Greek Myth Notes

Introduction
Definitions and theories of myth

Hesiod - presents theogony (birth of gods) in his work, organizing a catalog, sources from Pantheon, popular tales, and NearEast

Patterns
	progressive differentiation - mountain begets mountain
	physical to human concerns
	female to male dominance
	succession:  Ouranos -> Kronos -> Zeus (son succession)

Organization
	Cosmogony
	Reign of Ouranos
	Reign of Kronos
	Zeus' Struggle
	Zeus' Triumph

Cosmogony and Theogony

Principle gods - Chaos (dark children), Gaia (most important), Tartarus, & Eros

Gaia Reproduction
* parthenogenesis - by herself, Ouranos, Pontos

* with Pontos - sea creatures, old seam man Nereus, Hydra, etc

* with Ouranos - 3 groups
	Cyclopes - like blacksmmiths, 3
	Hecatoncheires - 100-handed ones, 3
	Titans (Oceanos-Tethys(water), Hyperion-Theia(celestial), Rheia-Kronos(Olympiads))

Gaia - has Kronos who is stuffed inside her castrate cruel father Ouranos

Reason for myth
	separation of Earth and Sky
	religion/cult Kronia, pre-Indo-European myth (Greek and Mycenaen fusion)
	Freud's "primal horde" - who has charge of the woman, Kronos takes charge

Kronos - swallows children, youngest child Zeus overcame him


Triumph of Zeus
Enemies of Zeus
1) Prometheus

2) Titans - Titanomachy is the fight between Zeus and the Titans, Zeus gets Cyclopes and Hecatoncheires to join him

Styx (gods give oath to) begets Bia (violence) and Krates (might)
Hecate (usually occult, in Hesiod concerned with mankind)

3) Typhoeus (Typhon) - last remaining challenge, firefight, wind typhoons all that is left from loser Typhon

Poseidon - drew lot for the sea
Hades - underworld
Zeus - Mt. Olympus and the sky

Zeus - has 7 wives, fills out and ends cosmology (Oceanid, Titans, Olympians)
1)  Metis (wisdom), Zeus swallows and then gives birth through head to Athena
2)  Themis (law and order; fertility), children Horai (seasons), Moirai (Fates)
3)  Eurynome, children Charites (Graces)
4)  Demeter (fertility), child Persephone
5)  Mnemosyne (memory), children 9 Muses, My. Helica, My. Parnassus
6)  Leto - children Apollo and Artemis
7)  Hera (childbirth, etc) is sister and wife of Zeus, children Hebe (youth), Eileithyia (childbirth), and Ares (war); Hear alone gives birth to Hephaestus (God of Fire)


Ages and Prometheus

Prometheus - creator, savior, prophet, criminal figure, was a symbol of rebellion in Romantic Period

Hesiod - shows the theft of fire (given to man)
1)  Theogony - Iapetos-Klymene (4 children were punished by Zeus)
children were Atlas - hold up heavens
Epimentheus - some crime against humanity
Menoitios - pride, sent to underworld

Prometheus - tried to trick Zeus in sacrifice offering, Zeus withheld fire, stolen back, Prometheus then chained to pillar with eagle eating liver out

Hephaestus and Athena - make woman to annoy man

2)  Works & Days - focus on humanity and why life is hard, don't mention sacrifice, dwell on woman aspect (Pandora)

3)  Plato's The Protagoras - named after a Sophist, Prometheus steals fire and technology from Hephaestus and Athena for the sake of humanity, only prosecuted for theft here

4)  Sigmund Freud - myth works like dreams, "wish fulfillment" thereby expresses deep-seated desire in humanity, hollow stock to steal fire represents fallic symbol, opposites rep. each other, eagle also fallic eating passion-filled lover


The Olympian Pantheon

Olympian Symbols
To recognize myth figures on coins, etc.
-actually named
-gods' attributes
-story alluded to

Poseidon/Neptune - trident
   Triton - blows into shell

Aphrodite/Venus - rising from the sea, nude, shell

Ares/Mars - war

Zeus/Jupiter - thunderbolt, staff for authority

Dionysus/Bacchus - wine cup, vines, wild animals, pine come, 2 births (part to mother, finished by Zeus)

Hermes/Mercury - given baby Dionysus, winged feet

Athena/Minerva - helmet, wisdom

Hephaestus/Vulcan - lame, workshop

Apollo - bowman, music-lyre

Artemis/Diana - sister to Apollo, bow

Maia
Semele

aither - upper air humans cannot breathe, uncorruptable

Mt. Olympus
   differences - aither, nectar, ambrosia, ichor (godly blood)

hybris


The Loves of Zeus

Zeus - "Dios" means bright and gleaming, god of sky, "Jupiter" indicates fatherly stature

Poseidon/Neptune - children tend to be monsters

Prometheus Bound - mother supposed to be Klymene, but rather Themis (law and order, assoc. to Prometheus now), marriage of Zeus to nymph Thetis whose child will overthrow him (Thetis-Peleus bear Achilles so Zeus stays in power), Metis is one Zeus swallowed

Non-wife lovers of Zeus
Maia > Hermes
Semele > Dionysus
Alcmena > Heracles

Metamorphoses and deception with...
	Alcmene (as Amphitryon)
	Danae (as shower of gold)
	Callisto (as Artemis)
	Leda (as swan)

Ovidian Narratives
1)  Semele - bears Dionysus by Zeus, love affair, asked Zeus to come after her with all his grandeur which naturally killed her

2)  Ganymede - male, Zeus as eagle, makes him a cupbearer eventually, Juno disapproves also because son Hebe replaced as cupbearer

3)  Io - Ovid's version not as tragic as Aeschylus', daughter of Inachus, suffering because of Zeus, in Ovid's version she flees and thus embarrasses him, turns Io into cow to hide her from Juno who sends 100-eyed monster Argos to guard cow her new present, Hermes "the slayer of Argos" (Argeiphontes), Io turned into Egyptian goddess Isis, son Epaphus born of her in Egypt, many place names with cow in them associated with Io (Ionian Sea, Bosporos, Euboea)

4)  Europa - bore Minos and Rhadamanthos, told in Ovid as a comic story


Apollo

I.   Homeric Hymn to Apollo
	called Delian (born in Delos)
	       Pythian - oracle/prophecy in Delphi

II.  Terror at Apollo the bowman - Niobe insulted his mother in Iliad and was punished by killing children, Tityos tried to rape Apollo's mother Leto and was put in Underworld, gods fear bows, seems threatening but is not

III. How shall I praise thee?  Apollo epithets...
	*Phoibos - bright, associated with sun possibly
	*Mousagetes - leader of Muses, singing, lyre

IV.  Leto's quest for birthplace - difficult to obtain, goes to Delos (island & god) who fears Obstacle #1: general fear of Apollo the bowman
Obstacle #2: jealous Hera refuses to send birth goddess (Eileithya) but messenger Iris brings her

Proclamation at birth - lyre, bow, Apollo declares he wants to be spokeman for Zeus

"Lycian Apollo" - either he was connected with place in Asia Minor or assocated with Lukos (wolf), unsure to Pytho & Olympus

V.  Which topic to sing?  Apollo as lover?  Search for oraclular site.

Delphi:  foundations of temple set
Apollo then killed dragon Pytho (etymology "rot"), Pytho was nurse of Typhoeus

prophesy at Pythia hard to figure out, thus Apollo called Loxias (crooked one)

Other stories
*gift from grandmother Phoebe
*Apollo killed Pytho to take over oracle from Earth or Themis

Pytho/Typhoeus parallel - only connected in this poem

importance of Delphi in Apolline cult and myth
"know thyself" and "nothing to excess"
mean much the same thing, don't try to be more than human
purification - occurs at Delphi, Admetus had Apollo tend flocks, Ascelpius there

VI.  Apollo chooses his priests
	the Cretans by way of dolphin leading them to Delphi, has them call him Apollo Delphinios (the Dolphin, worshipped as such particularly in Crete), also they must sing song Iepaieon (name Paion means healing), Apollo gave birth to god of healing Ascelpius


Athena and Artemis

Two virgin goddesses - Actaeon, Tiresias

Ephesus - temple to Artemis there one of 7 wonders

Artemis/Diana

1)  virgin huntress depiction vs. Artemis polymastos ("of many breasts") at Ephesus, explanation of virgin goddess of fertility, historical reason of combining gods of different people or transitional reason

2)  Mistress of Wild Animals, protector of hunters, Iphigenia

3)  childbirth; Delos

4)  sibling of Apollo, Nobe's children punished for her hubris

5)  virginity:  Actaeon turned into a deer, nymph Callisto pregnant and thrown out of Artmei's presence, later turned into bear (Ursa Major) by Hera, Orion punished (a hunter) catasterism

6)  moon:  Hecate - dark side of Artemis/Diana, crossroad, night

Athena/Minerva

1)  warrior goddess - wears helmet, aegis is protective covering

2)  Athens Parthenos means "house of virgin goddess"

3)  Poseidon; olive, Erichthonius (1/2 snake, 1/2 man, born of Hephaestus in attempted rape)

4)  originally an earth-mother?  snakes, etc.

5)  Pallas

6)  Zeus and Metis
	Tritogenia - Athena named Pallas after killing named giant

7)  Ergane means crafts (competition with Arachne in wearing), Marsyas is satyr who catches Athena's flute and challenges a god to flute-playing contest

8)  associated much with heroes:  Odysseus, Jason, Perseus, Medusa


Demeter

Demeter/Ceres - goddess of grains

fire story - Demeter the nursemaid puts baby into fire to make immortal, mother Metaneira angry when she sees this, baby Demophoon

De-meter (mother) ~ Ge-earth -> Earth mother, belongs to dieties called chthonian

Myths
1)  Birth - one of first generation Olympian dieties, one of those swallowed by Kronos

2)  Affair with hero Iasion in ploughed field, child Ploutos blesses people, Zeus strikes down Iasion, story has agriculturial cycle to it

3)  Daughter Persephone - stolen by Hades, ate ponengrate seeds, splits time between distressed Demeter (who won't let food grow) and Hades each year, season explanation

(Section)

Cyane - water nymph, tried to stop Hades from taking Persephone to underworld, turned into a fountain

Arethusa - water nymph, chased, sought Diana for help, sent clouds, becomes fountain

Iambe - makes Demeter laugh, baby given into fire, drink given to Demeter

Stellio - changed into a newt for laughing at Demeter, drink causes transformation

Difference between Ovid's and Hymn's accounts:

Ovid:  Sicily, pomegranate-hungry, sezure-Venus & Cupid, 1/2 in Underworld, Jupiter says Hades is ok, Cyane and Arethusa witnesses, means for metamorphoses, teach about agriculture(Triptolemus picking flowers)

Hymn:  Eleusis, pomegranate-Hades gives, sezure-Zeus' plan, 1/3 in Underworld, sun Helios sees while Hekate hears witnesses, culture barley drink, teach rites of worship (Triptolemus)


Aphrodite

I.  Birth (Theogony) - grew out of foam (aphros) of sea from Ouranos' cast-out genitals

Names
  *Cythereia - landed at island Kythera
  *Philommedes - fond of man's genitals

Homer's version of birth involves Zeus and Dione(an Oceanid) but still has "water" birth

Herodotus - has her move to east when rest of tradition suggests she originallly came from the east, Aphordite Ourania at Ascalon, Adonis reborn due to being consort to Aphrodite

Common ties
1)  Motif of castration
2)  Rembrance of Ouranos

II. Troy:  2 myths

1)  Homeric Hymn #5 - she's defnied by contrast (3 virgin dieties), Anchises afraid of being weakened (doesn't want to be the consort), Aeneas given, at Mt. Ida

Ganymede - Tros    Tithonos - Eos (dawn, forgot eternal youth)

2)  Judgement of Paris at Mt. Ida 9Athena, Hera, Aphrodite), Helen given as prize, Aphrodite wins and by way of prize supports Trojan War

III. Cyrus:  2 myths

1)  Pygmalion - hated all women and tried to make perfect woman, child named Paphos (main city on Cyprus) after Aphrodite humanized statue

2)  Cinyras son of Paphos is curses by Aphrodite and given incestuous feeling for daughter Myrrha (myrrh tree), Adonis thus born

Persephone - was given Adonis to care for but not returned, Adonis splits time between her and Aphrodite (compare to story of Erichthonius and box)

Adonis - dies while hunting boar, tribute anemone (flower) grows over


Hermes

Zeus-Maia
Hermes

Hermes - stole his brother's cattle (Apollo) which created a crisi on My. Olympus, messenger, created the lyre

herm - statue representing Hermes consisting of pile of stones, head, and phallice

"Argeiphontes" - slayer of creature Argos, Hermes put on trial for killing (black and white stones at feet explanation for herms)

Associated with - boundaries, roads, thieves, trickery, business

Thotle - Hermes
Mercury (merx, merc) wrote Hermatien
Triesmegisthus - Hermes in 3 parts

Kerykeion/cartuceus - staff held by herald

psychopompos - Hermes escorts souls in underworld


Underworld and Afterlife

I.  Introduction
Hesiod's Tartarus, Isles of the Blessed
Hermes psychopampos

Names - Hades, Pluto, Dis
Underworld - Orcus, Erebus, Tartarus

II.  Vergil's Underworld and its Background

Aeneas - in tradition, arrives at Cumae in Italy, meets Sibyl of Apollo who takes him to Underworld

Homeric Underworld - dark, comment of Achilles to Odysseus, meets Palinurus (unburied), Dido (unhappy lovers), and Deiphobus (battle heroes) there

River not identified here - could be Styx (hatred), Cocytus (wailing), or Acheron (sorrowful)

Charon - rows people across the river

Cerberus - watchdog of entrance

shades - look the way you were when you died, bad for battle heroes

undifferentiation - in all people of first part of Underworld

crossroads - left to Tartarus, right to Elysium

Tartarus - punishment, Erinys (Fury)
	river Phlegethon - divides into Hell

punished ones mentioned - Sisyphus, Tantalus, Tityos, Ixion, Danaids

*Tantalus - trickster, fed son Pelops to banquet of gods, water all around but he couldn't drink, food same way, never satisfied

Sisyphus - had to roll boulder up hill continually, eternal frustration

Tityos - giant who tried to rape Leto, liver eaten by bird

Danaids - group of women, 49 or 50 killed husbands on wedding night, made to carry water in hole-filled jars

Ixion - impaled on fiery wheel

*Elysium - Elsysian Fields, reward

found here - patriots, poets, contributors

secluded grove by river Lethe - meets father Anchises here, "philosophical underworld," Lethe makes you forget

metempsychosis - transmigration of souls, change to new body and forget former life


Odyssey, Book 11

Characters
Elpenor - helmsman not buried

Antikleia - Odysseus' mother, no body, sould, 3x hug

Teiresias - blind prophet, explains Odysseus' suffering

Alkinoos - king of Phaiacia

Agamemnon(foil) - speaks about Clytinestra, warns Odysseus, war connection

Achilleus - underworld not good

Aias (Ajax) - suicide after disgracing himself, grudge vs. Odysseus

Herakles - image preserved, deification, still hunting

Rivers
Styx - hateful
Cocytus - wailing
Achaeron - sorrowful
Lethe - forgetfulness
Phlegethon - fiery, surrounds Tartarus


Orpheus

Orpheus - son of Apollo and Calliope, hero, founded Orphism religion, legendary singer and musician, lyre attribute

Thrace - comes from same place as Dionysus

Orphism - cult, sacred books about codes of conduct and about Orphic myths (cosmology & anthromology), achieve a good afterlife, transmigration of soul

cosmology:
Chronos-Time
Aethen, Erebus, Chaos
egg from Aethen produces Phanes (winged, similar to Eros) which produces Zeus (beginning, middle and end) who swallows Phanes

anthromology:
man born from ashes of Titans (evil part, body) who tried to take Dionysus (good part, soul)

Orpheus - one of 4 great singers (Musaeus, Homer, Hesiod), enchants wild nature

Argonautica - Orpheus helps Argos and sailors pass by the Sirens by counteracting singing or just warning sailors

Orpheus and Eurydice - she runs away from someone and dies from snake bite, Orpheus successful in persuading her to leave, however he looked back at her before exiting at Hermes led her back down (Ovid's Metamorphoses)

After losing Eurydice - distraught Orpheus beings practice of homosexuality and despises women, mashed women attack Orpheus and tear him apart (as well as some local cows, disguised as Bacchic followers)

Orpheus' head and lyre - float down to Lesbos, snake attacks head but Apollo turns that to stone, his soul goes down to Elysium and joins Eurydice

Dionysus - has women who attacked Orpheus turned into trees as punishment

Hero and Saga
hero - remarkable human, not god, greater narrative complexity with heroes
than gods

patterns - usually comes from royal family, unusual conception, one parent
usually divine, 	threatened when baby but miraculously rescued,
conquest for hero later at birthplace or 	area where parents lived,
death is mysterious and away from home (cult pops up there)

Hero myths
1. folk tale - just good story
2. historical basis - saga or legend, history becomes myth or vice versa
3. cult and ritual
4. speculative motives - why we die, our relation to gods
5. aetiology - study of origins
6. deliberative organizing - attempt to organize myths

Heracles
Heracles - most famous hero, becomes a god at end of human life, came from
around Argos though 	born at Thebes, name means "glory of Hera" which
is strange because Hera  torments him 	throughout life

Structuralist reading of Heracles - great illustration for structuralists
(Nature/Culture, 	civilizer/beast, master of all/slave; polar
opposites), pattern can be seen in connection 	with Centaurs

Zeus - disguises himself as Amphitryon (who is helping King Creon) and
begets Heracles through 	Alcmene

Hera - obviously jealous, sends snakes to kill baby Heracles who strangles
them to death

Linus - his teacher of lyre whom he killed by hitting over the head with a
lyre, thus 	purification process as cattle herder for King Thespius

Megara - wife, Heracles killed her and his children in fit of madness,
purification back to King 	Thespius and then to Delphi which sends
him to serve King Eurystheus (completion will 		complete
purification and earn immortality)

parenga - side adventures, not a main labor, but something on the
side

labors - first 6 in Peloponnessus, last 6 throughout the world

Labors

1.  Nemean lion - clubbed and strangled it to death, now has lion skin and
club as attributes
2.  Lernean Hydra - 9 headed water beast, brough cousin Iolaus to hold
torch to stop the 		regenerating heads, the one immortal head
put under rock, Hera sent a crab (thus 		constellation) to annoy
them but Heracles took care of it
3.  Cerynean Hind - beautiful female deer which is unbelievable quick,
captured deer which was 		sacred to Artemis (returned later
to the goddess)
4.  Erymanthean Boar - captured and brought back to the palace, the king
was afraid of it and had 	Heracles put it into a jar and remove it
    (parenga - good Centaur Pholus hospitable but other ones not,
Centaur Chiron hit by 	one of Heracles poison arrows)
5.  Augean Stables - huge and not cleaned out at all, he either shovels it
himself or redirects 	river to clean it out
    (parenga - Heracles founds Olympic Games in name of father
Zeus)
6.  Stymphalian birds - horrific birds that emit arrows and are messy,
slingshot or bow takes 	care of them

7.  Cretan bull - brought back alive and set loose
8.  Mares of Diomedes - king of Thrace
9.  Girdle of Hippolyta - of the Amazons
10. Cattle of Geryon - connected with Hades, killed dog Orthrus, god
Helios helped with magic 	traveling cup, cattle taken back
11. Apples of Hesperides - 3 daughters of night, serpent, Atlas,
Prometheus
12. Cerberus


Theseus and Athens
Three kings of Athens
1. Cecrops - Athenians known by this name, snakelike
2. Erichthonius - built Pantheon, snakelike, autochthonous (sprung from
ground, did not migrate)
3. Erichtheus - from the earth, reared by Athena

Theseus and father Aegeus - father sometimes said to be Poseidon,
connection with seas

Cretan Adventure - King Minos sent son Androgeos to participate in Greek
festival, son was killed 	out of jealousy, payment for death yearly
would be 7 young men and 7 young women to be 	fed to the Minotaur

Minos - refused to sacrifice to Poseidon who made his wife Pasiphae fall
in love with bulls, 	Daedalus helps that wife mate with a bull and then
builds labyrinth

Theseus - volunteeers to be one of 7 sacrificial men, withaid of Ariadne
(thread idea), kills 	Minotaur, both of them leave Crete, stop at Delos
attributed to crane-like dance (maze 	conquerer gets this), stop at
island Naxos and forgot Ariadne (Dionysus takes her 	later as
wife), also forgot to put up correct sail for his waiting father Aegeus
(who in 	despair over supposedly dead son throws himself into the
"Aegean")

Birth - Aegeus went to oracle of Apollo about children, oracle said not to
undo wineskin before 	reaching home, meets King Pittheus at Troezen who
understands that this means he should 	not have sex until he arrives
home, Pittheus has Aegeus' daughter Aethra go to drunk King

dagger and sandals - Aegeus puts thes undre rock and instructs Aethra to 
	send of-age son if born to get them and return to Athens

Labors - probably madeup to emulate Heracles, 6 total, not
instructed to do these, but are 	in response to threats to
travelers

1. Periphetes - club man who kills people, Thesues walks up and clubs him
	to death
2. Sinis - pine bender, Corinth, throws people by bent tree, killed the
	same way by Theseus
	(parenga - Theseus sets up Isthmian Games in honor of
	father Poseidon)
3. Phaea - name of both wild sow and woman who tends it, kills the wild
	animal
4. Sciron - while travelers made to wash his feet, he would kick them off
	of a cliff down to a 	huge turtle which would eat them
5. Cercyon - wrestler
6. Procustes - all travelers had to fit bed, stretcher or masher

Arrival at Athens - threat from Medea, Bull of Marathon killed, Cretan 
	adventure comes next (detailed above)

As King, 2 adventures
*adventures with Pirithous (who wanted mother Persephone, magic chairs)
*conflict with Amazons who actually invaded Athens

Death - at isle of Sayros


Doomed Young Men
motifs - hunting, sex/love, before coming of age and accomplishing much

Narcissus - extremely beautiful but stays without lover, reject Echo until
	she decays to a voice, 	Nemesis (vengeance) hears prayer and has him fall
	in love with his own image, he wastes 	away like Echo did, stares at
	image in river Styx

Meleager - in Calydon where king didn't sacrifice to Artmeis, finally kills 
	wild boar she sent, mother Althea visited by Fates at childbirth, death
	tied to how long a log burns

Adonis - loved by goddess, hunted wrong beast


Jason and the Argonauts

I.  Introduction

sett





Medea and Jason

Medea - helper figure, typical young woman in love who has conflict, also has a dark side (sorcress of Hecate), Euripides emphasizes that she is a foreigner

Jason and Medea - in Ovid's Metamorphoses and Euripides' Medea

settings - in Colchis at city named Aea with King Acetes who is Medea's father

Iolcus - where they land after obtaining the fleece, Aeson is Jason's father, Pelias killed due to Medea's trichery

Corinth - Euripides play takes place here

Athens - where Medea ends up, becomes wife of King Aegeus

path of Jason - important to play, stone thrown in midst of robbers and they kill one another


Agamemnon and House of Atreus

Tantalus - wanted to test the gods and cut up son Pelops to serve to gods (Demeter accidentally ate shoulder), punihsed by having water within reach as well as apples but couldn't reach

Niobe - daughter of Tantalus, had 14 children and wouldn't praise Latona (Leto), Apollo and Artemis come down to shoot all 14 children, transformed into rock that weeps

Pelops - son, bribes charioteer Myrtilus and thus he wins contest and marries Hippodameia, kills Myrtilus who utters curse on family as going down cliff

Atreus and Thyestes - sons of Pelops, older Thyestes banished and his sons cut up (and served) for his affair, however one son Aegisthus remaining (who becomes the lover of Clytemnestra, Agamemnon's wife)

Agamemnon - Clytemnestra                Menelaus - Helen

Paris - son of Priam king of Troy, gives beauty prize to Aphrodite

Aulis - island where Greeks land before Trojan War, Artemis stops winds, sacrifice of Agememnon's daughter Iphigeneia to correct problem

priest Calchas - interprets eagle sign

Cassandra - one who saw the visions about the eagle, lover of Apollo, given power of prophesy but no one ever believes her, she sees the progress of the doomed household line

Orestes - son of Clytemnestra, killed mother, now cursed through Furies (Erinyes), he ends up hugging statue of Athena who with Apollo hold a murder trial at Areopagus in Athens, vote taken and is acquitted, Furies promised to be worshiped in Athens and renamed Erinyes ("those easily pleased")


Perseus

Perseus - folktale hero (magical devices, accidental killing of a relative), another legend from Argos

Danae - mother of Perseus, Danaans old name for Greeks, thus connected with Argos

King Acrisius - of Argos, has oracle which says to beware of grandchildren, locks up only daughter Danae but Zeus comes to her as shower of gold, he puts them in chest into th



Trojan War

Chryses - given to Agamemnon, problem since she was daughter of
Apollo, more of a battle prize than anything, plauge from Apollo on camp
since she was not returned promptly

Briseis - she's taken away from Achilles and given to Agamemnon to replace
Chryses, causes his great wrath

Peleus -- Thetis
  bear Achilles

Achilles' heel - only vulnerable spot because he was dipped into river
Styx and held by foot

IV.  Achilles' Wrath:  double focus

Agamemnon - for forcing him to give up Briseus
Hector - wears Patroculs' armor, new focus

V.  Structuralist reading

Andromache - Hector's wife, really tries to get him not to fight, show
civic/family side of him

Astyanax
Thessaly, Chiron, fighting a river

VI.  After the Iliad

Penthesilea - Amazonian queen on side of Trojans, killed by Achilles

Memnon - King of the Ethiopians, son of goddess Dawn (Eos/Aurora),
supports Trojans, killed by Achilles

Apollo and Paris - join together to kill Achilles

Odysseus and Ajax - contest for Achilles' armor, loser Ajax kills himself


The Returns - Odyssey 9 and 19

nostos - "homecoming"

Odysseus - home is Ithaca, stops at island place of the Phaeacians, here
audience Alcinous and Aete listen to his whole journey, son of Laertes

character - very intellectual, can talk himself out of many things,
trickster in a way, resourceful

Agamemnon - his shade warns Odysseus to beware wife at home, since
Agamemnon's wife murdered him, thus personal advise

Heracles - compares and contrasts himself to Odysseus

Antikleia, Elpenor, Ajax 

Calypso - detains Odysseus on island for 7 years, goddess descended from
Atlas, ordered by Zeus to let him leave

Circe - sorceress, held him and his men by using magic

Circonians - people whom Odysseus and men pillage, many of his men killed
when they stopped to eat

Lotus Eaters - lotus plant when eaten takes away all desire to go home,
devasting problem for group

Cylcopes and Polyphemus
Eurykleia
Eumaios
Argos
Telemachus


Roman Mythology

Roman myth - much borrowed directly from the Greek

Roman religion - original dieties did not have personalities like the
Greek ones

lares - household gods, very important in Italy, again no personalities

Janus - doesn't correspond to a Greek myth, two faced god since in charge
of doorways, a couple o stories about him but are derived from Greek

Roman literature - started really around 3rd century B.C., thus many
influences from the existing Greek literature
1.  existing stories with Roman twist
2.  created own heroes eventually

1) Existing stories

Palladium in Athena's temple - must be taken first before Troy could fall,
Odysseus took it

Roman twist - believed that Aeneas brought Palladium to Italy, then
resides in temple of Vesta, now a record of Trojan heritage

Kronos - deposed by son and cast out, ruled during golden age

Roman twist - known now as Saturn, after expulsion he resides in Italy as
their great god

Heracles - went to gather the herd as part of his labors

Roman - he stopped over at the site of Roman by accident, killed local
pest Cacus

Aeneas - Greek myth, fled from Troy

Roman - take up from his voyage away from Troy and direct him to found
original site of Rome

Argo - Phinius bbeset by harpies

Roman - Aeneas and company beset by harpies

Helen and Lavinia - very similar figures

2) New hero spinoffs

Romulus and Remus - set in Alba Longa, hisotry begins when Amulius seizes
control from brother and rightful heir Numitor, Ilia born to Numitor and
made a vestal virgini to keep away possible grandchildren avengers, Mars
and Ilia however bear twins Romulus and Remus, miracular rescue

borrowed patterns from the Greeks - Acriusius (Perseus) similar to
Amulius, also Danae to Ilia