Roman History
Index
Introduction
Venus - Anchises - Aeneas - Ascanius(Iulus) founded Alba
Longa(Long White)
Ruler of Alba Longa is Proca, good son Numitor, bad son
Amulius, Amulius becomes king, Numitor's daughter Rhea
Silvia(Ilia which is the name for Troy) comes, Amulius makes
her a vestal virgin but Mars intercedes and Romulus and
Remus are born, Amulius sets them afloat in a basket, a
she-wolf(lupa) finds and raises the boys, they then help
Numitor overthrow Amulius
Rome was founded April 21, 753 B.C.
753 B.C. - 509 B.C. monarchy ruled by kings
509 B.C. - 27 B.C. republic ruled by two consuls
27 B.C. - 476 A.D. empire (west) ruled by emperors
27 B.C. - 1453 A.D. empire (east) ruled by emperors
Rome asylum, they invite Sabines to Consualia "Rape of the
Sabine Women", Sabine Titus Tattius captures Capitoline,
Tarpeian Rock, women make peace, T. becomes co-ruler
Seven hills of Rome: Aventine, Palentine, Esquiline,
Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Caelian
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Monarchy
753 B.C. - 509 B.C.
Romulus: deified, co-ruler Sabine Titus Tattius, "Rape of
the Sabine Women", Tarpeian Rock, received spolia opima
by defeating Acron, dedicate spoils to temple of
Jupiter Feretrius, disappeared in goats marsh (Capra
Palus), wife Hersilia deified Hora, deified name
Quirinus, Julius Proculus saw him being deified
Numa Pompilius: Sabine king, very religious, pious,
established many laws and customs, made first 10 month
calender, no battles occurred, wife Tatia, taught by
water nymph Egeria
Tullus Hostilius: very hostile king, killed by lightning,
battle with Alba Longa where triplet brothers Horatii
(Roman) and Curiatii (Alba Longa) fought, Horatii won,
sole survivor Horatius killed sister Horatia because
she grieved over a Curiatii, he was made to go under
yoke(three spears in the shape of a doorway), Mettius
Fufetius drawn and quartered
Ancus Martius: Sabine king, Numa's grandson, built Pons
Sublicius the first wooden bridge and founded Ostia
Rome's seaport, added Aventine Hill for plebeians to
settle on
Tarquinius Priscus: real name Lucumo, father Demaratus from
Greece, wife Tanaquil, on trip to Rome eagle took cap
flew around with it and put it back on his head, built
circus, instituted roman games and triumphs, built
Cloaca Maxima, assassinated by the sons of Ancus
Martius, had two sons named Arruns
Servius Tullius: real name Macstarna, slave mother Ocrisia,
flame above his head when he was a child, took the
first census(193 centuries), adds Quirinal, Viminal,
and Esquiline, had two daughters named Tullia, bads
married goods and then kill goods to marry each other,
bad daughter Tullia ran over his body with a chariot,
street named Via Scelerata or the wicked way
Tarquinius Superbus: proud and arrogant, his son Sextus
conquered the city of Gabii, bought 3 Sibylline books
after 6 were burned, oracle at Delphi said kiss your
mother, Brutus the stupid one understood, Sextus raped
Lucretia the wife of Collatinus, Lucretia stabbed
herself out of respect for family, Brutus and
Collatinus led rebellion and became the first two
consuls of the republic
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Republic
509 B.C. - 27 B.C.
Lucius Junius Brutus and Collatinus were the first consuls.
Tarquinius Superbus got Lars Porsena of Clusium to help him
regain Rome.
Porsenna tried to cross the pons sublicius but Horatius
Cocles, Titus Herminicus, and Spurius Lartius stopped him.
Later Gaius Mucius attempts to assinate Porsenna but instead
kills the treasurer, then thrusts his right hand into a fire
to prove his bravery, now called Gaius Mucius
Scaevola(lefty).
Finally Cloelia a maiden that was a hostage of Porsena's
swam the Tiber to escape.
496 Battle of Lake Regillus against the Latins, appearance
of Castor and Pollux the Gemini brothers
494 Withdrawal of plebians to Sacer Mons to protest unfair
treatment by the patricians. Menenius Agrippa told the
belly and the limbs story. Office of tribune created.
491 Coriolanus leads Volscians against Rome. Mother
Veturia and wife Volumnia stopped him.
458 Cincinnatus become first dictator when he rescues
Minucius from Aequians and Volscians, dictator 16 days
451-450 Twelve Tables of the Law compiled by the decemviri
who abused their power and lost it when Appius Claudius
tried to take Virginia
449 Tribunes increased from two to ten
445 Lex Canulia - law that allows intermarriage between
patricians and plebeians
431 Battle of Mt. Algidus and the final defeat of the
Volsci and Aequi
(431-404) Peloponnesian War - Sparta defeats Athens
428 or 426 Fiddnae - Cossus receives the spolia opima by
defeating Lars Tolumnius of Veii
405-396 Siege of Veii by Camillus
390 Battle of River Allia where Brennus and the Gauls defeat the
Romans, massacre of the Romans seize Sardinia
234 Birth of Marcus Porcius Cato "Carthago delenda est"
229 First Illyrian War - Teuta killed Roman envoy
226 Treaty of Ebro River signed
222 Clastinium - Marcellus receives spolia opima by
defeating Virodomarus
219 Second Illyrian War - Greek pirate Demetrius of Pharos,
pirates swept out, he fled to Philip of Macedon
219-202 Second Punic War - Greek city Massilia and Spanish
town Saguntum called on Rome for help
219 Saguntum - Carthagians illegally crossed the Ebro
River
218 Ticinis River - calvary skirmish
Trebia River - consuls Scipio & Sempronius killed
217 Lake Trasimene - first major battle, Romans led by
Flaminius were defeated, Q. Fabius Maximus
Cunctator (the delayer) made dictator
216 Connae - ghastly defeat for the Romans, consuls
Varro and Paulus, Varro killed
(212) Sack of Syracuse by Marcellus; Archimedes killed.
(208) Baecula - death of Marcellus
207 Metarus River - Hannibal's older brother Hasdrubal
killed and head catapulted into Carthagian camp,
Roman generals Silantor and C. Nero
202 Zama - Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal
217-205 First Macedonian War - against Phillip V of Macedon
200-197 Second Macedonian War
197 Cynoscephalae - "dog's head", Flamininus defeats
Phillip V of Macedon (whose ally was Antiochus III
the Seleucid King)
196 Flamininus proclaims Greeks free at games in Corinth
191 Thermopylae - Antiochus defeated
190 Magnesia - naval battle, Scipio brothers defeat
Antiochus
183 Hannibal commits suicide
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180 Lex Villia Annalis - law set minimum ages for offices
172-168 Third Macedonian War
168 Pydna - Paulus defeats Perseus (Phillip V's son)
153 Consuls enter office on Kalends of January
150-148 Fourth Macedonian War - Roman Q. Caecilius Metellus
defeats Andriscus (Perseus' son)
149 Cato the Elder died
149-146 Third Punic War
146 Carthage - Carthage destroyed by Scipio
Aemilianus and Numidian king Macimcisa, Corinth
sacked by Lucius Mummius
135-132 First Servile War - slave war in Sicily
133 Numantia in Spain destroyed by Scipio Aemilianus
(adopted grandson of Scipio in 146)
Tribune Tiberius Gracchus (veto power) killed by mob
led by Scipio Nasica
121 Gaius Gracchus killed by Lucius Opimius
SCU Senatus Consultum Ultimum - used first time when
Opimius used it against Gaius
Mother of the Gracchi Cornelia called her children her
"jewels"
118-104 Jugurthine War - Marius defeated King Jugurtha
107,104-100,86 Marius consul unprecedented seven times
106 Birth of Marcus Tullius Cicero on December 7 at Arpinum
105 Arausio - Cimbri and Teutones wipe out
Caepio and Mallius consuls
104 Second Servile War - Second Sicilian Slave War
102/100 Birth of Gaius Julius Caesar, July 12
102 Aquae Sextiae - Marius defeats Teutones
101 Vercellae - Marius defeats the Cimbri
90-88 Social War - Italic War, Marsic War, caused by the
death of Livius Drusus, Samnites against Romans
90 Lex Julia - offered citizenship to allies that had not
started fighting
89 Lex Plautia Papiria - offered citizenship to allies who
would stop fighting
84 Cinna killed, Carbo remains sole consul
82 Colline Gate - Sulla "felix" defeats the followers of
Marius and takes Rome
82-79 Sulla dictator
78 Q. Lutatius Catulus consul, death of Sulla
76 Caesar captured by pirates on way to Rhodes to study
oratory under Apollonius Molo
73-71 Spartacus' slave revolt (headquarters Mt. Vesuvius)
put down by Pompey and Crassus
70 and 55 Pompey and Crassus consuls together
67 Lex Gabinia - Pompey put in charge against the pirates
of the Mediterranean
66 Lex Manilia - Pompey 3rd person placed v. Mithridates
65 Horace born
63 Catilinarian conspiracy - Cicero made famous speeches
to put down conspiracy
Octavian (Augustus) born in Velitrae
62 Bona Dea conspiracy - women only festival Clodius broke
in with help of Pompeii to be with Caesar's wife,
Caesar's wife must be above reproach
Defeat and death of Cataline at Pistoria in January
60 First Triumvirate - Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, at Luca
59 Consulship of Caesar and Bibulus "consulship of Julius
and Caesar
58-51 Caesar in Gaul
58 Clodius Pulcher exiled Cicero
56 First triumvirate renewed at Luca
55 Pompey dedicates first stone theatre in Rome
53 Carrhae - Crassus killed by Parthians
52 Gergovia - Vercingetorix defeats Caesar
Alesia - Caesar defeats Vercingetorix
Pompey sole consul this year
50 Marcellus asks Pompey to save the state
Tribunes leave Rome
49-45 Civil War
49 Ilerda - Caesar crosses Rubicon River and says
"alea iacta est" the die is cast
48 Dyrrhachium - Pompey defeats Caesar
Pharsalus - Caesar defeats Pompey, Pompey flees
and is beheaded in Egypt by Ptolemy XII
47 Zela - Caesar defeats King Pharnaces (Pontus) says
"veni, vidi, vici" I came, I saw, I conquered
46 Thapsus - Caesar defeats the followers of Pompey
in Africa, Lepidus 2nd consul with Caesar,
Greek Sosigines and Caesar reform calender,
hearing of victory Cato the Younger commits suicide
45 Munda - Caesar defeats the sons of Pompey in Spain
44 Caesar stabbed (23 times) to death on the ides of
March(15) dying words greek-"kai su technon?" and you
my son? Octavian adopted by Caesar in his will and
becomes C. Julius Caesar Octavianus, Antony 2nd consul
43 Mutina - consul Hershius and Pansa killed, consuls
sufectus were Octavian and Pedius
Second Triumvirate - Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian
Lex Titia legalized the second triumvirate
Murder of Cicero at Formiae
42 Phillipi - Antony and Octavian defeat Caesar's
assassins Brutus and Cassius, emp. Tiberius born
37 Triumvirate renewed, marriage of Antony and Cleopatra
Antony's gen. C. Sosius recapt. Jerusalem from Parthia
36 Naulochus - naval battle, Octavian and Agrippa defeats
Sextus Pompey who dies a year later
35-34 Octavian's conquests of Illyricum interrupted by
relations with Antony
31 Actium - Octavian and Agrippa defeat Antony and
Cleopatra on September 6 who later commit suicide
29 Dedication of temple of Divus Iulius
28 Mausoleum of Augustus begun
Dedication of temple of Apollo on Palatine
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Empire
27 B.C. - 476 A.D.(West)
27 B.C. Lucius Mumatius Planachus suggests title Augustus
for Octavian
Marcus Licinius Crassus slew Deldo of Besternae but did
not receive spolia opima
Agrippa builds first Pantheon
17 Augustus adopts his grandsons, Gaius and Lucius Caesar
13 Death of Lepidus
12 Augustus becomes Pontifex Maximus, death of Agrippa
9 Death of Drusus
8 Death of Horace and Maecenas
2 B.C. Marcus Valerius Messala gave Augustus title pater
patrae, Augustus exiled daughter Julia to Pandateria
(near Naples)
27 B.C.-68 A.D. Julio-Claudian Dynasty
27 B.C.-14 A.D. Augustus emperor
14-37 Tiberius
37-41 Caligula
41-54 Claudius
54-68 Nero
2 Death of Lucius Caesar
4 Death of Gaius Caesar in Lycia
8 Ovid banished to Tomis by Augustus for Ars Amortia
9 Teutoburg Forest - Germans led by Arminius "Herman
the German" crushed three Roman legions led by Varus
Augustus to Varus "Vare, redde mi legiones." Varus
return my legions
17 Death of Livy
19 Arminius killed, Jews banished from Rome, Piso leaves
Syria, death of Germanicus at Antioch
31 Praetorian Prefect Sejanus executed, Macro appointed
64 Great fire of Rome blamed on Christians by fiddling Nero
65 Piso Conspiracy - authors committed suicide
Stoic Roman philosopher Seneca (Errare humanum est)
Historian Lucan (nephew of Seneca, wrote Caesar/Pompey
Civil War "Pharsalia")
66 Nero crowns Tiridates
Death of Petronius (first Latin novel "Satyricon")
Temple of Janus closed
69 Galba emperor
Otho emperor
Cremona battles
Vitellius defeats Otho
Vitellius emperor
Vespasion defeats Vitellius
Vespasion emperor
69-96 Flavian Dynasty
69-79 Vespasion emperor
79-81 Titus
81-96 Domitian
70 Jerusalem - Titus conquered before becoming emperor
121 Suetonius publishes Caesar's biography
284-305 Diocletion emperor
312 Mulvian Bridge or Saxa Rubra (red rock) - Constatine
defeats Maxentius
527 Justinian codified (collected) Roman law
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