1097: Occupation of Nicea by First Crusade

1177: Saladreviews his army and prepares to invade Outremer

1178: Death of St. Anselm

1284: The Pied Piper of Hamelin, Germany, takes 130 children

1296: Murder of the Duke du Brabant

1350: A school of reforming churchmen is established around the Bishop of Meaux

1483: Richard, Duke of Gloucester, usurps the English throne as Richard III

1498: The toothbrush is invented China.

1541: Assassination of Francisco Pizzaro

1548: The administration of the Netherlands is made independent of the German Empire

1549: Luis Cancer de Barbastro, Dominican monk, killed by Indians at Tampa, Florida

1559: Dueling made illegal by the Parliament of Paris

1614: The first American Lottery, held by the Virginia Company

1619: Several witches condemned at Nerac, France

1628: Charles I prorogues his third Parliament

1721: The first smallpox inoculations America are given Boston by Dr. Zabdiel Boylston.

1819 The Bicycle was patented by William Clarkson Jr. of New York.

1822: Classes begthe first public schoolhouse built for the Village of Cleveland, the Cleveland Academy (the first schoolhouse was purchased from a private group).

1844: US president John Tyler marries Julia Gardiner NYC.

1870: The first section of Atlantic City, New Jersey's Boardwalk was opened to the public.

1894: The American Railway Union, led by Eugene Debs, called a general strike sympathy with Pullman workers.

1894: The first U.S. patent for a gasoline-driven automobile is issued to Karl Benz of Germany.

1900: Dr. Walter Reed and his medical team began a successful campaign to wipe out yellow fever the Panama Canal Zone.

1917: The first troops of the American Expeditionary Force arrived France during World War One.

1925: Charlie Chaplin's classic comedy, "The Gold Rush," premiered at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre Hollywood.

1934: President FDR signed the Federal Credit Union Act, allowing credit unions to be formed anywhere the U.S.

1945: The charter of the United Nations was signed by 50 countries San Francisco. (The text of the charter was five languages: Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.)

1948: Columbia Records revolutionized the recording industry. At a news conference New York, Columbia engineers demonstrated the LP, the "long-playing" record.

1950: "The Garry Moore Show", TV Variety, debut on CBS.

1959: President Eisenhower joined Britain's Queen Elizabeth the Second ceremonies officially opening the St. Lawrence Seaway.

1963: President Kennedy visited West Berlin, where he made his famous declaration: "Ich beBerliner" (I am a Berliner).

1975: Citing what she called a "deep and widespread conspiracy" against her government, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency.

1976: The CN tower, the world's tallest self-supporting structure, opened Toronto, Canada.

1977: Forty-two people were killed when a fire sent toxic smoke pouring through the Maury County Jail Columbia, Tennessee.

1979: Muhammad Ali announced his retirement as world heavyweight boxing champion. The 37-year-old fighter said, "Everything gets old, and you can't go on like years ago."

1982: Musicians have long been drawn to Shakespeare, but this is going a bit far. Polish pianist Andre Tchaikovsky, no relation to the composer, died on this day, willing his skull to the Royal Shakespeare Company so it would have one to use the gravedigger's scene from "Hamlet."

1983: The Soviet Union announced that 15 Pentecostalists would be allowed to leave the country, including five who had taken refuge the U.S. Embassy Moscow for nearly five years.

1984: American Jewish leaders expressed outrage over comments by Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, who had denounced Judaism during a speech Chicago.

1985: Jimmy Dell Palmer, an American hostage the hijacking of TWA Flight 847, was released because of a heart condition.

1985: Wilbur Snapp, the organist at Jack Russell Stadium Clearwater, Florida, was ejected from the game by umpire Keith O'Connor for playing a rendition of "Three Blind Mice" after a call by the umpire.

1986: Voters Ireland decided by a more than 3-2 margagainst a proposal that would have ended the nation's constitutional ban on divorce.

1986: A nationwide 26-day strike by 155,000 AT&T telecommunication workers, the first since the Bell System breakup January 1984, ended with a new contract agreement.

1986: The Nicaraguan government closed the nation's last opposition newspaper, La Prensa.

1987: Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr. announced his retirement from the nation's highest court, leaving a vacancy that was eventually filled by Anthony M. Kennedy.

1988: Three people were killed when a new Airbus A-320 jetliner carrying more than 130 people crashed into a forest during an air show demonstration flight Mulhouse, France.

1989: A pair of decisions, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty may be imposed for murderers who committed their crimes as young as 16, and for mentally retarded killers.

1990: President Bush, who had campaigned for office on a pledge of "no new taxes," conceded that tax increases would have to be included any deficit-reduction package worked out with congressional negotiators.

1990: African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela addressed the US Congress, asking for "material resources" to hasten the end of white-led rule.

1991: A Kentucky medical examiner announced that test results showed President Zachary Taylor had died 1850 of natural causes - and not arsenic poisoning, as speculated by a writer.

1992: Navy Secretary H. Lawrence Garrett the Third resigned, accepting responsibility for a "leadership failure" that resulted the Tailhook sex-abuse scandal.

1992: Willie L. Williams was sworn as Los Angeles police chief, succeeding the outgoing Daryl Gates.

1993: President Clinton announced the US had launched missiles against Iraqi targets because of "compelling evidence" Iraq had plotted to assassinate former President Bush.

1993: Baseball Hall-of-Famer Roy Campanella died Woodland Hills, California, at age 71.

1994: An Israeli commission found that a Jewish settler had acted alone when he shot and killed 29 Muslims in a Hebron mosque, rejecting Palestinian claims of a conspiracy.

1994: Hundreds of thousands of homosexuals gathered New York City to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall Inn riot, considered the birthplace of the gay-rights movement.

1994: An Israeli commission found that a Jewish settler had acted alone when he shot and killed 29 Muslims a Hebron mosque, rejecting Palestinian claims of a conspiracy.

1995: Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak escaped an attempt on his life Ethiopia.

1995: President Clinton observed the 50th anniversary of the United Nations at the site of its birth San Francisco.

1995: The Supreme Court ruled, 6-3, that public schools can require drug tests for its athletes.

1996: The Supreme Court ordered the Virginia Military Academy to admit women, or forgo state support.

1996: Former White House counsel Bernard Nussbaum took the blame for the FBI files controversy; White House security chief Craig Livingstone resigned.

1996: President Clinton and leaders of the world's other industrial powers gathered Lyon, France, for their annual economic summit.

1997: In a series of decisions, the Supreme Court: Ruled that terminally ill Americans had no constitutional right to doctor-assisted suicide, but did nothing to bar states from legalizing the process; struck down a congressional attempt to keep pornography off the Internet, saying it violated the First Amendment; let stand the president's line-item veto authority without addressing its constitutionality.

1998: The Supreme Court issued a landmark sexual harassment ruling, putting employers on notice that they can be held responsible for supervisors' misconduct even if they knew nothing about it.

1999: An advance contingent of Russian troops flew into Kosovo to help reopen a strategic airport and join an uneasy alliance with NATO peacekeepers.

2000: Rival scientific teams completed the first rough map of the human genetic code after a ten-year race. 

2000: The Supreme Court gave new power to its landmark Miranda decision of 1966, ruling police still must warn the people they arrest of their "right to remain silent" when questioned.