
(2) Is that his daughter _________ talent he is very proud ?
a. of whose b. of which c. whose d. which
(관계 대명사와 전치사)
1. 전치사의 이동은 대체로 자유롭다
the cat which I spoke of = the cat of which I spoke
2. 전치사를 관계대명사 앞에 두는 경우
i. 양태. 시각. 척도의 전치사
the time at which ... (시각) / the manner in which .... (양태)
ii. 간접목적어를 받는 to/ for/ of '..에게'
the woman to whom I sent this letter
3. 전치사를 관계대명사 앞에 두지 않는 경우
be fond of, look after, put up with처럼 긴밀한 결합성을 지닌 동사군
the heat which I cannot put up with '내가 참을 수 없는 더위'
(1) Another thing by which Lincoln was famous was his love of jokes.
(2) It's wrong to pretend to agree with that of which one doesn't agree.
(관계 형용사 which )
※ which가 명사를 수식할 때 정관사 the로 대체하여 번역한다.
①We went to Pusan, at which place we parted.
= ... Pusan and at the place we parted.
②I told him to quit smoking, which advice he took.
= ....smoking and he took the advice.
(1) We spent two days in the cave, during ________ time we ate nothing.
a. whose b. which c. of whose d. that
(관계대명사 that만을 쓰는 경우)
1. 선행사가 최상급, the first[last, only, same], all, no, any 일 때
All that glitters is not gold.
2. 선행사가 의문대명사 who일 때
Who that is honest will do it ?
3. 선행사가 <사람+사물>일 때
the car and driver that fell into the lake
4. 선행사가 관계대명사절의 be동사 보어일 때
John is not the man that he was.
※사람 그 자체가 아닌 그 사람의 성격. 종류. 직위. 직업을 말할 때는 which.
☞ He seemed a soldier, which he was. '그는 군인 같았는데 사실 그랬다.'
(1) That's about all _______ can be done by us.
a. as b. that c. who d. what
(2) Any meat what has been preserved by drying is called "jerky".
(관계대명사 that을 쓰지 않는 경우)
1. 앞에 comma가 있을 때 (=계속적 용법일 때)
The lady, that (x) / who (o) is poor, is honest.
2. 앞에 전치사가 있을 때
This is the house of that (x) / of which (o) I spoke.
☞ This is the house that I spoke of. (전치사가 뒤로 나가면 O.K)
(1) I picked up the man, _______ I thought was honest.
a. whom b. who c. that d. which
(2) The period during that people learned to smelt iron is called the Iron Age.
(관계대명사 which 특수용법)
1. 앞 절 전체가 선행사일 때
It was raining, which kept us indoors. (=It was raining)
2. 앞 절 일부가 선행사일 때
He is rich, which I unfortunately I am not. (=rich)
(1) He said he had lost the book, ________ was untrue.
a. that b. which c. what d. who
(2) Maria didn't see me off, that meant that she was vexed with me.
(관계대명사 what - I)
: 선행사가 포함되어 있다 : that [those] which, the man that
* I am sorry for what (=that which) I have done.
* He is not what (=the man that) he used to be.
※ 번역이 '...하는 것'으로 똑같은 접속사 that과 구별해야 한다.
* The fact is that I need money. (접속사절 : 빈자리가 없다)
* This is what I need. (관계사절 : 빈자리 ( need의 목적어) 가 있다. )
(1) The students were obedient and did that the teacher had told them to do.
(관계대명사 what - II : 관용적 용법)
* A is to B what C is to D 'A, B의 관계는 C. D의 관계와 같다.'
Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.
* What is + 비교급 '더욱 ..한 것은' / + 최상급 '가장 ..한 것은'
He 's weak and what is worse crippled.
(1) __________ lungs are to the human, leaves are to the plant.
a. which b. what c. that d. whichever
(2) What with drink or fright, he did not know much about the facts.
(관계형용사 what)
※ what이 명사를 수식하면 'all the ~'의 의미가 된다.
☞I wasted what money (=all the money that) I had.
1. what little [few] + 명사 '얼마 안되는 모든 ..'
I wasted what little money [what few pens] I had.
(little + 물질. 추상명사 (즉 단수명사), few + 복수 보통명사)
2. 명사 + what(so)ever '어떤 ..라도 (아니다)' ((의문.부정문에서))
There is no doubt whatsoever.
(1) I am glad to give you _______ little money I have.
a. what b. any c. which d. all
(2) He was in danger. And I gave him which help I could offer.
(복합관계사 - I)
1. 명사적 용법 - 명사절 (주어.목적어.보어절)을 이끈다. '어떤 ..라도'
Give it to whoever wants it. (=anyone who)
Give it to whomever you like. (=anyone whom)
2. 형용사적 용법 - 명사를 수식한다. '어떤 ..라도'
You may read whichever book you like. (=any book that)
(1) I have no idea about novels; _________ you select is all right with me.
a. that b. one which c. whichever d. why
(2) She will give the card to ________ wants it.
a. whomever b. whoever c. whichever d. whosever
(복합관계사 - II)
3. 부사적 용법 - 양보의 부사절을 이끈다. '....하더라도'
Whoever comes, he will be welcome. (=No matter who)
Wherever you are, remember me. (=No matter where)
(1) We pledge our efforts to help him for _________ period is required.
a. whatever b. any c. much d. which
(2) No matter ________ dry a desert may be, it is not necessarily worthless.
a. who b. how c. which d. how much
(관계대명사의 생략)
1. 목적격 관계대명사일 때
The man (whom) you saw is my uncle. (동사의 목적어)
This is the garden (which) he sunbathes in. (전치사 목적어)
※ 목적격이더라도 앞에 comma와 전치사가 있으면 생략못함.
the boy, whom I scolded ((comma)) / the cat of which I spoke ((전치사))
2. 주절 혹은 관계대명사절이 there is / here is일 때의 주격관계대명사
There was a man (who) once said so.
3. 관계대명사가 be동사 보어일 때
He is not the man (that) he used to be.
(1) Who is the lady ________ were talking to ?
a. who b. you c. that d. who you
(유사관계대명사)
※ 접속사의 의미도 지니면서 대명사 역할 (주어.목적어.보어)을 한다.
1. as의 용법
i. 상관어구와 쓰이는 경우: as[so] ~ as / such ~ as / the same ~ as
He is as great as ever lived. (주어) / Read such books as you need. (목적어)
She isn't the same as she was before. (보어)
* It is the same watch that I lost. 바로 그 시계
* It is the same watch as I lost. 같은 종류 시계
ii. 단독으로 쓰이는 경우 : 앞 절 전체를 선행사로 한다.
She was late, as is often the case. (=She was late)
2. but의 용법 : that ~ not의 뜻이며, 선행사절이 부정일 때 쓰임.
* There is no one but knows it. (= ... who does not know it.)
3. than의 용법 : 선행사가 비교급이고 대명사 역할을 한다.
* He has more money than is needed. (관계대명사 ~주어역할)
* I like you better than he (does). (접속사)
(1) There is no mother ________ loves her children.
a. who b. which c. but d. as
(2) John asked for more money ________ was necessary.
a. than b. which c. that d. but
(3) We drove out of the town by the same road like we had entered by.
(관계 부사 - 기본용법)
1. 역할 : 접속사와 부사의 역할을 겸한다.
This is the house. There she lives.
☞ This is the house where she lives.
2. 종류 : 선행사가 시간이면 when, 장소 where, 이유 why, 방법 how
He graduated in 1976, when jobs were scarce.
I see no reason why we should leave.
3. that으로 대체 가능 (앞에 comma가 없는 제한적 용법에 한함)
Ask him the place where [that] he was born.
(1) She told me the reason _________ she would resign her post.
a. as b. for c. why d. because
(2) The day will come __________ my words will come true.
a. where b. when c. why d. how
(관계 부사 - 기타용법)
1. 생략
i. 관계부사 where외에는 생략 가능
Ask him the time (when) the phone rang.
ii. 선행사 the time / the place / the way / the reason생략가능
Ask him (the time) when the phone rang.
2. 관계부사 = 전치사 + 관계 대명사
This is the place where (=in which) he was born.
I know the day when (=on which) she called for Japan.
This is the reason why (=for which) I was so angry.
Ask your father (the way) how (=in which) he used to live.
(1) This is the way _________ they broke out of prison.
a. in that b. where c. by which d. in which
(2) We went to the seashore _________ we found many fish.
a. on which b. on that c. on where d. in that
(3) The hammer has been used as a tool since the New Stone Age, when was invented.
◈ 독 해 연 습
1. The mental world of the ordinary man consists of beliefs which he has accepted without questioning and to which he is firmly attached; he is instinctively hostile to anything which would upset the established order of this familiar world.
( Be attached to ... (love) hostile (opposed in feeling) established : 기존의
2. He was a determined man, and he knew what he wanted in life. Whatever did not please him, he wished neither to think about nor hear. Early in life, he made up his mind what he wanted to do.
3. Of recent years, the ordinary man who reads for pleasure has been gradually excluded from that great debate in which every intelligent reader of the classics takes part.
4. In truth it matters little what the doctors of science or the doctors of philosophy think, believe, or say among themselves.
(
geocities.com/athens/acropolis) (
geocities.com/athens)