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THE PENTATEUCH

GENESIS ---EXODUS--- LEVITICUS 1.1-7.38 --- 8.1-11.47 --- 12.1-16.34--- 17.1-27.34--- NUMBERS 1-10--- 11-19--- 20-36--- DEUTERONOMY 1.1-4.44 --- 4.45-11.32 --- 12.1-29.1--- 29.2-34.12 --- THE BOOK OF JOSHUA --- THE BOOK OF JUDGES --- PSALMS 1-17--- ECCLESIASTES --- ISAIAH 1-5 --- 6-12 --- 13-23 --- 24-27 --- 28-35 --- 36-39 --- 40-48 --- 49-55--- 56-66--- EZEKIEL --- DANIEL 1-7 ---DANIEL 8-12 ---

NAHUM--- HABAKKUK---ZEPHANIAH ---ZECHARIAH --- THE GOSPEL OF MATTHEW ---THE GOSPEL OF MARK--- THE GOSPEL OF LUKE --- THE GOSPEL OF JOHN --- THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES --- 1 CORINTHIANS 1-7 --- 8-16 --- 2 CORINTHIANS 1-7 --- 8-13 -- -GALATIANS --- EPHESIANS --- COLOSSIANS --- 1 THESSALONIANS --- 2 THESSALONIANS --- 1 TIMOTHY --- 2 TIMOTHY --- TITUS --- HEBREWS 1-6 --- 7-10 --- 11-13 --- JAMES --- JOHN'S LETTERS --- REVELATION

--- THE GOSPELS

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John 5

The Healing of the Disabled Man at the Pool (5.1-16)

When John recounts an incident in the life of Jesus we must always ask, what is it intended to illustrate? Here the aim is to demonstrate that God is working through Jesus (verse 17). ‘The lame walk’ (Matthew 11.5; Luke 7.22). The Judge is here (5.14 with 5.27-29). The One Who makes whole is here (verses 9, 11, 14, 15 with 25-26).

5.1 ‘After these things there was a feast of the Jews, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.

Some time later Jesus went up to Jerusalem for ‘a feast of the Jews’ The manuscript evidence strongly favours no definite article, We do not know which feast it was. What the author could not remember he did not invent. It is clear from this that Jesus had a practise of attending the regular feasts, as the Old Testament had commanded, although with the dispersion of the Jews the practise had become less widespread due to problems of travel. Jesus is still concentrating His attention on Jerusalem and Judea.

‘After these things’. A vague time note which could cover any length of time.

5.2 ‘Now there is in Jerusalem, near the Sheep Gate, a pool which in Hebrew is called Bethesda’ (or Bethzatha or Bethsaida or, less likely, Belzetha - the manuscripts differ widely) ‘which has five covered collonades’.

The pool was clearly renowned for its healing properties which occurred at various times at ‘the moving of the water’ (v.7), and the five collonades had presumably been built round it to aid those who came seeking healing. Its site is uncertain but it was ‘near that which pertains to sheep’, therefore possibly ‘the Sheep Gate’ which was near the Temple. It probably means ‘place of outpouring’.

At this point explanatory glosses have been introduced into the text, but not with great support in the early manuscripts - ‘waiting for the moving of the water’ has support in some important regionalised texts, and verse 4 is found in a few, mainly unimportant texts. The former is probably a note to draw attention to the phenomenon mentioned in v.7 and the latter an explanation added to bring in a supernatural element. It is probably safe to assume that they were not part of the original text. They were probably notes added later which accidentally became incorporated in the text.

5.3 ‘In these lay a great crowd of those who were sick, blind, lame and withered.’

Many people with all kinds of disablement would lie round the pool because the belief was that when there was a stirring in the water, (presumably from an intermittent spring), it had healing powers.

5.5-6 ‘And a certain man was there who had been an invalid for thirty eight years. When Jesus saw him lying there, and knew that had now been like that a long time, he says to him, “Do you want to be made whole?”.’ We are not told how Jesus knew and this is possibly intended to signify divine discernment. Jesus could, of course, have healed him without recourse to him, but always His purpose in healing is to reach the heart.

5.7. The sick man answered him, “Sir, I have no man, when the water is troubled, to put me into the pool, but while I am coming another steps down before me”.’

Someone may have brought him there each day, or he may have been there permanently, but no one was concerned enough to stay with him. Presumably they had little confidence in the powers of the pool. ‘When the water is troubled’. If there is no explanation in verses 2 and 3 this stands on its own as unexplained, but it may be that John assumed that any reader would read into his words the significance of them and did not want to publicise a superstition. The ‘moving of the water’ was probably seen as a divine phenomenon.

5.8-9 ‘And Jesus says to him, “Stand up, take up your bed and walk.” And the man was made whole immediately, and took up his bed and walked. Now it was the Sabbath on that day.’

Then Jesus said, ‘Rise, take up your mattress and go home’, and at once the man was made whole. The healing was immediate. And he took up his mattress and walked. The phrase ‘made whole’ is stressed in the passage (verses 11, 14, 15). The One Who makes whole is here.

But the problem was that it was the Sabbath, and according to Pharisaic teaching, to carry furniture on the Sabbath was forbidden, possibly on the basis of Jeremiah 17.19-27 with Exodus 20.10. To lift the man on the mattress was allowable for that would be giving assistance to a disabled man, but just to lift the mattress was against the Pharisaic regulations. In general their principle was in accordance with the Law’s requirements, but they lacked the compassion to differentiate special cases.

We probably have here a deliberate attempt by Jesus to make the Pharisees face up to the inadequacy of their teaching. He did not need to tell the man to carry his mattress, and it was a direct challenge to their beliefs, and a declaration of His own authority to override them. Would they really attack a situation where the power of God was so clearly revealed?

5.10 ‘So the Judaisers said to him who was cured, “It is the Sabbath and it is not lawful for you to take up your mattress.”

He (the man who had been healed) was spotted by some of ‘the Judaisers’ (the representatives of the authorities) who stopped him and said to him, ‘Today is the Sabbath. It is not lawful for you to carry your mattress’. This was reasonable. They did not at first know the circumstances of the case.

5.11-13 ‘And he answered, “The man who made me whole, it was he who told me, ‘take up your mattress and walk’.” They asked him, “Who is the man who said to you, ‘take up your mattress and walk?’ ” But he who was healed did not know who it was, for Jesus had slipped away, a large crowd being in the place.’

The incident brings out how intransigent the Pharisees were in their teaching. They were told two things. ‘The man made me whole’ and ‘he told me to pick up my mattress’. But instead of considering the first and praising God for the miracle of the man’s healing, and recognising that carrying his ‘stretcher’ went with the miracle, (hardly a normal case of carrying furniture - God is at work) they pedantically go on the attack. It is as though miracles like this were commonplace, whereas it should have quickened their interest in Jesus in the right way. Note John’s stress on ‘the man who healed me’, ‘he who was healed’, it is this that alters the case. It should have given pause for consideration of the Healer, but their narrowmindedness prevented them from thinking more widely.

‘Jesus had slipped away’. He did not want the crowds to react wrongly. They were not as pedantic as the Pharisees.

The lame man is a character study in himself, totally lacking in initiative (contrast the blind man in chapter 9). He resignedly does nothing about his predicament at the pool and blames those who get in before him. Nor when Jesus make an offer of healing does it seem to stir him at all. He does not bother to ask the man who healed him who He was. Then when he finds out he goes and tells the Pharisees not thinking of the consequences. There can be no doubt that this man is a genuine characterisation.

5.14 ‘Afterward Jesus finds him in the Temple and said to him, “Look, you are made whole, sin no more, lest a worse thing befall you.’

Later Jesus sought the man out in the Temple area. He did not just want the incident to stop with healing. He was concerned for the whole man. ‘Do not sin any more in case worse things happen to you’. This might suggest that the illness was associated directly with the way he had lived, but the exhortation is in the present. ‘Do not go on sinning’. He has not only sinned in the past but continues to the present day. As always with Jesus, the man must face up to his sinfulness. The Judge of the world is here and the light is shone on the man’s heart and conscience.

The story has similarities to that of the Paralytic man in Mark 2.1-12 in that his disability is connected with his having sinned, and that he picks up his mattress and walks at Jesus’ command. But there are no other similarities. It may be in both cases that their physical problems were the result of a psychological reaction to some particular question of guilt, which Jesus released, but in this case no mention is made of sin being forgiven. However, it is clear that Jesus wished to get over the message that he needed to turn from sin, for He specifically seeks him out to tell him so. Like him many people have found through life that certain types of sin lead on to sickness and disease. But the main purpose of the story is to lead on to what follows.

5.15 ‘The man went away and told the Judaisers that it was Jesus who had made him whole.’ This confirms that he recognised that he was ‘in trouble’ with the authorities and wanted to clear himself. He could otherwise find himself excluded from the synagogue (the local Jewish place of worship). But note the statement. The man told them that it was Jesus who had made him whole. He wants Jesus to get the credit and perhaps thinks that now the Pharisees will recognise their error. But the Pharisees think only of the carrying of the mattress. They ignore the greater sign.

5.16 ‘And this was why the Jews persecuted Jesus, because he did these things on the Sabbath’.

Initially the persecution must have taken on the form of some verbal attack, as it leads to a reply from Jesus, but the way it is put suggests this is seen as the commencement of a continual process of persecution. Jesus is looked on as a confirmed Sabbath-breaker. Note that ‘these things’ confirms that Jesus is recognised as having flouted the Pharisaic regulations a number of times.

The Pharisees were, of course, to be found in many places and they were not so organised that they would act as one body in every particular case. It is the Pharisees in this locality who are spoken of here. When Jesus moves to a new locality He will be reassessed (Mark 2.6, 16, 24; 3.2), but in the end, with exceptions, the result is always the same, until finally He becomes watched by the central authority, ‘the Scribes from Jerusalem’ (Mark 3.22).

The Son Works with the Father and Has Received All Power from Him (5.17-23)

5.17-18 ‘But Jesus answered them, “My Father works even until now, and I work”. Jesus’ reply to the charge of breaking the Sabbath is a powerful one. ‘My Father is still at work, and I also am working’. No one will attack God for working on the Sabbath in maintaining the universe, and performing miracles, why then should they attack the One Who uniquely works on God’s behalf, as the miracle proves? It is interesting to note that when Rabban Gamaliel II, R. Joshua, R. Eleazar ben Azariah, and R. Aquiba were in Rome, around AD 95, they gave as a rebuttal to sectarian arguments evidence that God might do as he willed in the world without breaking the Sabbath because the entire world was his private residence. Thus this may well have been a generally held position in Jesus’ day.

The reply links His work with God’s work in a very intimate way. He is saying that He has the same authority over the Sabbath as God has. Because God can work, He can work. His use of the phrase ‘my Father’ is also very intimate. He is putting Himself on God’s side of reality. The implication is that they should see Him as having a unique relationship with the Father, which puts Him above men’s interpretations of the Law, an implication that they recognise.

In this way Jesus tries to bring them back to considering the miracle. Here is a work of God. Will they not consider its implications? It demonstrates that God is on His side and is pleased with what He does. As Nicodemus had said, ‘No man can do these signs that you do except God be with him’ (3.2).

5.18. ‘This was why the Jews sought the more to kill Him (i.e. to plot His death) because He not only broke the Sabbath, but also called God ‘His own Father’ (patera idion) making Himself equal with God’.

Rather than recognise the logic of the situation they look for more reasons for attacking Him. They will not let the light in and so their hearts are darkened. Note that they recognise that He is claiming that God is His Father in a unique sense. That is why He always teaches others to say, ‘OUR Father’ while He speaks of ‘My Father’. The Pharisees at least clearly recognised that claim, but for the wrong reasons. His claim that His working should be compared with God’s in relation to the Sabbath is sufficient for them in itself, but His reference to His Father confirms it.

5.19-20 ‘Jesus answered and said to them, “In very truth I tell you, the Son can do nothing of himself, but what he sees the Father doing. For whatever things he does the Son does in the same way. For the Father loves the Son, and shows him all things that he himself does, and greater works than these will he show him, that you may marvel”.’

Jesus now expands His statement. He Himself now uses the unique term ‘the Son’ (compare 3.17, 35-36).‘I tell you truly, the Son can do nothing of His own accord.’ He is now making His claims totally clear. He and the Father work in such unison that it is impossible for Him to act without it being in line with the Father’s will and actions.

‘Except what he sees the Father do.’ For His actions are always as a result of seeing the Father’s will and activity.

‘For whatever He does, the Son does the same, for the Father loves the Son and shows him all that He Himself is doing’. There is such a relationship of love between Father and Son that what each does is fully known to the other and he always does what His Father what His Father does.

He and the Father are working in tandem. Whatever Jesus does is what the Father has shown Him to do, and indeed is doing along with Him. It is impossible for Him to work against the Father, for they are in total harmony in what they do. This is because the Father loves the Son and shows Him everything that He, the Father, is doing. And that is what the Son is now doing. Thus the healing of the lame man is the work of the Father and of the Son, and He thus has the right to do what He did.

‘And He will show him greater works than these so that you may be filled with amazement’. Let them take note that what they will see in the future will exceed anything they have seen up to now. God has yet greater things to do through Him than the healing of a disabled man and exertion of authority over the Sabbath.

5.21 “For as the Father raises the dead and gives them life, even so also the Son gives life to whoever he wishes.”

The Father can raise the dead and give life, both now and in the age to come, and He, the Son, has the same power and authority. Jesus will reveal this power in the raising of Lazarus (chapter 11), which will amaze everyone who witnesses it, but the statement goes much further than that. He is claiming the power to raise men at the last day. He offers eternal life through the Spirit now, and will Himself be the One Who raises men at the last day (verses 28-29).

5.22 “For neither does the Father judge any man, but he has given all judgment to the Son.” And this is not in any secondary way, for He will also be the One Who passes the judgment which determines the manner of their resurrection, for ‘the Father judges no one but has committed all judgment to the Son’. Indeed judgment is totally in His hands.

5.23 “That all may honour the Son, even as they honour the Father. He who does not honour the Son, does not honour the Father who sent him.”

Why then has the Father given this power and privilege to the Son? ‘That all may honour the Son as they honour the Father’. God’s purpose is that He will have equal honour with the Father.

Men thus need to take care what attitude they take up to Jesus, for ‘He who does not honour the Son, does not honour the Father who sent him’. Their attitude to Him will make clear their attitude to and position before God. As He will say elsewhere, He reveals God’s power in such a way that to reject His work is to be in danger of blaspheming against the Holy Spirit (Mark 3.22-30).

There can be no doubting now the claims of Jesus. His words are very different from those He will use with the crowds. To them He teaches simply yet firmly, allowing the truth about Himself to slowly dawn in their hearts, for He wants no false disciples. But here He is facing the theologians, and puts the matter clearly and in theological terms. They have challenged whether He is equal with God, and instead of backing down He has boldly asserted that equality as the Son of the Father. He does the same works as the Father, He has power to give life in accordance with His own will just as the Father has, and He is appointed judge of all so that all judgment is in His hands.

The Son Has the Power to Offer Everlasting Life Now (5.24-29)

5.24 “In very truth I tell you, he who hears my word and believes him who sent me, has eternal life, and does not come into judgment but has passed from death to life’.

Because He has been given the power to raise men at the last day he is able to offer certainty now. Those who hear His word (which means hear in the sense of responding to it fully), and believe Him Who sent Him, which is shown by their response to Jesus (v.23), will immediately have the life of the coming age, eternal life, the life of the Spirit. They do not have to wait for it, it is their’s now. For them there will be no Judgment Day, they will have already passed from death to life.

The Pharisees earnestly sought eternal life. They believed it could be their’s by strict obedience to the Laws. And yet they were conscious that they always failed. So they strove harder, and still they failed. But Jesus is now offering to free them from the daily grind of hopeless striving. Let them now believe God as He speaks through the activities of His Son. Let them respond to His words. Then they will receive eternal life.

5.25 “In very truth I tell you, the hour is coming, and now is, when the dead shall hear the voice of the Son of God, and those who hear shall live.”

‘And now is’. The hour has come for men to hear the voice of the Son of God and receive life. They are spiritually dead, but they can come alive. It does not await Pentecost. It does not await the resurrection. He is speaking now, and they can respond now. And if they do respond they will receive life and the guarantee of resurrection at the last day. From this point on the title ‘the Son of God’ takes on new meaning (compare on 1.34, 49).

5.26 “For as the Father has life in himself, so has he granted the Son also to have life in himself.” The life that He offers has its source not only in the Father but in Him, for He and the Father are one in having and giving life. He is the source of spiritual life through which men can come to the Father (14.6).

5.27 “And he has gave him the authority to execute judgment because he is the Son of Man.”

Not only does Jesus give life now, but as the Son of Man He has been given the authority to execute judgment. The connection with the Son of Man shows that the idea is taken from Daniel 7.9-14, where God takes His seat at the Judgment, the court sits in judgment and the books are opened. Then one like a son of man comes before God and is given dominion and glory and kingship, that all peoples, nations and languages should serve Him, an everlasting dominion that will not pass away.

Thus it is in His glorified humanity that Jesus is made the Judge. As the introducer of the new eternal age He has the right to decide who will enter.

5.28-29 “Do not marvel at this, for the hour is coming in which all who are in their graves will hear his voice and will come forth, those who have done good to the resurrection of life, and those who have practised evil to the resurrection of judgment.”

Now Jesus moves on to the final resurrection. One day it will be the voice of Jesus that will command the dead to come forth. Some will enjoy the resurrection of life, for they have previously heard His voice and have received life, and their resurrection will simply be entering more fully into that life in a new resurrection body. But note that they are described as ‘those who have done good’. Those who claim to have received the gift of eternal life will reveal the genuineness of what they have received by their lives. ‘By their words they will be justified’ (Matthew 12.37) We cannot have the new life and live the old life. Those who have not responded to Jesus’ words in this life will come forth to the resurrection of judgment. They have refused life. Now they can only receive judgment.

Behind the words are a contrast too, for the dead will hear the voice of the Son of God and respond, but there is no response to that voice in the hearts of the Judaisers.

So Jesus has made clear what He really is. He not only reveals the Father’s workings while on earth, but He also works with the Father and offers life now to all who hear His voice and respond from the heart, and it will be His voice that raises men at the last day, giving resurrection life to those who responded to Him, and passing judgment on those who refused to hear His voice. They will have to obey His voice now or then, but then it will be too late.

As The Son Jesus Works Totally in Accord with the Father’s Will (5.30)

5.30 “I can of myself do nothing. As I hear, I judge, and my judgment is righteous because I do not seek my own will but the will of him who sent me”.

Having asserted the supreme authority and power He has received from the Father, Jesus now assures His hearers that this does not mean that He acts on His own. While all judgment has been committed to Him He does not seek His own will, for He and the Father work in unison, and indeed anything else is not possible. By His nature He cannot act on His own. The unity of the Godhead is too close. There is, as it were, a divine exchange, and as He judges He always hears what the Father says and has in mind the Father’s will. Thus His judgment is just because it is the judgment of God.

Witnesses to the Genuineness of His Authority (5.31-40)

5.31 “If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true.” Jesus acknowledges that self-testimony is worthless, but He does not expect them to rely on that.

5.32 “There is another who bears witness to me, and I know that the witness that he witnesses of me is true.” As He will show later, it is God Who bears witness to Him, indeed has already borne witness to Him through the miracle of the lame man. This is the testimony which really counts but first of all He will point to an earthly witness.

5.33-35 “You have sent to John and he has born witness to the truth. But the witness which I receive is not from man, but I say these things so that you might be saved. He was a kindled and a shining lamp, and you were willing to rejoice for a while in his light.”

John, with his message of the imminence of the work of God, had received some acceptance, even among the Jewish leaders, for a while. They too were looking for God to work, although of course they were confident that whoever came would work with them . And many of them have rejoiced in his light. Well, they should recognise that John has borne testimony to Him and revealed the truth about Him. They had accepted John as a shining lamp, a revealer of truth, although he was only a kindled lamp in comparison with the One Who was the light of the world. Then let them accept his testimony about Jesus. But they must understand that He is only saying this so that they might listen and be saved from their present darkness. He Himself does not need the testimony of men. He has a greater witness than John.

5.36 “But the witness which I have is greater than that of John, for the works which the Father has granted me to accomplish, these very works which I am doing, bear witness to me that the Father has sent me.”

They are witness to the signs and miracles He has done, the effectiveness of His words, the authority that He has revealed. These very things bear witness that God is with Him (‘for no one can do these signs that you do, unless God is with him’ had testified one of their own (2.2)). They prove that He is from the Father. (Note that their witness is not to the sceptic but to the religious mind wanting to know the truth. They are signs not proofs).

5.37a “And the Father who sent me has himself borne witness to me.” God spoke through the voice at His baptism (Mark 1.11), God through His Spirit has testified to men’s hearts that Jesus is from God. ‘He that believes in the Son of God has the testimony in himself’ (1 John 5.10). He also speaks through their very Scriptures. But they have not heard the testimony because their hearts are hardened.

5.37b-40 “You have neither heard his voice at any time, nor seen his form, and you do not have his word abiding in you, for you do not believe him whom he has sent. You search the Scriptures, because you think that in them you have eternal life, and it is they that bear witness to me, yet you refuse to come to me that you might have life.”

They would recognise in these words a reference to Moses. Moses was the one who above all heard God’s voice and saw His form (Exodus 33.11; 33.23; Deuteronomy 34.10). The Jewish leaders gloried in Moses. They laid great stress on the Law of Moses. They looked for the coming of a prophet like Moses. The Pharisees especially believed that by meditation in that Law and in the Prophets they earned eternal life. But how far from being like Moses they were. Let them consider this - Moses heard the voice of God, Moses saw the form of God, so they should listen to Moses, and God bears witness to Him through Moses. If only they would hear Moses and the Prophets, then they would believe Him, for both speak of Him.

But how unlike Moses they are. With all their claims, they have not heard God’s voice. They have not seen God’s form. They are like the people of Israel of old who when they heard the voice of God (Deuteronomy 4.12) asked that they should hear it no longer but that it should be conveyed to them through Moses (Deuteronomy 5.24-27). And then in the end they did not listen to Moses. And now the Judaisers are the same. Unlike Moses they do not have God’s word abiding in them, for if they had, they would have believed in the One Whom God has sent. They pretend to be ready to hear Moses but are not.

And yet they have had a unique opportunity, for the One Who makes God known has come (1.18), the One Who has the glory of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth (1.14), and they have heard His voice and seen His face, but in their blindness thay have failed to recognise it..

They search the Scriptures, believing that meditation in them will bring them eternal life. For example, in the rabbinic tractate Pirqe Aboth ("The Sayings of the Fathers"), we read, "He who has acquired the words of the Law has acquired for himself the life of the world to come." (Pirqe Aboth 2.8) and "Great is the Law for it gives to those who practise it life in this world and in the world to come." (Pirqe Aboth 6.7). These illustrate the kind of things they said and believed.

Yet it is the Scriptures which bear testimony to Him. So with all their confidence in the Scriptures they do not listen to their testimony, and their search is in vain, for they refuse to come to Him for the life they seek. The word ‘refuse’ suggests more than just lack of understanding. The reason they do not come is because they do not want to listen. The voice is speaking within but their hearts are hardened.

So there are a number of witness to Jesus.

• John the Baptiser
• The Works of Jesus
• The inner voice from God
• Moses
• The Scriptures